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RESEARCHES 



INTO THE 



HISTORY OF THE BRITISH DOG. 



VOLUME II. 



VOL. II. 



EESEAECHES 

INTO THE 

HISTORY OF THE BRITISH DOG, 

J^roin g^Jicienf ITatiJS, Charters, nnh historical ^Etoiirs. 



WITH OEIGINAl, ANECDOTES, AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE 
NATURE AND ATTRIBUTES OF THE DOG, 

FEOM THE POETS AND PEOSB WBITBES OF ANCIENT, MEDI^iVAL, 
AND MODBEN TIMES. 



Br GEOEGE E. JESSE. 



" When waudering over pathless deserts, oppressed with vexation and distress 
at the conduct of my own men, I have turned to these as ray only friends, and 
felt how much inferior to them was man when actuated only by selfish views." — 
Bdhchell. 



WITH ENGRAVINGS DESIGNED AND ETCHED BY THE AUTHOR. 



IN TWO VOLUMES.— Vol. II. 



LONDON: 
KOBEET HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY. 

1866. 



The right of Tramlation is reserved, 
S 



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SF 
CIS 

J ^/3 7 f f / 



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W U'' I 



LONDON PRINTED 1)Y W. (3L0WKS ,VND SONS, STASIKORD STKKKT, 
AND CHARIKG CKOSS. 



CONTENTS OF YOL. II. 



CHAPTEE XXXIII. 

Maiming of dogs :— Grant of forest liberties by King John, page 1 . Grants 
of exemption from maiming, 2, 3. Privileges of Chertsey monastery ; 
permission to imparls lands, 4. Practice in the manor of Sutton-Cold- 
tield ; complaint against Justices of the Forest, 5. Claim of dues 
■ refused, 6. Fines levied for dogs, 6-8. Petitions for exemption, 8. 
Petition and statute 13 Richard II. to regulate the keeping of dogs by 
labourers and others ; confirmed by 7 Henry V., 9, 10. Privileges of 
the abbey of Beaulieu, 10. Diities of " Eegarders ;" amount of fine, 
and manner of maiming ; attempt of Charles I. to revive the forest 
laws, 11. Proceedings of Forest Courts, 12, 13. Standard for small 
dogs permitted to be kept in forests, 13. Dog-gauge at Browsholme, 
in Lancashire; Treherne's notice of dog-maiming, 14. The last Forest 
Court, 15. 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

Mastiffs kept for bull and bear baiting ; passion of the Conqueror for 
hunting ; mention of dogg in Domesday, 16. Grants, payments, and 
charters by Henry II., 17. Game in the forest adjoining London on 
the north; fines to King John; ofiice of dog-leader, 18. Picture 
ordered by Henry III., 10. Anecdotes and notices. of the dog, by 
Giraldus de Barri, 19, 20. Gifts by Richard I.; tenure by dog-keep- 
ing; meaning of " Bracelettumdeymerettum," 21. Fines and payments 
to King John, 22. Licences from the Crown, 23. 



CHAPTEE XXXV. 

Extracts from Close Rolls of John and Henry III. concerning payments 
and directions for hounds and hawks and their attendants : — Food of 
falcons, 24. Food of dogs; bread usually given to them, 25. Per- 
mission to keep dogs ; fines for castles, 26. Meaning of " veltrar," 27. 
Necessaries to be provided for huntsmen, 28, 29. Greyhounds and 
foxhounds, 30. Boars to besenttothe King, 31. Boar and deer hunting, 
32. Meaning of " limarius," 33. Permission to keep dogs ; staghounds 
and deerhounds, 34. 



CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 



innate power of blood and tlie transmission of the peculiar attributes of 
race, 180-182. Eobert Boyle's observations on the scenting powers of 
bloodhounds, 182. Anecdote in illustration, 183. Testimonies to the 
strength of their scenting powers, 183, 184 

CHAPTEE LIII. 

Eegulations of Henry VIII. as to dogs, hawks, &c., 185. Expenses of the 
King's dogs, 186. Payments for bringing back lost dogs ; carts for 
the hounds, 187. Payments to men bringing presents; " chast" grey- 
hounds, 188. Anne Boleyn ; occasional humanity of Henry ; food of 
his dogs, 189. Portraits of Philip and Mary and their dogs ; dog-collars 
and liams, 190. 

CHAPTEE LIV, 

Queen Elizabeth's dogs ; bull and bear-baiting before the French and 
Danish Ambassadors, 191. Plays prohibited by the Privy Council on 
bear-baiting days; particular fondness of Elizabeth for the sport, 192. 
Quaint description by Laneham of bear-baiting for the Queen's amuse- 
ment at Kenilworth, 193. Butler's legal comparison ; Stow's notice 
of Bear-gardens in 1598, 194. Verses on bear-baiting written in the 
reign of Henry VIII., 195.' 

CHAPTEE LV. 

Alleyn and Henslow's Bear-garden at Bankside ; a bear-baiting advertise- 
ment, 196. The office of "chief master" of "his Majesty's games," 
&c., purchased from Sir William Steward ; the Master of the Game 
authorised to seize bears, bulls, and dogs, for the King's service ; com- 
positions with towns and counties, 197. Petition to James I. to restore 
the right of bear-baiting on Sundays, for an increase of salary, and for 
power to arrest unlicensed vagrants, 198. Sir John Dorington's com- 
mission of " Master ;" James I.'s patent to Henslow and Alleyn, 200. 
Shakspere's allusions to bear-baiting ; power of the " Masters " often 
abused, and resisted, 201. Characteristic epistle to Alleyn from Wil- 
liam Pawnte, an owner of bulls, 202. " Little Besse of Bromley ;" 
Alleyn's petition to James for payment, 203. Cost of the Bear-garden ; 
founding of Dulwich College, 204. 

CHAPTEE LVI. 

Queen Elizabeth's elegant amusements ; instance of her displacing a mayor 
of a coi-porate town, 205. Abraham Ortelius's mention of the women 
and dogs of England ; Paul Hentzner's notice of the English and their 
amusements, 206. Many bears kept in England, 207. Bear-baiting 
and Divine service sometimes hand-in-hand ; the Spanish Ambassador 
at Paris Garden, 208. 



CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 



CHAPTEE LVII. 

Extracts from Stow's Chronicle : a lion baited in the Tower, 209-211. 
Building of a wall and breeding-place for the lions by the King, 211. 
Feeding the lions, 212. A lion baited with dogs ; fight between a 
lion, a horse, a bear, and mastiffs, 213. A bear baited to death, 214. 
The great lion baited with dogs, 214-216. 

CHAPTEE LVIII. 

The Isle of Dogs, derivation of the name ; the " Common Hunt," 217. 
The Irish greyhound ; the dog's place in the Pharmacopoeia, 218. The 
Archbishop of Armagh's remedy for gout ; Burghley's letter of thanks 
for a hound sent him by Leicester, 219. Lord Hunsdon's account of 
the conversation of the rebel Earl of Northumberland ; letter from 
Adrian de Gomiecourt to Burghley, 220. Dogs as guardians of sheep 
against wolves ; Scotch dogs and horses esteemed in Prance, 221. 

CHAPTEE LIX. 

Harrison's remarks on British dogs in Holinshed's History, 222. Descrip- 
tion of the mastiff, 223-225. Dr. Caius's description of the mastiff, 
225-227. HaiTison's sarcasm on the ladies on account of their fondness 
for spaniels, 228. Their supposed curative property; Iceland dogs; 
anecdote of a woman of Iceland, 229. Ancient tradition of the origin of 
a war between Picts and Scots, 230. Metrical translation of the story ; 
Stanihurst's account of the Irish wolf-dog, 231. The greyhound's 
"jacke," 232. 

CHAPTEE LX. 

Caius's list of English dogs, 233, 234. His description of the bloodhound, 
234-236. The- terrier, 236. The gasehound, 237. The greyhound, 
238. The lyemmer, 239. The tumbler, 240. The tinker's cur, 241. 
Iceland dogs, 243. English love of novelty, 244. 

CHAPTEE LXI. 

Turbervile's ' Book of Paulconrie :' spaniels and their diseases, 245. The 
same author's ' Arte of Venerie or Hunting,' 246. Hunting-dogs ; the 
manner of finding and tracking a deer described in the huntsman's 
" Blazon," 247. The French original, 248. Employment of the blood- 
hound, or limier ; the French slow-hound, 249. Method of proceeding 
in Inding the game, 250. Hunting of the fox and badger; sundry, 
kinds of terriers, 251. Description of the wolf; charm to preserve dogs 
from madness, 253. ' The Arte of Venerie ' a compilation from foreign 
authors, 254. 



CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 



CHAPTER LXII. 

Sir John Harington's account of his dog " Bungey," given to Prince Henry, 
255-258. His epigram in praise of his dog, 258. Lines to his wife, 
for striking her dog ; his edition of ' Orlando Purioso '■ — devices of 
Orlando and Olivero, 259. The device of Olivero adopted by Sir John, 
260. Spirited descriptions of dogs from the ' Orlando,' 260-262. Ren- 
dering of his lines on the greyhound by W. S. Eose, 262. 

CHAPTEE LXIII. 

Spenser's 'Faery Queen,' allusions to the mastiff, bandog, hound, lime- 
hound, spaniel, sheep-dog, and cur, 263. Extracts from the poem, 
263-265. 

CHAPTER LXIV. 

Shakspere : frequent mention of the dog in his works ; various kinds of 
dogs spoken of; comprehensive passage in ' Macbeth,' 266. Another, in 
' Lear ;' allusion to hydrophobia ; anecdote of Oliver Cromwell ; testi- 
mony to the valour of the mastiff, 267. Passages from ' Henry V.' 
and ' First Part of Henry VI.' ; Achilles and Ajax compared to mastiffs, 
268. Illustrations from the sports of the Bear-garden; abuse of the 
dog-pit, 269. Test of a dog's stanchness ; the oldest known Laws of 
Coursing ; Master Page's dog in the ' Merry Wives of Windsor,' 270. 
Allusions to greyhounds ; a pack of hounds described in ' A Midsummer 
Night's Dream,' 271. Use of the word " Brach " in ' The Taming of 
the Shrew,' 272. Allusions to hounds and beagles ; Helena, in ' A 
Midsummer Night's Dream,' compared by herself to a spaniel, 273. 
Other allusions to the spaniel ; injustice done- to its character ; the 
water-spaniel, 274. Castration of dogs ; allusions to the bandog ; the 
single remark on the bloodhound ; the curtail-dog, 275. Allusions to 
the latter ; simile of poor and rich ; allusions to the village cur, the 
lapdog, poachers' dogs, 276. Passage from 'Timon of Athens,' de- 
scription of the unalterable affection of the dog, 277. Various passages 
on the reward he too frequently meets with, 277, 278. Proverbial crvielty 
of language made use of towards the most faithful of brutes ; atrocities of 
the vivisector, 278. Mention of the watch-dog ; account of aerial dogs 
in Jones's ' History of Brecknockshire ' — allusion to them in ' The 
Tempest,' 279. Shakspere's probable obligations to Sir John Price the 
antiquary, 280. 

CHAPTEE LXV. 

Drayton's ' Polyolbion :' description of hounds ; coursing in Northampton- 
shire, 281. The shepherd and his dog; cur and curtail almost 
synonymous ; dog-kilUng in August, 282. Traditional aversion of dogs 
for glovers ; knowledge by dogs of their enemies ; ' The Black Doo-o'e of 
Newgate,' 283. 



CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 



CHAPTEE LXVI. 

James I.'s addiction to the chase ; the King's " Masters " of Hounds, of 
Hawks, of Crossbows, &o., 284. Present to the King of Prance ; com- 
missions to take up hounds ; Proclamation for the annihilation of such 
commissions, 285. Proclamations against unlawful hunting, &c., 287. 
Appointments and employments of Thomas Pott in connection with 
the King's dogs, 287-289. Payments to huntsmen and others, 289. 
Licence to take hounds, beagles, &c., and to seize such dogs as might 
be offensive to the King's game, 290. Hounds sent to the King from 
Scotland, 291. James's hunting and hawking establishments; his 
ardent pursuit of the chase ; his severity with respect to offenders against 
the game-laws, 292. Anecdote of "Jowler;" orders to farmers con- 
cerning the King's convenience in hawking and htmting, 293. Anec- 
dote showing his tenderness of feeling towards the Queen ; his message 
to the Archbishop of Canterbury who shot Lord Zouch's keeper ; his 
order of London beer for the Queen, 294. His letter to the Duke of 
Buckingham concerning his dogs and horses, 295. 



CHAPTEE LXVII. 

James I.'s wild-hoar hunting : the " Keeper of the King's Cormorants," 
297. Document addressed to the Council by Robert Maxwell informing 
against Sergeant Cotton for the use of disrespectful language towards 
the King's Cormorant-keeper, 297-299. Presents of hounds, hawks, 
and horses to the King ; his Majesty's demand of a hound from Lord 
Clifford; his Lordship's reply, 300. James's use of "Beagle" as a 
term of endearment, 301. His desire to possess wild animals ; present 
from the King of Spain of an elephant and five camels, 302. 



CHAPTEE LXVIII. 

English dogs sent to India ; desire of the Great Mogul to possess British 
dogs ; thieves in India thrown to dogs, 303. A tiger (or leopard) killed 
by a mastiff; inferiority of Persian dogs to English, 304. Letter to 
James I. from the King of Acheen asking for dogs, 305. Letters from 
Prestwick Eaton at St. Sebastian to George WeUingham in London, 
making a like request, 305, 306. First mention of the name of " Bull- 
dog," 306. Enactments relating to dogs : 23 Elizabeth, 306. Acts of 
James I. and Charles II., 307. Acts of William and Mary, and Anne, 
against poachers ; water-spaniels ; dogs mentioned in ' The Witch of 
Edmonton,' 308. 



CHAPTEE LXIX. 

Charles I.'s dogs; officers of the Queen's establishment; hounds carried- to 
the meet; Charles's love of sport, 309. Warrants for preservmg the 
Koyal game ; forest privileges.of the Crown ; licences to take dogs, 310. 
WaiTant licensing certain parties to export dogs, and prohibitmg aU 
others unless with permission of said parties, 311. Letter from Lord 
Wentworth to the Earl of Carlisle— scarcity of hounds in the north, 
313. 

CHAPTEE LXX. 

Letter of William Belou to Secretary Conway complaining of neglect and 
ingratitude on the part of Charles, 314. Bear-baiting before the King 
and Queen; the King's fondness for wild animals; his stud; ships 
named after dogs, 316. Letter from John Williams to the Earl of 
Suffolk, complaining of an obstinate poacher, and of an attack on the 
writer's servant by the poacher while in custody, 316-318. 

CHAPTEE LXXI. 

Explanations of French terms and proverbs taken from Eandle Cotgrave's 
French-English Dictionary, 319-321. 

CHAPTEE LXXII. 

Markham's ' Country. Contentments :' — divers kinds of hounds, 322. 
Colours of hounds, 323. Their shape, 324. The composition of kennels 
— dogs for cunning hunting, 325. For sweetness of cry, 326. For 
loudness of mouth ; for depth of mouth, 327. A kennel of swift hounds 
— ^their voices to be sorted into three parts of music, 327. Qualities of 
swift hounds ; need of stanch old dogs and good finders amongst them, 
328. Highway dogs; hounds for hunting on foot, 329. The mitten- 
beagle; different kinds of chase, 330. Coursing with greyhounds — 
the breed, 331. Three kinds of champaign country; dogs for the hills 
and dogs for the plains, 332. Comparison between the greyhound dog 
and bitch ; maxims for breeders, 333. Best shape for greyhound pups ; 
best shape at two years old ; old rhyme concerning the shape of a 
perfect greyhound, 334. ' Hunger's Prevention ' — the water-dog and 
the setter, 335. 

CHAPTEE LXXni. 

Laws of coursing in the reign of Elizabeth, 336-338. The rules given in 
the ' Sporting Magazine,' 338. Law to be given to the hare : Sir 
Eoger de Coverley's hounds; the termination of a run, 339. The 
' Whole Art of Husbandry ' — description of " the bandog for the house," 
340. The ban4og a chained mastiff, 341. 



CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 



CHAPTER LXXIV. 

Dogs described in the ' Csmegeticon,' quotation from Markham, 342. Tlie 
dogs of Molossia surpassed by the British mastiff; Wase's note on 
Gratius, 343. His notice of the Irish wolf-dog, 344. Evidence against 
the identity of dog and wolf; the bloodhound, 345. The hunting of 
the ancients, 346. The raindeer, 347. 

CHAPTEE LXXV. 

Cromwell's greyhound, 348. Appointments and grants by Charles II., 
348-350. The Bear-garden; officers of the buckhounds, 350. A 
widow's petition ; coursing prohibited ; the Irish greyhound, 351. Dogs 
and cats destroyed during the plague ; ' Hunting, Hawking, and Fish- 
ing ' (1671), 352. Pepys's visit to the Bear-garden ; a horse baited to 
death, 353. Malcolm's notice of the event ; Pepys's anecdote of a cat- 
killing dog, 354. 

CHAPTER LXXVI. 

Account of bull-baiting from ' A Collection for the Improvement of Hus- 
bandry and Trade,' 356-358. Advertisements of tiger and bear-baiting, 
358, 359. Notices by foreigners of the English love of fighting, 359. 
Pennant's notice of the Irish wolf-dog, and of a hybrid between dog 
aind wolf, 360. Gough's notice of the wolf-hound ; change of feeling 
on the sports of the amphitheatre, 361. Dr. Parr's love- of the sport, 
362.- 

CHAPTER LXXVII. 

The Duke of Devonshire's tenure of lands by " turning out a bull ;" the 
usage described, 363. Bulls let out for baiting, 364. Instance of 
money left by will to purchase bulls for baiting; former popularity 
of the sport, 365. Atrocities practised ; a prohibitory bUl introduced 
into Parliament in 1802, but rejected — Sheridan's speech in its favour, 
366. Tract written in 1822 on bull-baiting, 367. Martin's Act failed to 
suppress the sport ; brought to an end by Mr. Pease's Bill, 368. Extracts 
from the above tract — a dialogue on bull-baiting, 368-373. Ballad on 
' Wednesbury Cocking,' 373. Bull-baiting at Darlaston ; these diver- 
sions not corined to the lower orders ; the sport sometimes less cruelly 
conducted, 374. Bill Gibbons's bull ; Payne Knight's ' Essay on 
Taste,' 375. Boxing-matches— the fist better than the knife, 376. 

CHAPTER LXXVIII. 

Extract from Malcolm's ' Manners and Customs of London '—attachments 
between men and dogs ; written against by Bunyan, 377. Appeal in 
behalf of the dog by a supporter of the Dogs' Home, 378-386. 



CHAPTEE LXXIX. 

Dog and lion fights : the lion Nero, 387. Desperate courage of Turk, a 
bulldog, 388. Fight of a lion with six Hungarian mastiffs, 389. 



CHAPTEE LXXX. 

The Bulldog: originally a short-nosed mastiff; his modern degeneracy; 
Young Storm and Old Storm, 390. Picture of the bulldog ; tenacity 
of his hold; his character, 391. Anecdote showing his capability of 
strong affection, 392. Mode of testing the quality of a whelp ; Old 
Sal's accouchement, 393. Dog-fighting : Lord Oamelford's dog Belcher ; 
the Westminster Pit, 394. The bull-terrier; our dogs formerly ex- 
ported to Spain, 305. British dogs superior to all others : testimonies 
of Byron, Smart, and Lovibond ; anecdote from the ' Sporting Maga- 
zine,' 396. Malformations produced by breeders ; remarks of Mayhew, 

397. Gay's mastiff, 398. Anecdote of a bulldog, danger of its owner, 

398, 399. Conclusion : the author's wishes, 399, 400. 



Index Page 401 



( xvii ) 


TLLUSTEATIONS TO VOL. 


II. 


Bloodhound 


.. Frontispiece. 


Deeehoond 


To face page 78 


Unerring he pursues 


.. 156 


Deer Stalker' PURSUED .. 


.. 184 


Mastiff .. .. 


.. 224 


Where THOU DIEST, WILL I DIE 


.. 278 


I'll have that 


.. 314 


Touch IT IP YOU DARE ;>. 


.. 368 


Man's return for benefits received . . 


.. 386 


TAIL-PIECES. 






PAGE 


Dog Gauge 


.. 15 


Nature improved 


.. 69 


L'Alant 


84 


Talbot 


.. 135 


Dog and Moonlight 


.. 216 


An old Friend . . 


.. 296 


Box 'em 


.. 355 


VOL. II. 


b 



THE DOG. 



CHAPTEE XXXIII. 



T^HE following grant, said by Bishop Lyttelton to be from 
an autograph in the possession of the Dean and Chapter 
of Exeter, seems to cast doubt on Knyghton's statement 
before quoted. 

" John, Earl of Moreton, to all men and to his friends, 
French and English, present and future, health. 

" Know ye that we have granted, restored, and by this 
charter of ours have confirmed to Earls, Barons, Knights, 
and to all free tenants clerical and lay in Devonshire, theif 
forest liberties which they enjoyed in the time of King 
Heniy, my great-grandfather, to be kept and held by them 
and their heirs of me and my heirs, and particularly that 
they may keep bows and quivers of arrows in their lands 
to be carried without the precincts of my forest, and that 
their dogs or those of their men shall not be expeditated 
(' espaltati ') witliout the limits of the forest, and that they 
shall keep their dogs and other liberties in the best and 
freest manner that they held them in the time of the same 
King Henry and their ' Eeisellos,' and that they may take 
the roebuck, fox, cat, wolf, hare, otter, wherever they may find 

VOL. II. B 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIII. 



them, without the precincts of my forest. And I therefore 
firmly enjoin you that no one molest or oppress them with 
respect to these or other liberties. These being witnesses — 
William Marshall, William Earl of Salisbury, William Earl of 
Vernon, Stephen Eiddel my Chancellor, &c. &c., and many 
others." 

The Earl of Gloucester petitioned in the 6 Edw. I. against 
"the Queen's Bailiff's expeditating his dogs contrary to his 
franchise which exempted therefrom.' 

" E come la fraunchise le Counte eyreste e estre doit 
quites de espeuteisoun ; vient les baiiliffs la Eeygne, e 
grevement distreignent por espeuteisoun, encountre sa fraun- 
chise, dunt le Counte prie remedie." 

This exemption from maiming was not only granted by the 
Crown, but also by the nobles to their dependants. Thus 
Robert de Gaunt granted to the canons of Bridlington Priory, 
Yorkshire, founded in the time of Henry I., the privilege in 
these words: — 

" The same canons shall also have four dogs with entire 
feet at the aforesaid cowsheds (or pastures), two at the one 
and two at the other, loosed at night and tied ^ up by day, 
which if they shall be found at large between daybreak and 
evening, their keepers shall be forfeited to their Lord, and the 
dogs at his mercy."^ 

Most likely these dogs were mastiffs, or wolfhounds; and 
were confined during the day, lest they should chase or 
disturb the game ; but were loosed at night to keep off wild 
beasts and thieves from the monks and their cattle. 



Bolls of Paj'liament, vol. i. p. 8 a. = Dugdale, Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 288. 



Chap. XXXIII. MAIMING OF DOGS. 3 

Also in John's reign, the burghers of Egremont in Cumber- 
land received a charter from Eichard de Lucy, which said, 
" They shall not be obliged to expeditate (amputabunt pedes 
canum suorum) their dogs within their own limits, and if 
any of their dogs shall follow them out of their limits they 
shall not be troubled therefore, unless it be within the Forest 
of Ennerdale."' This forest was anciently stocked with red 
deer. 

Likewise, Hugh Bishop of Durham gave a charter to' 
Kypier Hospital near Durham, founded by Ealph Flambard 
in 1112, which states: " They shall have on all sides pasture 
for all their cattle in the same : and the feet of their dogs 
may not be lopped there, nor at the cowshed (or cattle-farm 
or pastures) of Werdale ; but the shepherds may lead them 
with a string on account of the game, in order to preserve 
their sheep on account of the wolves." ^ 

The Bishop of Winchester and his tenants were exempted 
from expeditation of their dogs, as appears by the Eolls of 
Parliament in 1290, the 18 Edw. L : " Et canes suos et 
hominum suorum non expeditatos habere, et de hujusmodi 
expeditatione et chiminagio quietos esse, et dictos Boscos 
suos, Terras, et Feoda sua quieta in perpetuum de vastis," 
&c. &c. ; namely, " Their dogs, and those of their dependants, 
shall not be expeditated, and they shall be exempt from any 
expeditation and road-tax of this kind, and their woods, lands, 
and iiefs quit for ever of waste." 

In the 6 Edw. I.^ a writ was granted to this petition : — 



' Nicholson and Burns' Westmoreland and Cumberland, vol. ii. p. 35. 
' Dug., Mon. Ang. ■* Eolls of Parliament, vol. i. p. 46 a. 

B 2 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIII. 



' William le Wlf requests a brief of the King to suspend the 
expeditation of dogs from third year to third year." 

Answer. "Let the brief issue according to the Assises of 
the Forest in Chancery." 

The Abbot and Monks of Chertsey Monastery, founded 
about 666 by the Earl of Surrey, had liberty in the reign 
of Edward I., and before from time immemorial, to have 
dogs to take hares, foxes, and cats (" cattos "), in all Surrey, 
both within and without the forest ; and were free of expe- 
ditation.' By a charter of William Eufus it was conceded to 
them that they should have their dogs to take hares and 
foxes as they had in his father's time ; and Henry I. granted 
them leave to have dogs to take, in all their lands in 
Surrey, foxes, hares, pheasants, and cats. This was con- 
firmed by Henry H. as to running dogs for hares and foxes 
in the east of Surrey. Any person poaching on their pre- 
serves was to pay ten pounds. Henry III. confirmed their 
charters.^ 

" Let no one maim the dogs belonging to the household of 
an Abbot and his Monks ; but the Abbot and his Monks 
maim the dogs of their own men dwelling within the 
forest."^ 

A favourite of the King was sometimes permitted to impark 
lands within a royal forest, and exempted from having his dogs 
maimed. Such was the case with Oliver de Bordeaux, keeper 
of Windsor Forest and Castle in the time of Edward II. * 



' Plaoita de quo Warranto, p. 744. 
^ Dugdale, Mon. Angl., vol. i. p.. 431. 

^ Chartulary of the Abbot of Glastonbury, MS. penes Magist. Clarges nuper 
ex M&s, Christi, f. l.—GaweL 
4 Pat. 4 Bdw. II., ra. 17. 



Chap. XXXIII. MAIMING OF DOGS. 5 

In tlie 3 Edw II., at a Court-Leet and Court-Baron held for 
the manor of Sutton-Coldfield, in "Warwickshire, when the 
ancient customs of the Lordship from the time of Athelstan 
and until the coronation of Henry III. were testified to by the 
Jury, they certified that they had heard their ancestors say 
that, when Sutton manor was in the hands of the Kings of 
England, all the Chase was afforested, and all the dogs 
within the forest used to be lawed, and the left claw of the 
foot cut off :^ and after it came into the hands of the Earl of 
Warwick they had leave to have and hold dogs of all kind 
unlawed.^ Shaw, in his ' History of Staffordshire,' states that 
Sir Robert Malveysin, Knight, Seneschal or Forester of 
Cannock, in 19 Edw. II., made all owners of dogs appear 
before his Court with their dogs since the last expeditation, 
with the Foresters and four men of each hamlet. 

Doubtless these Forest pleas must have been grievously 
vexatious even after the law was improved by that illustrious 
monarch, that king of men, affectionate son, and tender 
husband, our first Edward. In the 1 Edw. III. this complaint 
was made to Parliament : ^ — 

"Item, La Commune prie remedie de Sire William de 
Claydon, Leutenant Sire Eymayr de Valence, and Sire le 
Despenser, nadgieres Justices de la Forestez desa Trente, de 



1 " Omnes canes infra forestam solebant esse impediati et amputati sinistro 
ortello." Dogs to be lawed on the left claw of the foot, i.e. nnged or wired. — 
Blount and Beckmth. 

2 " Lioentiam habere et tenere canea opertias ex omni genere canum, et non 
impediataa." — Dugdcde's Warwickshire, 1730. 

Danes opertiaa, &c. (qy. apertiaa or apertas ?), et non impediatas. Doga un- 
lawed, or with whole feet— Blount. 

3 Rolls of Parliament, vol. ii, p. 10 a. 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIII. 



ceo qu'il ad repris, saunz garaunt en Forest, Villes, Terres, 
Boys, qe furunt chevache ' liors de Forest par una chevache q 
ceo fist en temps le Roy Edward, ael nostre Seignur le Roy 
q ore est ; Et puis en temps le Roy son piere conferme, a 
desheritaunce & destruction de la Commune." The docu- 
ment proceeds in remonstrating against the wrongs endured, 
and the disregard paid to the laws of the " Chartre de la 
Forest." " Et auxi il envoia ses Brefs a les Seneschals de 
Forest, pur espeutesoun, il ne voloit alower la Chartre le 
Roy, ne Bref le Roy, ne nule Franchise, si les Gentz ne 
fesoient fin a luy a sa volunte," &c. 

The reply to the foregoing was, that Sir William de Clay- 
don was not to act as Deputy Justice of the Forest south of 
Trent until he had answered these complaints. 

Henry de Sturmy, or Lestormy, and his family, hereditary 
Wardens of Savernak Forest, claimed in 1334, 8 Edw. III., 
certain fines for expeditation, and other forest dues refused 
him. Orders were given to the Justice of the Forest " face 
reson as pties selom I'Assise de la Foreste. Et si difficulte 
soit, q'il ent aviso le Roy." 

In the pubHc Record Office, amongst the numerous docu- 
ments relating to the Forests, are to be found several lists 
of fines levied for dogs. Thus in the " Attachiamenta 
de Foresta de Gftltres," in Yorkshire, are entries of the 
amercements for dogs kept at Styvelingtone, Esyngwold, 
Suttone, Newton, Hoby, and other places within the bounds, 
in the 10, 13, and 16 Edw. II., under the following 
heading : — 

' " Ohevauchee, a judge's circuit." — Gotcjrave. 



Chap. XXXIIl. M AIMING OF DOGS. -7 

" Concerning expeditation of dogs in the Forest of Galtres. 

" Esyngwold. — From John de Maunehestre for one dog, 3s. 
From Wilto le Seriaunte for one dog, 3s. 

" Styvelyngtone. — From Wilto de Huntyngtone for one dog, 
because he was poor, 12d 

" Newton. — From Hugo de Clifford for one dog, because he 
was poor, 12d." 

The sum paid for one dog was nearly always three 
shillings, but occasionally two shillings, and by poor persons 
twelve pence, sixteen pence, eighteen pence, and twenty 
pence. The amount received in the forest in one year for 
these particular fines was about nine or ten pounds ; but in 
the sixteenth year of that reign only 58s. 10c?. was received, 
the cause of which is thus explained there: — "No more 
accounted for, for the expeditation of dogs this year, because 
the whole country was burned and destroyed by the Scotch 
enemies." Some paid for three dogs, others for two, but one 
was the number generally kept by each man ; and after the 
Scottish inroad the same men paid only one shilling each, 
who in some cases in previous years were mulcted in three 
shillings a dog each. During the tenth year about sixty-two 
dogs are entered, in the thirteenth year some seventy, but 
only about thirty-four in the sixteenth year. Men's names 
usually appear as the owners, but a few exceptions occur, as — 
"From Elizabeth Grinel for 2 dogs, Qs. From Emma de 
Shuptone, because she was poor, ISd" 

The foregoing proves that the amount of the fine at that 
period never exceeded three shillings per dog, and was in 
many instances lessened according to the means of the 
people. What species of animals these were it is not easy to 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIII. 



decide; they may have been big mastiffs to guard their 
owners' solitary dwellings in the woods, or a particular breed 
to drive and protect the great herds of swine fed in the forest, 
some of which contained fifty and in one case one hundred 
and twenty-three hogs. 

Similar payments also exist in the records of the forest of 
Penreth for the 14 Edw. II., as — "From John Pykebon for 
one dog not expeditated, 3«." These fines were levied in 
Plumptone, Salkild, Scotteby, Ragthone, Thorsby, Thistels- 
thwatt, Skeltone, Soureby, and other neighbouring places, for 
seventy-seven dogs in the above year, amounting in all to 
IH. lis. ; of which Plumpton paid 102s., Sowerby 36s., and the 
remainder less each. The number of dogs entered as paid 
for by one man never exceeds three ; and only one person 
had so many, one dog being usually the number. 

In 1444, the 23 Henry VI., the Provost and Scholars of 
the Eoyal College of the Blessed Mary and St. Nicholas, 
of Cambridge, petitioned the King and Parliament, among 
other matters, to be exonerated for ever from " Chiminagio, 
expeditatione Canum, et de sustentatione et putura Forest- 
ariorum," &c.^ This petition was granted ; and a like one in 
the same words to the same Parliament, from " the Kynges 
College of oure Lady of Eton beside Wyndesore." ^ The Col- 
lege of St. George at Windsor, by its charter from Edward III., 
had been, with other immunities, made free of all pleas of 
the Forest, and also from the expeditation of dogs.^ 

At the Parliament of the 13 Richard II., held at West- 



' EoUs of Parliament, vol. v. p. 99 a. 2 jbid., vol. v. p. 83 b. 

' Ashmole. 



Chap. XXXIII. MAIMING OF DOGS. 



minster in 1389, the following petition was presented " de ses 
povres Communes " to the King : — 

" Item, prient les Communes, q come Artificers & Laborers, 
c'est assavoir, Bochers, Suours, Taillours, & autres Garsons, 
tiegnent Leverers & autres Chiens, & a temps q bones Cris- 
tiens es jours de Festes sont as Esglises oiantz lour diyines 
services, vont enchaceantz en Parks, Conyers, & Garennes 
des Seigneurs & autres, et les destruont outrement : Et issint 
ils font lour Assemblees a tielx temps pur faire lour entre- 
parlance, covynes, & conspiracies, pur faire Insurrections & 
Desobeiance envers votre Mageste & Leys, souz colour de 
tiele maner de chacer: Qe plese ordeiner en cest present 
Parlement, q null maner Artificer, ne Laborer, ne null autre 
q n'ad Terres & Tenementz al value de Qarrant souldz par an, 
ne null Prestre, ne Clerc, s'il ne soit avance de Dis Livers, 
ne tiegne null Leverer, n'autre Chien, s'il ne soit lie ou trahe, 
feuste, ou qu'il soit espelotte, sur peyne d'imprisonement par 
un an. Et q chescun Justice de Pees eit poair d'enquerre & 
punir chescun contrevenant.^ 

" Eesponsio. 

" Le Koy le voet : Ajouste a ycelle, Leeces ^ et Eurettes, 
Haies, Kees, Hare-pipes, Cordes, & toutz autres engynes pur 
prendre ou destruire Savagyne,^ Leveres, ou Conylles, ou 
autre deduit des Gentils." 

This statute was confirmed by the Parliament of the 7 
Henry V. in 1419 ; the Commons having again petitioned 



' Rolls of Parliament, vol. iii. p. 272 a. 
'■* Qy- lyce or lisse, a honnd-bitoh ?—Du Fouilloux. ^ Beasts of the forest. 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIII. 



the Duke of Bedford, " Gardein d'Engleterre," on the 
matter. 

The petition, after reciting the former one, adds : — 
" & nient obstant le dit Estatut, si fen Artificers, Laborers, 
Servauntz, & Chapelleins, teighent Leverers, Liesces,' & 
autres Cheins, & engynes, & vount chaceantz, so vent foitz 
quaunt ils devoient attendre as Divines Services, pur prendre 
& destruer Levoirs, Conyls, & autre Savaigne, des Seigneurs 
& autres Gentils, a cause q les ditz Trespassours n'ount autre 
peyne, mes sovent foitz sont rescuez a faire leg' fyne pur lour 
dit trespas. Que pleise a votre tres gracious Sfie, de I'assent 
des Seigneurs Espirituelx & Temporelx en cest Parlement, de 
confermer le dit Estatut. Ajoustant a ycell, q celuy q face 
encountre la fourme du dit Estatut, encourge devers le 
Roy, a chescun foitz qu'il soit atteint, Cynk Marcz; & q 
chescun q voet suer pur le Eoi yceste partie, eit la suyte & la 
moite des ditz Cynk Marcz; & q les Justices du Pees en 
chescun Oounte aient poair de trier les trespasses suisditz 
devaunt eux, g bille, a suyte de chescun q voet suer pur le 
Eoy en ceste partie.^ 

" Eesponsio. 

" Soient les Estatutz avaunt ces heures faitz tenuz & 
gardez." 

By a grant of confirmation of Henry VII., the dogs of 
the Abbot and holy men of Beaulieu were protected from 
expeditation.^ 

' Probably hound-bitohes ; but perhaps lurchers, for Kelham has, "lerce 
hound, a lurcher." 
2 EoUs of Parliament, vol. iv. p. 121 b. ^ Lewis on Forests, p. 57. 



Chap. XXXIII. MAIMING OF DOGS. it 

This probably refers to a former charter given them by- 
John in the sixth year of his reign : " The King further grants 
that the abbot and convent aforesaid shall be exempted from 
receiving and entertaining any of the forest officers, and of 
their dog's, hawks, falcons ; and from making repasts for them 
called Melcons, and from all payments and fees to the said 
officers." ^ 

In " Certain Articles to be enquired of by the Eegarders 
of the Forest of Shyrewood in the Countie of Nott. against 
the comming of Thomas Earle of Eutland, Chiefe Justice in 
Eyre of the said forest," 26 Hen. VIII., one article is — 
" Also they must inquire, if all the great dogs or mastives 
within the said Forest be expeditate, that is to say, have the 
balles of their feet cut out, according to the lawes of the 
Forest ; and if they finde any that be not expeditated, then the 
owner of every such dog must forfeit to the King iijs. iiijci." 

Crompton's ' Courts,' 1637. 

It is remarkable that Eichard Crompton and Manwood 
differ respecting the amount of the fine and the manner of 
maiming. One says the sum is 3s. 4d, the other 3s.; the 
former states the ball must be cut out, the other the three 
fore-claws are to be cut off by the skin. 

The unhappy Charles L, among other unfortunate and 
arbitrary exercises of power, endeavoured to revive the 
forest laws: the odium created by the attempt may be to 
some extent apparent by considering that, according to Spel- 
man, the number of royal forests in England at his time 
amounted in number to no less than sixty-eight, and Sir 



' Warner's Hampshire. 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIII. 



Edward Coke stated them at sixty-nine. Henry VIII. created 
the last forest, Hampton Court ; there were sixty-eight before 
his period, about thirteen chaces, and 781 parks. 

The foUowiag extracts from the proceedings of one of the 
last Forest Courts held will show that the expeditation of 
dogs was still enforced, for in the " Notes taken at a Justice 
Seate for the Forrest of Wyndsor, in the county of Berks, ^ 
holden the 24th day of September, 1632, at Wyndsor, before 
the Earl of Holland, Justice in Eyre, and others," in the 
8 Charles I., we find that Lord Lovelace claimed for him- 
self and tenants of Hurley, formerly a Priory, and East 
Hamstead, to be quit " de Canum expeditatione." But that 
political apostate Mr. Attorney Noy said for the King — 
" Then for the claim to be priviledged from Lawing their 
Dogs, that was a mere personal priviledge in the Priors as 
Hunting and Hawking, and shall not be revived by general 
words of tot tanta talia, &c. ; for then, where the Prior kept it 
may be one or two Dogs, now (perhaps) you will keep twenty ; 
nay, every one that hath any of the Prior's Lands will keep 
as many Dogs as he please, and so Dogs, and Hunters, and 
Hawkers shall be multiplyed." 

Also, " It was presented that Edward Blagrave had erected 
a Ferry where there was none before, for which he was fined 
4?., for by this means the Forrest may be abused by stealing 
Deare, and carrying them over the water, so as no Bloud- 
hound can follow." 

Sir Edmond Sayer claimed to hunt hares, foxes, wild-cats, 
and to keep his dogs uulawed ; and pleaded for it a charter of 



' By Sir Waiiam Jones. Another forest oourt was held there in 1639. 



Chap. XXXIII. MAIMING OF DOGS. 13 

Eichard I. made to the Abbot of Waltham Holy-Cross in 
Essex. But it was disallowed, for said Noy, " The Abbot had 
twenty mannors, and yet there was but one Hunter; but 
now we shall have twenty Hunters if those Grants be 
allowed," &c. 

The next year at the same Justice-seat, " One being pre-' 
sented for not having his Dog Lawed, Mr. Attorney said, it 
was part of the Eiding Forester's office to have the care and 
view of Lawing of Dogs." The tenants of Bray Manor, and 
Cookham Town likewise claimed, among other matters, to 
keep their dogs unlawed, and to hunt foxes, cats, and hares. 

As illustrative of the times, it may be worth mentioning 
that on this occasion " Sir Sampson Darrell was fined 5Z. for 
erecting a Wind Milne on his own ground, within the Forrest," 
— " because it frighted the Deare, and also drew company to 
the disquiet of the Game." 

The small dogs permitted by the law of Edward I. to be 

kept in forests had, it seems, to be under a certain size, and 

none were allowed except those which could pass through a 

standard or dog-gauge provided for them. At the so-called 

King's-house at Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, in the haU 

where the courts are held, is an iron instrument resembling 

a large stirrup, and alleged to be that of Eufus. Others 

affirm it to be a standard for dogs, and that the little curs 

who could pass through were permitted to remain unmutilated 

within the bounds. There is no authority, however, cited for 

these assertions, but William Stewart Eose says, in his ' Eed 

King'- 

" And still, in merry Lyndhnrst Hall, 
Red William's stirrnp decks the wall." 



14 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIII. 



Whitaker, in the ' History of Whalley,' gives a drawing of 
an iron measure whicli has been for many generations and 
is still preserved at Browsholme, in Bowland Forest, Lan- 
cashire, the family seat of the Parkers, anciently hereditary 
bow -bearers or master foresters to the Crown since 1591. 
This gauge is an oval ring, in shape somewhat like a flat 
stirrup, and in size is seven inches by five inches interior 
diameter, with a swivel attached by which it could be 
suspended from the girdle. Through this, tradition asserts, 
all dogs in the forest except those of the lords had to 
pass, or were either killed or lawed. In 1770, on an elec- 
tioneering quarrel, the then lord of the forest, the Duke of 
Montague, sent and shot the beagles which were kept there ; 
and the practice of killing dogs extended to a much more 
recent period. Considerable pains have been taken by the 
author to obtain information respecting this interesting relic 
of forest and feudal tinies, and'he is indebted to the courtesy 
of the present owner of Browsholme for the above facts, and 
a rubbing of the gauge. Perhaps other similar instruments 
may be in existence in some of the old town-halls bordering 
on the ancient domains of the Crown, particularly in Lanca- 
shire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire. 

Treherne, in his ' Reading on Forest Law,' ' says, " For it 
was in ancient custom in many of the forests, that the dogs 
should have their claws cut off, because they should not run so 
hastily at the King's deer. And therefore this shall be made 
by the Regarders ; and he who is found with a dog that hath 
not his claws cut off, viz. his claws of his feet before cut 



MS. Harl., No. 72. 



Chap. XXXIII. 



MAIMING OF DOGS. 



right the skins, shall be amerced three shillings." Mastiffs 
alone, Treherne states, were to be thus treated ; for as to 
Grreyhounds, Eachets, and other Spanyells, they were not 
suffered in forests at all. 

Percival Lewis affirms that the last of the Forest Courts 
was held subsequent to the Eestoration before Vere Earl of 
Oxford.1 



' See Life of Lord Keeper North, by Koger North. 




1 6 THE DOG. Chap. XXXIV. 



CHAPTBE XXXIV. 

IITASTIFFS were used at a very early period for bear and 
^^ bull-baiting. Norwich, in the time of King Edward 
the Confessor, paid twenty pounds to the King and ten 
pounds to the .Earl, and, beside these payments, twenty-one 
shillings and four pence for measures of provender, six 
sextaries of honey, a bear, and six bear-dogs, " et i. Ursum et 
vi. Canes ad ursum." ^ 

The inordinate passion of the Conqueror for dogs and 
hunting is too well known : Walter Mapes records, " He 
took away much land from God and men, and converted it to 
the use of wild beasts and the sport of dogs. Waleran his 
huntsman held much laud in Hampshire and other counties." 

Mention occurs in several places in Domesday, of dogs : 
thus Warwick at the time of the Survey paid twenty-three 
pounds to the King for the custom of dogs, " pro consuetudine 
canum : " and Chintenham in Gloucestershire paid sixteen 
shillings in money for the render formerly made in the time 
of the Confessor of three thousand cakes of dog-bread, " ter 
mille panes canibus." ^ 

A special service occurred at Henret in Berkshire. Aluric 
de Taceham says that he saw a brief of the King in which he 



' Ellis's Introduction to Domesday Book, vol. i. p. 206. 
2 Tbid., vol. i. p. 2C2. 



Chap. XXXIV. PAYMENTS FOR SERVICES. 17 

had given it as a gift to the wife of Grodric, because she main- 
tained the king's dogs.' 

Henry II. enfeoffed one Boscher, his servant, with the 
manor of Bericote, in the county of Warwick, by the service 
of keeping a white young Brach (Brachetam) ^ with red ears, 
to be delivered to the King at the year's end, and then to 
receive another to breed up, and half a quarter of bran. 
Hugh Pantulf, iu the same reign, held Stanfforde, Hereford, 
by gift of the King, by service of one Brachet. The wild boar 
was hunted on Eskdale-side with hounds and spears in this 
reign. 

The payments mentioned below were made at this time, 
when the wolf was common, and large hounds used in his de- 
struction. "Hampshire. And in discharge of wolf-hunters, one 
hundred shillings by brief of Exchequer Barons."-'2 Henry II. 
Pipe EoU. Also in the 4 Henry II. twenty-nine shillings was 
paid to the wolf-hunters of Buckinghamshire and Bedford- 
shire: and in the same year we find for Nottinghamshire 
and Derbyshire, " And in payment by brief of the King, to 
Eichard and Baldwin, wolf-hunters of the King, 5s. Mr ^ 

Henry II. also gave a Charter to the priory of Wikes, in 
Essex, confirming the concessions of the donors. " Moreover 
I concede to them two greyhounds (leporarios) and four 
braches (bracatos) for the capture of hares in our forest of 



1 Ellis's Introduction to Domesday Book, vol. i. p. 266, 

2 Bracheta, a bitch-hound. We call a bitch which follo-sirs a hare by the 
scent a Brach at this time. KSpelman, § A. Fr. Bratchet. Ootgrave. Blount's 
Antient Tenures, Beckwith's ed. 1679. Qy. from Braoco, Ital. for spaniel, or 
Braken, Ger. ? 

3 J. Hunter, Pipe Rolls. 

VOL. II. ^ 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIV. 



Essex." ' He likewise confirmed the Charter of the city of 
London granted them by Saxon monarchs and by Henry I., 
the fifteenth article of which is as follows : " 15. Also, that 
the citizens of London shall have their grounds for hunting, 
as well and as fully as their ancestors had; namely in 
Chiltre,^ Middlesex, and Surrey." Edward I. endorsed their 
privileges. Fitz-Stephen, who wrote a description of London 
about 1174, speaks of stags, bucks, boars, and wild cattle as 
abounding in the forest adjoining the metropolis on the north. 
Game bulls and large bears were at that time baited with 
dogs for the amusement of the people in the winter holidays.^ 

Henry II., says G-iraldus, was indefatigable and intem- 
perate in the chase. John was also a great lover of horses, 
hawks, and hounds, receiving many of those creatures as 
fines. The Bishop of Ely gave twelve "canes de mota" 
out of his kennel, and one " Limerum," for Hicche the 
Bishop's huntsman, who was taken in the King's forest ; ' 
and William de Briewerre was fined one palfrey for hurting 
one of the king's dogs. 

The , office of dog-leader or courser, called Veltraria, is 
mentioned thus early : " Henricus de la Mura reddit com- 
potum de 28Z. 6s. %d. pro ministerio Patris sui de Veltraria." ^ 
That is, Henry de la Mura renders account of 28Z. ^s. %d. in 
payment of the services of his father in the management of 
hounds. 



1 Monas. Angli., vol. ii. p. 283. 

^ The Obiltem district in Oxfordshire and Bucks.— Liber Albus 
' "Vel pingues tauri comupetse, seu ursi immanes, cum objeotis depuguant 
canibus."' — Sam. Pegge. 

" Mag. Eot. 4 John, Eot. 10 a. 

* Cowel, Eot. Pip. 5 Stephen (qy. 31 Henry I. ?). 



Chap. XXXIV. ANECDOTES. 



19 



Henry III., in the 40th year of his reign, contrijed and 
ordered a picture to be made by Master William the Painter, 
a Westminster monk, to be placed in his wardrobe where 
he washed his face, representing the King rescued from his 
seditious subjects by his dogs.' 

Giraldus de Barri was born near Tenby, at Manorbeer Castle, 
in 1150. He died at St. David's in his 74th year. That 
zealous, learned, charitable, and noble-minded prelate re- 
counts the following anecdotes of the dog in his Itinerary 
through Wales, where he accompanied Archbishop Baldwin 
to preach the Crusade. 

" Cadwalladon, through inveterate malice, slew his brother 
Owen ; a greyhound belonging to the aforesaid Owen, large, 
beautiful, and curiously spotted with a variefe^ of colours, 
received seven wounds from arrows and lances- in the defence 
of his master, and on his part did much injury to the enemy 
and assassins. When his wounds were healed, he was sent 
to King Henfy II. by William Earl of Gloucester, in 
testimony of so great and extraordinary a deed. A dog, of 
all animals, is most attached to man, and most easily dis- 
tinguishes him : sometimes, when deprived of his master, he 
refuses to live, and in his master's defence is bold enough to 
brave death ; ready therefore to die, either with or for his 
master." 

Giraldus then inserts an instance of the devotion of a dog 
recorded by Suetonius, and quoted by Ambrosius. Also 
another from Pliny and Solinus. He next proceeds :. — 

" I shall take this opportunity of mentioning what from 



Eotuli Litterarum Olausarum. T. D. Hardy, 1833. 

2 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIV. 



experience and ocular testimony I have collected respecting 
the nature of dogs. A dog is in general sagacious, but 
particularly with respect to his master ; for when he has for 
some time lost him in a crowd, he depends more upon his 
nose than upon his eyes ; and, in endeavouring to find him, 
he first looks about, and then applies his nose, for greater 
certainty, to his clothes, as if nature had placed all the 
powers of infallibility in that feature. 

" The tongue of a dog possesses a medicinal quality ; the 
wolf's, on the contrary, a poisonous : the dog heals his wounds 
by licking them ; the wolf, by a similar practice, infects them : 
and the dog, if he has received a wound in his neck or head, 
or any part of his body where he cannot apply his , tongue, 
ingeniously makes use of his hinder foot as a conveyance of 
the healing qualities to the parts affected." ^ 

Henry II. experienced a signal defeat in the narrow and 
woody defile of ColeshiU in Flintshire. Gu-aldus de Barri 
recounts : — 

" In this wood of Coleshille a young Welshman was killed 
while passing through the King's army ; the greyhound who 
accompanied him did not desert his master's corpse for eight 
days, though without food ; but faithfully defended it from 
the attacks of dogs, wolves, and birds of prey, with a won- 
derful attachment : What son to his father ? What Nisus to 
Buryalus? What Polynices to Tydeus? What Orestes to 
Pylades, would have shown such an affectionate regard ? As 
a mark of favour to the dog, who was almost starved to death. 



' Hoare's Giraldus de Barri, vol. i. p. 135. 



Chap. XXXIV. TEXURE BY DOG- KEEPING. 21 

the English, although bitter enemies to the Welsh, ordered 
the body, now nearly putrid, to be deposited in the ground 
with the accustomed offices of humanity." ' 

John Brompton records in his Chronicle the following 
courtesy from Cceur-de-Lion to his illustrious and warlike 
adversary : — 

" On the fifteenth day of the month of July the Kings of 
France and England took to pieces their battering-rams (?) 
and their other warlike machines ; greyhounds, hounds 
(brachetis), and hawks being sent on the same day by the 
King of England to Saladin.^ King Eichard also gave Henry 
de Grey of Codnor the manor of Turroc in Essex; which 
grant was confirmed by John, who by charter vouchsafed him 
the privilege to hunt the hare and fox in any lands belonging 
to the Crown, except the King's own demesne parks; a 
special favour in those times." ^ 

In the 6th of John, Joan, late wife of John King, held a 
certain serjeantry in Stanhow, in the county of. Norfolk, by 
the service of keeping " Bracelettum deymerettum " of our 
Lord the King.* 

Blount and his editor remark on this, " Bercelett, a hound. 
Qu^re if not a shepherd's cur, from the Norman-French 
Bercil, a sheepfold ? " " Bracelettas and Bercelettus I con- 
ceive to be the same, and to mean a small hound or beagle, 
from Brache— and quaere what the meaning of Deymerettum 
is?" This word does not, so far as the author's researches 



' Hoare's Giraldus de Barri, vol. ii. p. 136. 

2 Twysden, ed. 1652, p. 1206. ' Blount's Antient Tenures. 

" Blount's Antient Tenures, Eot. fin., 6 John, m. 58. 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXIV. 



have extended, exist in any Dictionary. It seems to be 
derived from dama, or daim, a fallow-deer. Bracelettum 
deymerettum may mean a bitch pack of deerhounds. 

King John granted a licence to Eichard Godsfeld and 
heirs to have eight " brachetos et unum leporarium " in the 
royal forest of Essex, to take foxes, hares, and wild cats : ' 
and Henry le Martre gave sixty marks to be quit of the 
trespass of being found in the King's forest with greyhounds, 
and beating the foresters.^ Eichard Engaine rendered one 
liundred marks, and four " Gupilerettis," that is fox-dogs : ^ 
also Eobert de EUestede owed six " canes wulperettos et 
baldos, et six alios canes wulpeculares," for a writ of Pone 
against Henry de Saint George : * while Saier Earl of Win 
Chester owed one good " chascurum," or hunting horse, such 
another as the dappled hunting horse of the King ; and one 
good " brachetum et baldum." ' 

In the ancient pipe-rolls, payments made in greyhounds 
are frequent. Eot. Pip. in the fourth year of King John 
(a.d. 1203) : " Eoger the Constable of Chester owes 500 
marks, and 10 palfreys, and 10 leashes of greyhounds, for the 
tenure of land belonging to Vido de Loverell, for which he 
ought to pay 100 marks a year." 

Eot. Pip. in the ninth year of King John (a.d. 1208) : 
" Southampton. John Teingre owes 100 marks and ten grey- 
hounds, large, handsome, and good, for his ransom," &c. 

Eot. Pip. in the eleventh year of King John (a.d. 1210) : 



1 Cowel's Law Dictionary, 1708. Eot. Cart., 1 John, p. 2, m. 10. 
■^ Madox's Exchequer, Mag. Eot., 9 John. 

" Ibid., Mag. Eot., 15 John. " Ibid., Mag. Eot., 16 John. 

" Ibid., Mag. Eot., 12 John, Eot. 9 a, Warwick and Leicester. 



Chap. XXXIV. LICENCES FROM THE CROWN. 23 

" Everveycsire. Roger de Malvell returns a compotus of 1 
swift-footed palfrey and 11 leashes of greyhounds for receiving 
' depreciatory letters ' to Matilda of M," ' 

Alberic de Vere, Earl of Oxford, was ordered by the King 
in 1214 to allow John Juvenis, Seneschal of the Abbot of 
Waltham, to chase and take hares and foxes in Essex. Like- 
wise Richard de Thame ^ received permission for the same in 
that county ; and Radulphus Gernon, through Hugo de Nevill, 
Chief Justice of the Forests, had a grant to keep running- 
dogs for foxes, hares, and wild-cats (" et murelegos silvestres "), 
in all the royal forests of Essex. The Chief Justice was 
commanded also to permit Galfridus de Say to hunt with 
six dogs and two greyhounds at foxes and hares in Somerset 
Forest. An order was sometimes given to him and other 
officers to allow so many deer to be taken ; as, Walter de 
CKfford, who was to take four red-deer (" cervos ") in 
Shropshire Forest ; and the Earl of Warenne twenty fallow- 
does (" damas ") in Essex. Also Fulk Fitz-Warin to take 
five hinds (" bissas ") in Leicester Forest. 

William de Caaignes was permitted to catch four roebucks 
("chevreti") with his greyhounds. Others, by Henry III., 
were allowed to capture the deer alive to stock their parks. 



1 Warton's History of English Poetry. 

" Qy. Abbot of Thame or Tame, Oxfordshire? 



24 THE DOG. Chap. XXXV. 



CHAPTEE XXXV. 

TTEEY numerous entries, exist in tlie Close EoUs of John 
(who must have maintained hunting establishments of 
great magnitude'), and of Henry III.,' of payments and direc- 
tions for their hounds and hawks. The following is interest- 
ing, the more especially as making another early mention of 
mastiffs : — 

" The King to John Fitz-Hugh, &c. 

" We send to you, by William de Merc and E. de Erleham, 
three girefalcons, and Gibbun the girefalcon, than which we 
do not possess a better, and one falcon gentle, commanding 
you to receive them and place them in the mewes, and pro- 
vide for their food plump goats and sometimes good hens, 
and once every week let them- have the flesh of hares ; and 
procure good mastiffs (' bonos mastivos ') to guard the mewes. 
And the cost which you incur in keeping those falcons, and 
the expenses of Spark, the man of W. de Merc, who will 
attend them, with one man and one horse, shall be accounted 
to you at the_ Exchequer." 

21 March, 16 John. 



Eotuli Litterarum Olausaruni. T. D. Hardy, 1833. 



Chap. XXXV. EXPENSES OF THE KING'S DOGS. 25 

The next extract shows how dogs for the chace were fed : — 

"The King to William de Pratell, and the Bailiffs 
OF Falk de Bkeaut, of the Isle of Ely, gebbting. 

" We command you to find, out of the issues of the see of 
Ely, necessaries for Richard the huntsman, who was with the 
Bishop of Ely, and for his two horses and four grooms ; also 
find for his fifteen greyhounds and thirty-one hounds 'de 
mota ' ^ their allowance of bread or paste, as they may require 
it, and let them hunt sometimes in the Bishop's chace for the 
flesh upon which they are fed." 
17 John, 1216. _j 

Bread appears to have been usually given to dogs. In the 
daily expenses of Hugo le Despenser ^ the younger, for taking 
the king's venison in the 16 Edw. II., occurs, " En payn pur 
vj leueres & j bercelet vj^^." This dog, called a bercelet, was 
doubtless a scenting-dog, — used to find deer, and track 
wounded ones. As only half the amount allowed for the 
keep of the greyhound was apportioned to it, the inference 
is it was a much smaller dog. 

" The King, &c., to the Baeon, &c. 

" Pay to Henry de Neville 10 marks each year for four 
years for the wages of Odo and Eichard, who have the charge 
of our wolfhounds ('luvereticos'), and 40 shillings each 



1 Moota Oanmn, or Muta Oanum, ia tlie same as Meute de Ohiens, a kennel 
or pack of hounds. Bee J. Cowel's Law Dictionary, 1708. Mute de Ohiens, 
twelve running dogs and a limehounde. Le Roy Modus. 

2 Compotus Hugonis le Despenser, 16 and 17 Edw. II. Record Office. 



26 THE DOG. Chap. XXXV. 



year for their ponies, and 30 shillings each year for their 
livery. 

" As witness my hand at Lamheth (Lambeth ?), 29th day 
of April, in the 7th year, &c. 

" By (i. Fitz-Petek." 

A.D. 1200. 

'■ The King to Hugo de Neville, &c. 

" Know ye that we have granted to Peter Bordeaux tliat 
he may keep six or seven dogs for hunting the hare and fox, 
and three greyhounds. And furthermore we command you 
that he be not a loser on this occasion, nor be dragged into 
court. 

"In the presence of William Fitz-Peter at Claren- 
don, 2nd Jan." 

7 John, 1206-6. 

" The King to the Bakons of the Exchequer, &c. 

" Know ye that William de Breosa hath paid us at 
Worcester, the day after Saint Vincent, in the seventh year 
of our reign, three war-horses ' and five hunters,^ and twenty- 
four scenting-hounds,^ and ten greyhounds, for the fine which 
he made with us for the castles of Grossomonte and Schene- 



' "Dextraiioa." 

2 " Cbasui'os," or oatzuiuB ; qy., from chasseur, or ohasse-urus ? 

3 "Bousob;" qy., from siiohen, Ger. ; or seuleen, Sax.; to seek, search, or 
quest : or from the Celtic Segusian hound of Arrian ; and the British Agassseus 
or Beagle of Oppian ? 



Chap. XXXV. EXPENSES OF THE KING'S DOGS. 27 

fride, and Lantelio/ And furthermore we command you to 
make him quits for such a sum. 

" In the presence of Hugo de Neville at Worcester, 
25 Jan." 

7 John, 1206. 

" The King to the Sheeiff of York, &c. 

" We send you 240 of our greyhounds, with 56 ' veltrars ' ^ 
in charge of them. We send you also William Fitz-Eichard, 
Guy the huntsman, and Robert de Stanton, commanding you 
to provide necessaries for the same greyhounds and ' veltrars,' 
and our dogs ' de metis,' and brachets, with their bernars,^ 
which the said William, Guy, and Robert bring to you, after 
inspection of the same, until you receive another command 
from us ; and any cost you may incur through them after the 
supervision of the said William, Guy, and Robert, and the 
supervision and testimony of lawful men, shall be accounted to 



• Grosmont, Skenfrith, and Lantilio, in Monmouthshire. 

' Valtrariis, veltrarius, &o., from veltro, Ital. ; Welters, Germ. : a greyhound. 
" YeWes quos Langeran appelat."— Canute, Const, de For'esta. One who leads 
greyhounds or hunting-dogs.— i?mfe2/. Vertragus, or the Celtic greyhound, 
has, according to /. Vlitius, the same derivation from the Saxon — velt, a field 
or plain, and racha, a hound. Charlemagne had ofiBcers called Veltrarii, " qui 
veltres custodiebant." — Spelman. 

The words veantrer, veotrar, ventrer, vautror, probably come hence. Vau- 
trait is French for a boar-chase equipage ; and vautrer, French for to wallow ; 
and Coigra/oe has vaultre, a mongrel hound for the wild boar or bear. Bailey, 
also, has " feuterer or fewterer, a dog-keeper, he who lets them loose in a 

chase.'' 

8 Bemars- qy., bowmen, or huntsmen, from bersare, to hunt or shoot ; as, 
" Bersare in foresta mea ad tres arcus " ? Carta Ban. Com. Cestr. An. 1218. — 
Oowel. Or from bemage, equipage, train, followers, &c., of a prince's court or 
camp ? — Cotgrwee. 



28 



THE DOG. 



Chap. XXXV. 



you at the Exchequer. And you must have with you letters 
on the same Exchequer of the said William, Guy, and Eobert, 
testifying for how many of our dogs ' de motis ' and brachets, 
and how many bernars, you provided necessaries. 

" As witness my hand at Crenck (?), 1 Sept., in the 
fourteenth year of our reign. 

" By Petbk de Maulay." 



14 John, 1212. 



" The King to the Sheriff of Somerset, &c. 

" We command you to provide necessaries for Ralph the 
otter huntsman, and Godfrey his fellow, with t(vo men and 
two horses and twelve otter-hounds, as long as they find em- 
ployment in capturing otters in your shire. And as soon as 
they cannot capture any, you are to forthwith send them back 
to us, and any cost you may incur through them shall be 
accounted to you at the Exchequer. 

" As witness my hand at Bristol, 26th day of July, in 
the fourteenth year of our reign." 

14 John, 1212.. 



" The King to Eogee de Neville, &c. 

" We send you William de Ireby with his fellows, with 
seven dogs, and fifteen varlets, and twenty-eight greyhounds, 
and forty-four ' de mota ' dogs, to hunt boars in the park of 
Bricstok ; ' and you are to cause the flesh they capture to be 



' Brigstock Forest, Northamptonahire. 



Chap. XXXV. EXPENSES OF THE £/.VC'S BOGS. 29 

salted and kept in good condition,^ but the skins you are to 
cause to be bleached which they gire you, as the said William 
shall tell you. And we command you to provide necessaries 
for them as long as they shall be with you by our command, 
and the cost, &c., shall be accounted, &c. 

" Witnessed at the Tower of London, 28 Dec, in the 
fifteenth year of our reign." 

15 John, 1213. 

William de Ireby had land in the valley of Liddel and 
Ulvesdale, and leave to keep running dogs and greyhounds 
for fox and hare in Carlisle Forest. 

" The King to the same, &c. 

"We send you Henry Fitz-Baldwin the veltrar, with 
eighteen of his fellow veltrars, and 240 of our greyhounds, to 
hunt faUow-deer in the park of Knappe, commanding you to 
find the necessary expenses for them as long as they shall be 
with you ; and it shall be accounted to you at the Exchequer. 
"Witnessed as above in the 15th year of our reign." 

16 John, 1213. 

" The King to the same, greeting. 

" We send you Wyott, Nigel May, Eichard de Brademare, 
and Herbert de Foxcote, our huntsmen, with ten varlets, and 



1 The carcases of both deer and wild swine were salted down and put into 
barrels, for the consumption of tlie court, and victualling the fleet. The vast 
numbers of hounds kept by the Norman kings, and also the extensive and 
numerous forests they held, were not for amusement alone. 



3° THE DOG. Chap. XXXV. 

five bernars, and ten horses, and 114 ' de mota' dogs, and five 
greyhounds, for hunting fallow-deer in the park of Knappe ; 
and we command you to find the necessary expenses for them 
as long as they are with you, and it shall be accounted to you 
at the Exchequer. 

" Witnessed as above in the fifteenth year." 
16 John, 1213. 

" The King to Waeeen Fitz-Fulcost, &c. 

" We send you three of our red and black greyhounds and 
one sorrel-coloured one (tres leporarios nostros falvos cum 
nigris gremiis et unum sorum), commanding you to find neces- 
saries for them as long as they shall be with you, and it shall 
be paid to you, &c. 

"As witness my hand at Reading, 12 Dec, in tbe 15th 
year of our reign, a.d. 1213. 

" By Mastek Eknald de Aucleat." 
15 John, 1213. 

" The King to Peter de Cancella, Constable of Beis- 

TOLL, &c. 

" We send you forty of our foxhounds (' gupillerettis ') 

and twelve greyhounds, with two horsemen and two varlets 

and eight dog-leaders (' veltrars '), commanding you to make 

them hunt tbe fox in your shire, and to provide necessaries 

for them until we send for them ; and any cost you may incur 

through them shall be paid, &c. 

" As witness my hand at Walingford, 2nd Nov., in the 

l-)th year of our reign, a.d. 1213. 

" By William de Hareucuet." 
15 John, 1213. 



Chap. XXXV. EXPENSES OF THE KING'S DOGS. 31 

This looks as if the fox, like the otter, was hunted for his 
skin ; though, if such were the case, it might be thought that 
traps would have been the least expensive method. 

" The King to Andrew de Cancblla, &c. 

" We send you William Malet, our huntsman, with forty 
foxhounds (' JDrachettis wulpericiis '), six greyhounds, and six 
varlets, and one horse, to hunt the fox in our forest of Tre- 
ville ;i ordering you to find necessaries for him and give him 
aid in hunting until we send for them, and it shall be paid 
into your account at the Exchequer. 

"In the presence of William Count of Saeum, at 
Gloucester, 1 Dec, in the 15th year of our reign." 

15 John, 1213. 

" The King to Eowland Bloet,^ &c. 

" We command you to send all the boars and ' layas ' ^ 

which are in your custody to Portsmouth, in the ships of your 

shire, which are just going thither, so that they may be with 

us, barring all accidents, on the morrow of St. Hilary, at the 

latest ; and it shall be accounted to you at the Exchequer." 

Witnessed as above. 
15 JoH^f, 1213. 

" The King to Eowland Bloet, &c. 

" We send you Wyott, our huntsman, and his fellows, to 



1 Treville Foreat, Herefordshire. 

2 Eowland Bloet was one of the oustodes of the Kent and Sussex seaports. 

3 From laye, the female of the wild boar. 



32 THE DOG. Chap. XXXV. 



hunt in the forest of Cnappe ^ with our boarhounds (' canibus 
nostris porkericus '), in order that they may capture two or 
three boars in a day. We desire, however, that some of om- 
good hounds do not hunt there, and that you take note how 
much they capture in a day. Yet, however, you must be 
with us in London on the Sunday following the feast of Saint 
Martin, and in the mean while send off one of your soldiers to 
those parts to keep with them, and cause necessaries to be 
supplied to them ;■ and any cost you may incur through them, 
after the supervision and witness of lawful men, shall be paid 
into your account at the Exchequer. 

" As witness my hand at Eeileghe,^ 8th Nov." 
16 John, 1215. 

" The King to John Maeescal, geeeting. 

" We send you Albred de Capella, with two of his horses 
and fourteen of our deerhounds (' Canibus Daimmariciis '), 
commanding you to make him hunt deer (' danmos ') with 
his dogs in Blakemore.^ And all the venison they capture 
you are to cause to be kept safe for our use, the surplus of 
the same being preserved for us for our food. But Albred 
himself and his dogs, with the two horses and his three men, 
you are to cause to be provided with necessaries in the in- 
terim. Yet, however, on the day on which his dogs hunt, you 
are to be in no way responsible to him for his dogs; and 
any cost you may herein incur, after supervision and testi- 



' Knap, or Knappe, a forest in Sussex. 

2 Eayleigh, Essex ; or Ralegh, Leioest, a park ? 

^ Blaclonore, Dorsetshire. , 



Chap. XXXV. EXPENSES OE THE KING'S DOGS 



33 



mony of lawful men, shall be put to your account at the 
Exchequer. 

"As witness my hand at Clarendon,' 16th day of Aug., 
in the seventeenth year of our reign." 
17 John, 1216. 

" The King to the Sheriff of Oxford, greeting. 

"We send you Eichard de Brademara, our huntsman, 
with two horses and his grooms, and one ' bernarius ' and one 
' veltrarius,' with sixteen 'de mota' dogs and one 'limarius'^ 
and four greyhounds. "We send also to you Hiche, our hunts- 
man, with two horses and his grooms, and one ' bernarius ' 
and sixteen 'de mota' dogs and one 'limarius;' and Eichard 
Pinchun, our huntsman, with two horses and his grooms, and 
one ' bernarius ' and twelve ' de mota ' dogs and four grey- 
hounds, to remain at Wudestok, commanding you to provide 
them necessaries as long as they shall be there ; and it shall 
be accounted to you at the Exchequer. 

" As witness Henry, &c., at Westminster,' 15 Feb., in 
the fourth year of our reign. 

" By the same and the Bishop op Winchester." 
4 Henry III. 



' Clarendon Forest, Wilts. 

^ Leader of a limier, or Kmehouud, whoso leash, lyme, lyam, or line by 
which he was restrained whilst tracking and harbouring the deer, was in Latin 
called lorum. This dog is mentioned in the Laws of the Alemanni ; and by 
the Germans he is still termed the leit-hund — the leading or guiding hound ; 
and in England was at last called a bloodhound. A limehound accompanied 
every pack ; the manner in which he harboured the deer is fully described in 
Du Fouilloux. 

VOL. II. U 



34 THE DOG. Chap. XXXV. 



" Eelating to Hounds chasing Foxes. 

" His Majesty the King hath granted permission to John 
Fitz-Eobert to keep dogs of his own to hunt foxes and hares 
in the forest of Northumbria, as long as it shall please our 
Lord the King. And it is commanded to Hugo de Neville 
that he do permit him to keep them." 

Witnessed as above. 
8 Henry III. 

" Eelating to Huntees sent to the Fokest of Dene. 

" His Ma-jesty the King sends Guy and John the Fool, his 
huntsmen, with his Majesty's staghounds (' cerverioiis '), to 
hunt in the forest of Dene and capture ten boars. And it is 
commanded Eoger de Clifford, &c. 

" To Eichard Pincun, whom His Majesty the King sends 
with the deerhounds (' deimericiis ') to hunt deer (' damas ') 
in the forest of Savernac." 

10 Heney III. 

The staghounds and hounds for fallow-deer were apparently 
different breeds. Thus, in the 11 Henry HI. he sent three 
men (two of whom belonged to Hubert de Burgo, the justice) 
to hunt in the New Forest with " canibus cervericiis et da- 
mericiis," to take " 30 cervos et 30 damos." Yet we see 
above that staghounds were used in boar-hunting. 



Chap. XXXVI. GOSHAWKERS AND HUNTSMEN. 



3S 



CHAPTEE XXXVI. 

GOSHAWKEES AND HUNTSMEN, 
49 Henky III.1 
" TN discharge of the expenses of Eichard, hunter of Lord 
Edward, hunting deer (damos) in the fore"fets of Feken- 
ham^ and of Wychewode, with John Moppar, receiving per 
day \M. to keep them, 1 horse, 1 bernar, 12 'herettior' 
dogs,^ 6 greyhounds (leporar.), and 1 ventrar, for their dis- 
charge from Sunday, &c., 4Z. 16s;" 

" In discharge of the expenses of Eichard de Oandevere and 
William de Candevere, hunting red-deer (cervos) in tlie forests 
of Kynefare, each one of them receiving per day 21d, to keep 
them, 2 horses, 3:, grooms, 25 'herettior' dogs;^ for their 
discharge from Sunday in the feast of, &c. Subtracted from 
the account for their dogs, 10 shillings for skins of 20 stags, 
IIZ. 8s." 

GOSHAWKEES AND HUNTSMEN, 
49 Hbney hi." 
" Eichard de Candevere and William de Candevei-e, hunting 
hinds in the forest of Wolvemere and of Whichewod, each of 



1 Public Eecord OfBce. ^ Fekenham, Worcestershire ? 

' Though here used for hunting the red and fallow deer, the name of this 
dog is apparently the same as our harrier. Bailey says, "Harreoti Canes, 
Hounds for hunting the Hare. Harrier (of harrier, E. to hurry), a Hound of an 
admirable good Scent and Hold in the pursuit of his Game." 

■" Austurcar et venatores, anno xlix. Hen. HI. Public Record Office. 

D 2 



36 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVI. 

them receiving per day '2\d., to keep them, 2 horses, 3 grooms, 
and 15 dogs ' de mota ; ' for their discharge from Thursday 
in the Feast of Circumcision of our Lord, until the day of 
Sunday in the Feast of Saint Valentine, for 45 days, both days 
counted. Subtracted from the discharge (payment) of their 
dogs 3 shillings for 9 hmds' skins. Total, 11. 14s. 6i." 

" In acquittance of the expenses of Richard de CandcTere 
and William.de Candevere going for bran, each of them 
receiving per day 'l\d., to keep them, 2 horses, 3 grooms, and 
15 dogs 'de mota,' for their discharge from the day of 
Thursday," &c. 

The clergy in England, down to the last generation, have 
been fond of the chase. An early instance occurs of the like 
spirit on the Continent. " At the Synod of Mascon held by 
King Gontran a.d. 585, bishops were forbidden to keep dogs 
in their house, or birds of prey, lest the popr should be bit by 
these animals instead of being fed." ' 

The clergy in Saxon times were much addicted to the 
chase, as may be seen as before mentioned by the penalties 
in the Penitentials, from 688 to 766, of the Archbishops. The 
prelates of the middle ages were mighty hunters ; they kept 
up the sport well also in later times. The Archbishop of 
Canterbury had at one time more than twenty parks and 
chaces of his own, and the Bishop of Eochester a kennel of 
hounds, which went at his death to the Archbishop. At 
the coronation of Henry III.'s wife Queen Eleanor, the Earl 
of Arundel, Cupbearer to the King, was forced to serve by 



' Pierre de Marca, Histoire de Beame, 1. i. c. 18, § 2. 



Chap. XXXVI. CLERICAL SPORTSMEN. 37 

deputy, haying been excommunicated by that prelate for 
seizing his hounds when they came to hunt in the Earl's 
grounds, the former affirming he had a right to hunt in 
any forest in England whenever he liked. Eeligious persons 
were obliged, it is said, in earlier days, as in Henry TI.'s, 
to have kennels for the royal hounds. About 1292 the 
Earl of Arundel twice poached with greyhounds and bow- 
men in Houghton Forest, and answered the Bishop of 
Chichester's complaints by insults, and the avowal " that he 
had hunted, and would continue to hunt, in spite of the 
Bishop's privileges." He was then excommunicated, and 
soon, in spite of his bold words, eating humble pie, was 
absolved by the Bishop in Houghton Church.^ An Arch- 
bishop, we know, shot a keeper at a later time. Coke 
affirmed^ that in his day, and time out of mind, the King 
had, after the decease of every archbishop and bishop, among 
other things, his kennel of hounds, or a composition for the 
same. 

A case of the kind in the time of Edward I., and 
another in Edward II., are given by Cowel. The Abbot 
of Glastonbury was admitted, from whom the treasurer 
immediately demanded the fief of His Majesty the King, 
which had come to him through the death of the Abbot ; to 
wit, a palfrey, a ring, and a kennel of dogs ; and instead of 
the palfrey and the kennel of dogs a fresh fine of twenty 
marks was there inflicted. 

Chartulaet of the Abbot of GLASTONBUBy, MS. 
j_ 1046.— Muta Canum (Fr. Meute de Chiens), a kennel 

1 Sussex Arch., vol. ii. p. 141. ^ Coke's Institutes, part iv. 



38 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVI. 

of hounds. The King at a bishop or abbot's decease had six 
things : — 

" 6. Also a Kennel of Hounds, which belong and pertain 
to His Majesty the King by virtue of his prerogative." Hill. 
2 Edw. II. in Stat, after the death of the Bishop of Bath and 
Wells. And Glaus. 30 Edw. I. m. 16 {Qowel). 

A Bishop of Eochester in the thirteenth century hunted at 
fourscore, leaving his bishopric to take care of itself. In the 
next century, a Leicester abbot, says Knyghton, surpassed 
all sportsmen of his time in hare-hunting ; and Eitz-Stephen 
tells us that Thomas a Becket, when ambassador from 
Henry II. to the King of Erance, .took dogs and hawks in 
his train. 

The high Church dignitaries could hunt in the royal parks 
in some cases, and under certain restrictions, and had plenty 
of their own. They carried their sporting tastes to such an 
excess that the Pope interdicted these amusements. John de 
Courtenay, Abbot of Tavistock, was forbidden in 1348 by his 
diocesan to keep hounds.* 

The Prior of Eavendale in Lincolnshire petitioned in 1334 
(the 8 Edw. III.) for pardon of a fine of 101. to the King, 
inflicted because he "avoit pris une conynge en la garreine^ 
de Beseby," not knowing it was a preserve. 

In Henry III.'s reign Peter de Mundevil held three ox- 
gangs at Angortby, Lancaster, by service of a brachet of 
one colour, "unius berachat unius coloris."^ The Liberate 
Roll of the 26th of that reign has, " Henry, by the grace of 



Dug., Monas. Ang. = Warren, or preserve. 3 Blount. 



Chap. XXXVI. THE BLOODHOUND. 39 

God, &c. Pay out of our Treasury to John le Fol, W. Luvel, 
and Philip de Candoure, our huntsmen, each of whom 
receives 25c?. per day for themselves, their men, horses, and 
dogs, for their liveries for 14 days, \l. 13s. 6c?.," &c. 

In this reign land was held in Comelessend, Hants, by 
William de Limeres, by hunting the wolf with the King's 
dogs.' Eichard Bngaine held one hundred shillings of laud 
in Guedding, Cambridge, by taking wolves daily.^ Hum- 
phrey de Monte held Whitfield, Derbyshire, by bringing 
"unum bracketum" for the King to hunt "ad cervum et 
bissam, et damum et damam," — that is, stag, hind, buck, and 
doe.^ 

The earliest yet discovered mention of the Bloodhound is 
also found in this reign. 

"Op Training Dogs to Blood. — ('De canibus ad san- 
guinem adaptandis.') 

" Whereas Edward, the King's son, has intrusted to Kobert 
de Ghenney, his valet, his dogs to be accustomed to blood, it 
is commanded to all foresters, woodmen, and other bailiffs, 
and servants of the King's forests, and keepers of the King's 
warrens, that they allow the said Kobert to enter with them 
the King's forests and warrens, and to hunt in them, and to 
take the King's game, in order to train the said dogs. 

"This to hold good till the feast of St. Michael next 
ensuing. 

" Witness the King at Woodstock." 

20 Feb., 40 Henry III. — VaUnt Rolls.'' 



1 Blount. 2 Xesta de Nevill, p. 358. Hen. III. 3 Ibid., p. 28. 

■* Public Eecord Office. 



4° 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXVI. 



The . following mentions wolf-hounds, though not ex- 
pressly : — 

"In favour of Peter Corbet, concerning the taking of 
Wolves. 

" The King to all Bailiffs, &c. — 

"Know ye that we have enjoined our beloved and 
faithful Peter Corbet, that in all forests and parks, and other 
places, within our counties of Gloucester, Worcester, Hereford, 
Salop, and Stafford, in which wolves may be found, he may 
take wolves with his men, dogs, and engines, and may destroy 
them by all methods that may seem to him expedient. 

" And we therefore command you that, in all things which 
relate to the capture of wolves in the aforesaid counties, ye 
be aiding and assisting, as often as it shall be needful, and 
the aforesaid Peter shall make it known to you on our part. 

"In the possession of which privilege he is to remain as 
long as it shall be our pleasure. 

" Witness the King at Westminster." 

14 May, 1281, 9 Edw. I.' 

The English Justinian was good at the chace as well as at 
many other things. Lyson's ' History of Cumberland ' states 
that Edward I. during a few days killed two hundred bucks 
in Inglewood Forest. Penalties for infraction of the game 
laws were still severe; for example — Walter de Ouseflete 
was fined 20/f. for killing a deer in the 28 Edw. I.; and 
previously to this case, in the 18 Edw. I., it appears by 



Eymer, vol. i. part 2, p. 192. 



Chap. XXXVI. DOG TENURES. 41 

the EoUs of Parliament that "John de Clarel" and others 
" were amerced in 100?., pro uno cervo et duobus lutris cap- 
tis in foresta de Pek,' and he petitioned to the King in Par- 
liament to be discharged thereof, and was denied." " Yet," 
says Coke, " I take an otter is no beast of the forest."^ 

" Sir John D'Bngayne, Knight, and Elena D'Engayne, hold 
of our Lord the King, in capite, twenty pounds of land, with 
the appurtenances, in Pightesley, in the county of Northamp- 
ton, by the service of hunting the wolf for his pleasure in 
that county." ^ 

" Juliana, the wife of John Eitz Alan, held half a hide of 
land in Porscaundel, in the county of Dorset, in capite, of our 
Lord the King, by serjeantry of keeping the ' Canes Domini 
Eegis Lesos,' * if there should be any such, as often as the 
King should hunt in his Eorest of Blakemore ; and by giving 
one penny for enclosing the King's Park of Gillingham." ^ 

" William Lovell holds two carucates of land of our Lord 
the King, at Benham, in the county of Berks, by the ser- 
jeantry of keeping a Kennel of Harriers « at the King's cost." ^ 

1 Peak Forest, Derbyshire. ^ Coke's Institutes, part iv. p. 316. 

=■ Blount, Plao. Corona, 3 Edw. I. Eot. 20. 

< Leash-hounds or Park-hounds, such as draw after a hurt deer in a Leash, 
or Liam. Beclcwifh renders it lame, hurt, or wounded dogs. Lsesos, from 
Ijgsdo.— Blount. Lesia, a Leash of greyhounds.— -BmZei/. 

« Plac. Corona, 8 Edw. L Eot. 10. 

6 " Meutam Deynectorum Oanum." " A pack of I know not what dogs."— 
Slount. His editor remarks : " Muta, or Meuta, undoubtedly signifies a Kennel, 
and is the word Mew Latinised. The monstrous word Deynectorum is the 
creation of Blounfs scribe, either for Harectorum, Harriers, or Heymectorum, 
Terriers." Meuta does undoubtedly, as Beckwith here asserts, mean a pack of 
hounds. See the extract from Le Koy Modus, p. 25. Cotgrave also says, 
" Meute, a kennell, or orie, of hounds." Deynectorum is a clerical error for 
Deymeretorum. 

' Plac. Corona, apud Windsor, 12 Edw. I. 



42 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVI. 

"John le Bay holds two hides of land of our Lord the 
Eing, in Bokhampton (Berks), by the serjeantry of keeping a 
kennel of little Harriers, 'Meutam Caniculorum Harrec- 
torum,' at the King's cost." ' 

" William de Eeynes formerly held two carucates of land 
in Boyton, in the parish of Finchingfeld, in the county of 
Essex, by the serjeantry of keeping for the King five Wolf 
dogs (' Canes Luporarios ')" ^ 

" John Engayne holds the manor of Upminster, in the 
county of Essex, which is worth 30^. a year, by the serjeantry 
of keeping the Hare dogs (or Greyhounds) (' Canes Leporarios ') 
of our Lord the King." ^ 

" Hardekyn holds a certain tenement in Wodeham Mor- 
timer, in the county of Essex, by serjeantry of nursing one 
Brachet ^ of our Lord the King, when he should send it to 
him to nurse, and keeping it till it should be fit to run." " 

" John Engayne holds one carucate of land in Great Gidding, 
in the county of Huntingdon, by the serjeantry of hunting the 
Wolf, Fox, and Cat, and driving away all Vermin out of the 
Forest of our Lord the King in that county." ^ 

" Bertram de Criol held the manor of Setene, in the county 
of Kent, of the King, by serjeantry, viz. to provide one man 
called Veltrarius, a Vautrer, to lead three Greyhounds when 
the King should go into Gascony, so long as a pair of 
shoes of four-pence price should last." ' This same manor of 



' Blount. Plac. Corona, apiid Wiudesor, 12 Edw. I. Eot. 28. 
2 Blount. Plac. Corona, 13 Edw. I. » Ibid. 

■' Braohettam, a little Braohe, or bitoli hound. — Blount. 
' Plac. Corona, 13 Edw. I. " Plac. Corona, 14 Edw. I. Eot. 7. 

' Blount. 84 Edw. I. 



Chap. XXXVI. DOG TENURES. 43 

Setene, or Seaton, was held in the 2 Edw. II. by Eichard 
Rockesley, by the like tenure of Vautrarium Eegis or King's 
Dog-leader. 

In the 15 Edw. II., QueenhuU manor, Worcestershire, was 
held of the King by rendering yearly " unum canem de mota :" 
and, in the preceding year of his reign, William Michell, of 
Middleton Lillebou, in Wiltshire, held land for keeping the 
King's Wolf-dogs. 

William Danvers held the manor of Weldon in the 35 
Edw. III., by being the King's Huntsman of the Buckhounds, 
and keeping twenty-four deerhounds, " canes damarios," and 
six greyhounds : ^ while in the thirty-ninth year of that King, 
the castle and lordship of Sheffield were held of the Crown 
by the service of one knight's fee, &c., and paying yearly two 
white greyhounds.^ 

Thomas Engaine held certain lands in Pightesle (now called 
Pitchley), in the county of Northampton, by the service of 
finding, at his own proper costs, certain Dogs for the destruc- 
tion of Wolves, Eoxes, Martrons, Cats, and other Vermin, 
within the counties of Northampton, Eoteland, Oxford, Essex, 
and Buckingham.^ 

Pytchley manor appears to have been held of the Crown 
from time immemorial down to Elizabeth's reign, or later, by 
the above tenure. Such is the origin of the Pytchley Hunt. 



1 Blount. Harl. MS., 2087, p. 137. ' Ibid. 

3 Blount. Hot. Fin., 42 Edw. III. m. 13. 



44 



THE DOG. Chap. XXXVII. 



CHAPTEE XXXVII. 

TITE now come to the oldest records at present known 
' * explanatory of the details of the Eoyal Establishment 
for Fox-hunting; but it is difHcult to divine from them in 
what maimer the pursuit of Eeynard was followed at the 
period. Though the huntsman had a horse, it looks as though 
the latter was for the purpose of carrying the nets, rather 
than the huntsman ; who probably ran on foot with his 
grooms or varlets. The season began on the first of Septem- 
ber and terminated apparently on the last day of February. 
Gyfford and Twety, huntsmen to Edward II., said it began 
on the 8th of September and lasted till the 25th of March. 
In later times, according to Manwood, it commenced on the 
7th of August and ended on the 25th of March. We learn 
from Gaston Phoebus that earths were stopped at night with 
bushes and earth, in the same manner as is stUl practised. 
In the payments made to William de Blatherwyke no men- 
tion is made of any but running-hounds; but gre^-^hounds 
were used also, as Ave have seen before at p. 30, and is like- 
wise stated by Edmund Langley Duke of York. What . with 
hounds, greyhounds, and nets, Eeynard seems to have had 
little fair-play shown him. He received still less at a later 
day on the Continent. A French work on the Chase ^ thus 
describes a Eoyal Fox-hunter : — 

' Diotionnake Th&rique et Pratique de Chasse et de Peohe, 1769. 



Chap. XXXVII. ROYAL FOX-HUNTING. 



45 



" Louis XIII., qui a ete le plus grand chasseur de son 
siecle, se plaisoit particulierement a la cliasse du Eenard." 
" Cent einquante Chiens le suivoient dans tous ses voyages, 
et c'etoit principalement le Eenard qu'il se plaisoit a detruire. 
Quand ce Prince avait donne le signal, les chasseurs par- 
toient, et examinoient le vent, pour disposer les accours ; on 
ajustoit ensuite les toiles pour cacher les Ldvriers, et le Eoi 
arrivoit quand tous ces preparatifs etoient faits : toute sa suite 
bordoit le cote oppose au vent, et se rangeoit \ einquante pas 
leg uns des autres, tous le pistolet a la main : on decouploit 
les Chiens, et on faisoit une decharge poiu* effrayer les betes 
fauves et les Eenards, et les faire tomber dans les filets, 

" Quand on poursuit les Eenards, Us entrent dans leurs 
terriers : Louis XIII. les faisoit sortir avec des Bassets, les 
prenoit vifs, leur silloit les yeux, et les laissoit courir dans la 
plaine: c'etoit un spectacle singulier de voir ces animaux 
courir au hasard, et faii-e presqu'autant de chiites que de pas ; 
on augmentoit encore le plaisir de cette chasse en mettant a 
leur suite des Bassets, qui environnoient leur proie et la 
mettoient a mort. 

"Pendant long-temps on ne chassoit en Angleterre le 
Eenard que pour le plaisir de chasse: plusieurs gentils- 
hommes r^unissoient leurs meutes, tiroient cet animal de son 
terrier, et le transportoient vivant dans un pare; quelques 
jours apres on le chassoit avec de nouveaux Chiens, et on 
continuoit ce manege jusqua ce que le Eenard expirat de 
fatigue : nos Milords ont actuellement adopte les usages des 
Franqois pour la chasse ; et on se sert contra le Eenard a-peu- 
prfes des memes artifices dans toute I'Europe." 

Artifices indeed! Shades of Meynell, Beckford, and 



46 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVII. 



Assheton Smith, would not such prospects of " Le Sport 
rouse you from your tombs? Hunting a bag-fox in a park 
with relays of hounds ; and, not till they caught him— oh, no ! 
— but, till he expired with fatigue ! 

14 AND 15 Edwakd I. 

" William, fox-dog keeper of the King, going to Clarendon 
with two companions, his dog-keepers, to hunt in the same in 
several forests for foxes, receiving each day Id. for his wages 
from the 8th day of January until the last day of February, 
both days counted, for 52 days, 26s. 

" The same for the food of 30 fox-dogs, each one per day 
\d., for the same time, 65«. 

" The same for the expenses of one horse carrying the fox- 
nets, receiving each day Zd., for the same time, 13s. 

" The same for shoeing the same horse for one year and a 
day, counted to the present day, 3s." ' 

28 Edwaed I. 

" FoxTmnU. — To William de Foxhunts,^ the King's Fox- 
hunter, hunting in divers forests and parks for foxes ; for his 
own wages and two grooms, keepers of the King's fox-hounds, 
from the 20th day of November in the present year beginning 
(the 28th), until the 19th day of the same month of the 
coming year, for 366 days because it is leap year, to each 
p. day 2d.— by computation made with the said William at 
Westminster in the year 29, 9Z. 3s. Od. 



' See Expenses of Girfalooners, Falconers, Dogs, &c., Public Record Office. 
2 William de Blatherwyk. 



Chap. XXXVII. FOX- DOGS. 47 

" To the same, for the food of 12 of the King's Fox-hounds 
for the same time, for each per day \d., 9Z. 3s. OA 

" To the same, for the expense of one horse for carrying 
his nets from the 20th day of November in the present year 
28, to the last day of April, both being counted, for 163 
days, 3c?. p. day, by calculation made with him at the same 
time, 2Z. Os. M. 

" To the Same person, for the expense of the same horse 
carrying his nets in the manner aforesaid from the 1st day of 
September, on which day the season for hunting foxes begins, 
after the dead season of the present year, until the 19th of 
November of the present year finishing, each being counted 
for 80 days, at 3c?. a day, by calculation made with him at the 
same time, \l. Os. Oc?." ' 

84 Edwaed I. 

" William de Blatherwyke, the King's fox-hunter, for his 
wages and two grooms of his, for the whole of the present 
year, namely, for 365 days, receiving per day for himself 2d, 
and for each groom per day 2c?., 9?. 2s. Qd. 

" The same, for the food of 14 running dogs of the King for 
the same 365 days, for each dog p. day ^., 10?. 12s. lie?. 

" The same, for the expenses of one horse carrying his nets, 
from the 20th day of November of the present year beginning 
until the last day of April of the same, both counted, for 162 
days, per day 3c?., 40s. 6c?. 

" The same, for the expenses of the said horse, from the 
first day of September, on which day begins the season for 



Topham's Wardrobe Accounts, 



48 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVII. 

hunting foxes after the dead season, until the 19th day of 
November of the present year ending, both counted, for 80 
day's, per day 3c?., and as before 20c?., by account made with 
the same at Lanercost the 1st day of March, 35th year. 
Total, 22?. 15s. lid" ^ 

34 Edward I. 

" Fox-hunter. — William de Blatherwyke, King's huntsman 
at foxes, for his shoes, and his two grooms, winter and summer 
of the present year, for each one per annum 4s. 8c?., by 
account made with the same at Lanercost, the 1st day of 
March, anno 35, 14s." 

This was a good allowance for a pair of boots. In the 
Wardrobe Accounts of Edward II. is the entry — ■ 

" To Eobert le Eermor, bootmaker, of Eletestreet, for six 
pail* of boots with tassels of silk and drops of silver-gilt, 
price of each pair five shillings, bought for the King's use. 
Westminster, 24th May, 1?. 10s. Oc?.= 

" W. de Blatherwyke also received for his clothes, p. an., 
13s. 4c?., and for the clothes of his two grooms or helpers, 
each 10s., 1?. Os, Oc?, 

"W. de Blatherwyke also received six ells of English 
Kussett, at 2s. per ell, from the Koyal Wardrobe, in 1305." 
Garderobe, 33 Edward I. See Sussex Arch., vol. ii. p- 
149. 

An extract relative to the practice of ferreting rabbits may 



' Wardrobe Accounts, Public Eecord Office. 

2 Gage's Summary of Wardrobe Accounts of Edward II. 



Chap. XXXVII. FERRETS. 



not be uninteresting to the reader. In the same records 
mention occurs of a carriage for the hounds. 

14 AND 15 Edwakd I. 

" Richard Ferreter (' Furettar '), for the keep of his ferrets, 
receiving per day \A. from the first day of May until the last 
day of July, both days counted, for 123 days, 10s. Zd. 

" The same Eichard Ferreter, for the food of his ferrets, 
from the 10th day of September until the last day of Novem- 
ber, both counted, for 82 days, for the same receiving p. day 
Id, 6s. lOd. 

" Eichard Ferreter going to Camellum to take rabbits by 
himself, receiving Zd. p. day for his wages, &c. 

" Thomas de Candove and Eobert called Salsar, for their 
wages, their 4 Bernars, 66 ' de mota ' dogs, and 5 ' Lumar ' '^ 
dogs, and for a horse-litter for the same dogs, for 59 days, 
and," &c. 

The forest documents in the Public Record Office also 
afford evidence of the imposition of fines for keeping dogs 
unlawfully. A sporting son of the Church is- one of the 
greatest offenders. 

EUTLAND FOEEST, 16 EdVSt. J. 

« Concerning those who have kept dogs and greyhounds in 
the forest without warrant : — 

" Concerning Mabel de Grantham, in Ketone, because she 
kept running dogs in the forest without warrant, 20s. 



1 



Limiers or limers— (ly., from lorum, a cord or lash, made of a leather thong ; 
a collar, a leash, a lime, &c. Ooles's Lat. and Eng. Dictionary. 

VOL. II. ^ 



so THE DOG. Chap. XXXVII. 

" Concerning Eobert of Sculthorp, Knight, for the same, 
40s. 

" Concerning Juan of Kenyngtone, Knight, of the county 
of Suffolk, for the same, 1 00s. 

" Concerning John Caurymauri, of the county of Lincoln, 
for the same, 20s. 

" Concerning Hawis of Greleghe, for the same, 20s. 

" Concerning John of Ashfordeby, parson, of Lancaster, for 
the same, 100s." 

The Sussex Archseologia supplies a short mention of hounds 
for the red deer, in the 27 Edw. L : — 

" 1299. June 26. Bramber (Sussex).— To Walter BaUe, 
valet of Sir John Gifford, lately deceased, coming to the King 
with 13 staghounds (cerverettis), by gift of the King, 41s." 

Most of the extracts in this reign are derived from the 
Wardrobe Accounts of Edward I., contained in the Eecord 
Oface :— 

" JExpensea of Huntsmen and Falconers. Year 28. — John 
Lovel, staying in the aforesaid park of Eadeleye for taking 
venison; for his wages and others, both hunters, ventrars, 
hayrettar, and bertelettar of the King, also huntsmen, bernar 
and ventrar of the King's son, tarrying in his suite for some 
days in the month of March, 63s. Qd. 

" Year 28.— John Kynge, conveying to the Kingdom of 
France two ' bertelettos ' ' on the part of the King ; for his 

1 Bertelet, or beroelet, is the same kind of dog as the bracelet men- 
tioned already. Bailey has " Berselet, a Hound or Hunting-dog." It may 
be derived, as Blount thinks, from Braohe, or Braque, or Brachet — a kind of 



Chap. XXXVII. EXPENSES OF HUNTSMEN, ETC. 51 

wag^es and the food of the said dogs, thus going and return- 
ing, in money paid to him at Saint Albans, 15tli day of April, 
6s. M. 

" Year 28. — Edmund and Petro de Gavaston, hunters of 
our Lord Edward, the son of the King, sent to hunt in the 
forest of Sauce,^ for then- wages, one bernar, and three ventrar, 
of the same son of the King, thus going and remaining for 
some days in the month of April, 16s. 5d. 

" Valet of the Parson of Ashton. — To Ealph de Ashton, 
Valet of the Rector of Ashton, coming at the command of the 
King to St. Albans with two falcons and three greyhounds of 
the same his master, and returning to the same by command 
of the King, for wages and his own expenses, two grooms, and 
his two horses, for 13 days in the month of April ; that is to 
say, for staying 10 days at the Court, and for 3 days in 
returning to his own home, he received 12c?. p. day, because 
he did not eat in the King's house nor receive any gratuities 
from him, 13s. 

" To the same person, for the food of the said falcons 

and greyhounds for the same time, for each falcon per day 
\d., and each greyhound per day ^d., 2s. 8p. By his own 
hands at Ouston,^ 22nd day of April. Total, OZ. 15s. 8^d." 



little hound. — Cotgrave. This name of bercelet appears to stilndin place of 
our beagle, which Bailey writes " Beagle {Bigle, of hugler, Pr., to 'low or make a 
Noise, as these Dogs do in Pursuit of their Game), a sort of Hunting-dog." 
The Heyretter Dogs probably correspond to our hamers ; the Deymerettors, to 
our staghounds. There is not much hesitation in deriving the last word from 
daim, or dama, the fallow-deer. The name of that deer is in various places 
written deyme, and desme. 

' ■ Sallcie, or Salcey Forest. ^ Ouston, in Lincoln, or Leicester. 

E 2 



52 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVII. 

We have now another entry relative to Otter-liunting ; the 
first being in the 14 John, and another will be found in the 
44 Edw. III. :— 

34 Edward I. 

" Oterhunte. — John le Oterhunte, for the food of 12 otter 
dogs of the King and 2 greyhounds, from the 20th day of 
November beginning the present year, until the 19th day of 
the same month of the same year ending, both counted, for 
365 days, receiving per day for every greyhound fd, and 
for every dog per day Jd, and for his own wages and two 
grooms, keepers of the said dogs, for the same time, himself 
receiving per day 2d., and for every groom per day IJc?., 
by account made with him at Lanercost the 21st day of 
February, the 35th year, 19Z. 2s. Q^d. 

" Ot'hunte. — ^John the Otterhunter, for his shoes, winter 
and summer of the present year, by account made with him 
at Lanercost, 21st day of February, 35th year, 4s. 8d" 

The ladies of the middle ages were frequently votaries of 
Diana, and pursued hawking, hunting, and coursing. Eobert 
Bruce's wife, when prisoner in England to Edward I., in 1304, 
was allowed, in addition to her men and women servants, 
three greyhounds. 

Not only were dogs the constant companions of our 
chivalrous aristocracy throughout life, but their effigies were 
sculptured on their sepulchres. On the tombs and monu- 
ments of the crusaders and other wamors, the feet of the 
recumbent figure often rest on a lion or a dog. It is thought 
by some that the first indicates the warrior died abroad or 



Chap. XXXVII. EXPENSES OF HUNTSMEN, ETC. S3 

fell in action ; but the second that he returned to his native 
country. In the church of St. Mary, Redcliffe, is an effigy of 
a knight in chain mail with a long-eared hound at his feet 
resembling the bloodhound. Another is at Greut Malvern; 
while in Worcester Cathedral, the sepulchre of one of the 
Beauchamps and his lady has two greyhounds at their feet. 

" 24^A Ymr. — John de Fuleham and Eobert Squier, King's 
huntsmen, sent to sundry Royal forests and chaces to take 
venison in the same, needful for the King ; for the wages and 
expenses of himself, four bernars, and the food of 24 ' hey- 
rettor ' dogs for some days in the month of August of the 
present year, in money paid to him presently, the 27th day 
of July, his wages and expenses, 11?. t)s. 8i." 

34 Edwaed I. 

" Divers expenses made about the Venison to he taken. Year 
27.— John Kynge going in the company of Thome de Wedone 
to hunt in the forest of Essex, and taking in their suite 27 
' canes daymerettes,' and 23 * canes heirettes,' and 3 canes 
bertelettos, for his wages going from London unto the forest 
aforesaid and staying in the same for some days in the month 
of June the same year, together with food for the aforesaid 
dogs for the same time, 66s. M." 

Greyhounds accompanied the falconers who flew at the 
heron and crane, and are mentioned in this manner : — 

" John de Gaunt carrying one falcon laner, called Blaunche- 
ponne, unto London, and one heron greyhound of the King." 

The falcons and hawks had names given them, as in 



54 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVII. 



the above instance. Others occur, such as Lincolne, Gaunt, 
Hobbe Short, Eadenhale, &c. ; these at times being also the 
cognomen of the keeper of the bird. 

" Ex-pmses of the King's Huntsman. Year 30. — John de 
Fulham, sent from York unto the park of Brustwyke to hunt ; 
for his wages and the wages of other hunters sent in his 
company, thus going and staying for some days in the month 
of December, 40s. 

"The same, and John Lovel, sent from Westminster to 
hunt in diyers forests of Essex, and having in his company 
both Huntsmen, Ventrars, Bernars, bertelettars, and heyret- 
tars of the King and Queen, also of Edward son of our Lord 
the King ; by order of the King himself, for his wages thus 
going and remaining for 30 days in the month of July, for 
the food of 54 greyhounds and 46 running dogs, both of the 
King himself as also his son aforesaid, in money given the 
same by tarns in the same month, 13Z. 4s. O^d, 

" Bavent. — Sir Eobert de Bavent, King's Falconer, for his 
fee for the food of three laner falcons and three greyhounds, 
which he has in his custody; for fee and for wages of one 
braconar,' keeper of the said greyhound, from the 1st day of 
May of the present year, and until the 19th day of November 
of the same year ending, both counted, for 203 days, receiving 
per day for each falcon ^d., for each greyhound f (^., and for 
the wages of the braconar per day 2d., by account made with 
him the same 20th day of November the year aforesaid, 
4Z: 17s. Sid." 



Braoonnier, a hunter. — Cotgrave. 



Chap. XXXVII. EXPENSES OF HUNTSMEN, E TC. 55 



34 Edward I. 

" Expenses hitherto of Hunters and Falconers. 32nd Year. 
— Jolm Corbet, coming to the Court at Brustwyke, by order 
of the King, the 11th day of November, and goiilg out of the 
Court by order of the King himself unto the parks of Wygorn 
and Grloucester, to ily a certain girfalcon of the King's at 
cranes; for his wages, the food of the same girfalcon, 4 
crane-greyhounds, and 1 braconar, keeper of the said grey- 
hounds, for 55 days, computed from the 12th day of Novem- 
ber, receiving for himself per day 12d., for the girfalcon 2d:, 
for each greyhound f cZ., and for the wages of the said braconar 
2d, 4Z. 7*. Id." 

" Expenses hitherto of the Hunters and Falconers. Year 31. — 
Johannes de Fulham, for the food of 30 ' canum deymerettor,' 
24 'canum heyrettor,' '3 bertelettor' of the King, and 6 
greyhounds of Sir Thomas de Bykenore, to hunt in his company 
for the same eight days, namely, per dog per day Jd, 21s. 

" Thomas Corbet, sent by the King, in the county of York, 
to make fly at herons a certain falcon of the King's ; for his 
wages and the food of one greyhound for the said falcon from 
the 5th day of June until the 8th day of October, for 126 
days ; for himself p. day 12d., for the falcon Id., and for the 
greyhound ^., in money paid the same by Sir Simon de 
Kyme, Sheriff of York, by order of the King under private 
seal, 6^. 15s. Qd." 

34 Edward I. 
« Thomas de Wedon, for hunting in the forest of Essex, 
and conveying in his retinue 27 ' canes daymerettor ' and 23 



56 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVII. 

' canes heirettors,' and 3 ' canes bertelettos,' for his wages 
going from London unto the forest aforesaid, and remaining 
in the same for some days in the month of June of the 
same year, together with food for the aforesaid dogs for 
the same time, 66s. ?>d. 

" Thomas Smalwode, hunter to the son of the King, for the 
wages and expenses of one groom tarrying in London with a 
certain greyhound and four whelps of the King's son for some 
days in the same month, 7«. 

" John de Heyrettor, keeper of the heyrettor dogs, receiv- 
ing per day '2d., and his groom IJd per day ; for his wages 
the whole year of 28, namely for 365 days, 5/. 6s. 5^d." 



Chap. XXXVIII. LETTERS OF EDWARD II. 57 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

rpHE very interesting EoU,' comprising several hundred 
letters of Edward II., first Prince of Wales, proves his 
fondness for dogs, horses, and hunting, and the warmly- 
affectionate feelings of that afterwards unhappy king for his 
relatives, as well as towards his old servants, for whose 
welfare he was studious. These letters were written in 
1304-5, when he was only twenty-two years of age, and 
dui'ing his banishment from court which he passed in Herts, 
Sussex, Kent, and Windsor, &c., in the thirty-third year of 
his father's reign. 

" Lettres du Prince Edwarde, Prince des Gales, fitz aisne 
du Eoy Edwarde I. 

" Au noble home son trescher cosyn monsieur Lowyz de 
France Comite Deureux. Edward &e. Saluz e cheres amistez. 
Nous vous enueoms vn gros Palefrei trotant que a peyne peer 
porter sa charge demeigue,^ e vous enueoms de noz crocuz ^ 
leurers de G-ales que bien ateindriont vn leure s'ils le trou- 
assent endormant, et de noz chiens corantz qui suef vont 
lamblure. Pur ces que nous sauom bien que vous amez bien 
le deduit * des chiens perezons.^ E cher Cosiu si vous volez 

1 Wallia Bag I., No. 5. See 9th Keport D. K. Public Eecords, p. 247. 

2 Meignie, mesgnie, mesaie — household, household servants. 

-" Crochu— crooked, bowed. ^ Deduit— sport, delight, pastime. 

5 pereorine — an honourable and choice matter had in great regard.— 
Turbervile. Also foreign, strange. 



S8 THE DOG. Chap. XXXVIII. 

d'autres choses qui sont en notre pais de Gales vncore vous 
enverriom bien des gentz sauuages si vous volez qui bien 
sauroient -aprendre norture as ioefnes emfes^ des grauntz 
seignurs. Trescher cosin, nous vous fesom sauoir q'au partir 
de ces lettres nous fuimes sainz e heite^, e en bon estat dieu 
merei, ceo que nous desirom molt de vous touiz joures oir e 
sauoir, e vous prioms que votre estat que dieu par sa grace 
face toutz jours bon. nous voillez souent maunder kar nous 
sumes a ese de ouir totes les foiz que nous enuoims bones 
noueles. Notre seigneur &c. Donne ut supra. 

" Donne souz &c. a Langele le xxvj iour de Mai." 

It is very difficult to master the barbarous French in which 
the foregoing epistle is written. It appears to run somewhat 
in this manner. 

" To the noble man his very dear cousin Monsieur Louis 
de France Count D'Evreux. Edward, &c., health and dear 
friendship. We send you a great trotting palfrey who has 
hardly enough to bear his expenses,^ and we send you some 
of our bow-legged hare-hounds of Wales, who can well 
discover a hare if they find it sleeping; and some of our 
running dogs who can swiftly chase it. Because we know 
well that you love much the sport of choice dogs. 

" And, dear Cousin, if you wish for other things which are 
in our country of Wales, we will send you several of the wild 
natives if you like, who well know to teach their rearing to 
the young children of great lords. Very dear cousin, we let 



' Jeunes enfans. 

^ Qy., or a trotting palfrey so fat that he oan hardly jog, or carry his own 
weight. 



Chap. XXXVIII. LETTERS OF EDWARD IJ. 59 

you know tliat at the departure of these letters we were 
healthy and hearty, and in good estate, God be thanked, 
which we desire much always to hear and know of you, and 
pray that God by his grace make your condition always good. 
We wish you to send word often, for we are glad to hear all 
the times that you send us good news. Our Lord, &c. 
" Given as above, &c., at Langley, the 26th day of May." 

" A noble dame sa treschere soer ma dame Elizabethe, 
Countess de Holande de Hereforde e de Essexe, depar 
Edward son frere, saluz e cheres amistez. Tres chere soer 
pur ceo que nous auoms vn beau luierer blaunk, Vous 
prioms que vous nous voillez enuoier la blaunche luiere que 
vous auez. Car nous auoms graunt desir de auoir de eux 
chauex.^ Treschere soer notre seigneur vous gard. 
" Donne souz &c. vt supra. 

" A Bray le xv iour de Septembre. 
" Domine Countisse Hereford." 

1 Whelps. 



6o THE DOG. Chap. XXXIX. 



CHAPTEE XXXIX. 

T E Livre du Eoy Modus ^ et de la Eoyne Eacio,^ written 

early in the 14tli century, and nearly the oldest of French 

works on the Chase, has this description of a pack of hounds : — • 

" Mute de chiens est, quand il y a douze chiens courans et 
ung limier ; et si moins en y a, elle n'est pas dicte mute ; et 
si plus en y a, mieux vault, car tant plus de chiens y a, et 
meilleure est la chace et la noise qu'ilz font." By these 
words it is plain that the limier, answering to our bloodhound, 
accompanied, or rather formed part of a pack. He per- 
formed the office of finding, tracking, and harbouring the 
deer; and t"he other hounds were afterwards let slip, on 
hearing the cry of parcy, parcy,^ from the leader of the 
limier. This dog was restrained by a line or "lien," and 
(according to this book), when he strained forward and gave 
tongue loudly, the signal was given to lay on the pack. He 
evidently was a hound of superior scenting power. 

The illustrations represent, long-eared slow-hounds as 
used for the stag, wolf, boar, &c. ; greyhounds for the hare ; 
spaniels and terriers for the otter ; and spaniels for hawking. 
The following is descriptive of the dog, and speaks feelinglv 
of his nobility of nature. 



Manner, fashion. " Reason. ^ Par ici. 



Chap. XXXIX. LE LIVRE DU ROY MODUS. 6i 

"Oy devise les Peoprietez que les Chiens ont. 

" L'aprentis ^ demande quelz proprietez Diou donna aux 
chiens. Eacio respond : Pour ce que chiens sont proprement 
fais pour servir hommes, et qu'ilz sont contrains et que ce 
sont contraintes a lui servir, ilz n'ont mie^ le sens du goust, 
car ilz mengent bien ce qui leur nuit, mais ilz ont sens de 
trouver leur medecine et menger una herbe qui leur fait 
jecter ce qu'ilz ont au corps qui leur nuist. Chien a moult 
de peine pour servir Son maistre. Car il veille toute la nuit 
et si abaye entour I'ostel de son maistre pour le garder, et 
ayme tant son maistre qu'il le deffenderoit qui lui vouldroit 
faire mal, et ce a este veu moult de fois. Chien a le sens de 
sentir tellement, que, quant il chace le cerf ou autre beste 
telle comme son maistre veult qu'il chace, ja tant de malice 
la beste qui chace ne saura faire que le chien ne defface, et 
qu'il ne le voise prendre parmi les autres bestes sans le 
changer. Et si a les bontes du cuer de grand vertu, car se 
chien est esragie, mais qu'il soit hors de son angoisse, se son 
maistre lui dist : vuide mon ostel et garde que tu n'y faces 
nuUe mauvaisete, il s'en yra tantost hors sans meffaire en 
I'ostel de son maistre. Et encore a une bonte de cuer, que si 
son maistre I'a trfes bien batu, et il I'appelle, tantost le chien 
venra a lui et lui fera joye. Homme, or regarde comme par 
deffaulte doye dire que le chien qui est beste reprouvee ait 
pluseurs plus de sens et de bonte de cuer que tu n'as. Se 
aucun t'avoit dite une petite parole qui te fust desplaisant, tu 
ne luy vouldrois pardonner pour chose qu'il te deist. Tu 



The learner, tyro. ^ Not. 



62 THE DOG. Chap. XXXIX. 

es plus esragie que n'est le chien a qui son maistre donne 
congie, et il le prent saus mal faire et fait que son maistre 
lui dist. Efecorde-toi de Dieu, Nostre Seigneur, qui pardon- 
na sa mort, et aussi de la grant amour et des grans bontes 
qu'il t'a faictes, et se tu les as bien en cuer tu croiras ma 
doctrine, et tien fermement que Dieu me donna tant de 
povoir, que tous les biens terriens et celestiens je puis donner 
a ceulx qui croient ma doctrine." 

Le Eoy Modus treats to a small extent of the maladies of 
dogs, and it appears that the works of G-aston Phcebus and 
Edmund de Langley were in some measure indebted to it. 
He has left a remarkable remedy for rabies. 

" Comment on guarist ceulx qui sont mors de chien esragid. — 
Chiens sont esragies par plusieurs rages, desquelles n'en y a 
que deux qui soient mordans, desquelles deux il en y a une 
appel^e rage cordial, c'est rage de cuer, ret n'est pas si 
envenimee que n'est I'autre, et ne esragent point ceulx qui 
en sont mors : I'autre rage est appelee rage esragant, et tient 
plus en la teste que ailleurs, et de la teste luy descend en la 
gueule et es dens un venin si tres visquex qu'il n'est riens, s'il 
en est mors, qu'il ne soit envenime. Et pour la grant viscosite 
faut-H querre brief remede. Aucuns en vont a la mer, qui 
est un bien petit remede. Et mieux vault faire bonne sausse 
incontinent, de gros sel, de bon vinaigre et de fors aux bien 
moulus ensemble, puis chauffe et lave la morsure d'icelle 
sausse avec bonnes orties griesches.' Item autre remede bien 



Small nettles. 



Chap. XXXIX. LE LIVRE DU ROY MODUS. 63 

esprouv6 a ce mesme : s'aucuns est mors d'un chien esragie, 
soit homme ou femme, ou autre beste quelconque, il fault 
que liastivement on prengne un viel coq, et que on le plume 
entour le cul, et que on le courbe par les jambes et par les 
esles,' et puis que on mette le trou du cul sur la playe ou les 
playes de la inorsure, et qu'on aplanie au coq le ventre, de 
alee et de venue, affin que le cul du coq suche le venin de la 
morsure; et ainsi soit faict longuement sur chacune des 
playes de la morsure. Et se les playes sont trop petites, si 
soyent percees a une lancette. Item esprouve est se le chien 
estoit esragie, le coq enflera et mourra, et celuy qui est mors 
garira ; et si le coq ne muert, c'est signe que le chien n'estoit 
mie esragie." 

Two ladies, " deux dames joesnes et beaux," hold an argu- 
ment relative to the superiority of the chace with hounds or 
with hawks, and the Count de Tancarville is called on to 
decide the question ; which he does in favour of the former. 
The lady wlio is on the side of hunting says — 

" L^vriers sont chiens ; si veult retraire 
La bont^ du levrier Macaire, 
Qui se combati pour son maistre ; 
Itel Mvrier doit on paistre 
Et le garder a grant delict. 
On voit coucher sur le liot 
Du roy de Prance les Idvriers, 
Pource qu'il les ayrae et tient chiers. 

T^ -yf^ f^ f^ >^ V *r 

******* 
Dieu ne fist onoques beste mue 

^ Winga. 



64 THE DOG. Chap. XXXIX. 



Si parfaitte en toute bont^. 
A pi^oe ' n'auroit on compt^ 
Les bonnes tesobes et les biens 
Que nature a donnd es cbiens. " 

" Aussy des cbiens et des levriers 
Vous raconteray du d^dnit ; - 
Mais, pour Dieu, qu'il ne vous ennuyt. 
Bn ce joly temps d'est^, 
Que les veneurs ont estd 
Bn queste pour dire et noncier ^ 
Nouvelles du grant cerf cbaoier, 
Et quand ilz ont dit leur parole, 
On rit, on joue, on rigole.* 
A Tassemblfe sent tous liez 
Les dames et les cbevaliers. 
Et puis s'assifent a monger. 
De I'erbe vert font oriller, 
Et qui soet bon mot, si le diet ; 
De ce n'est on mie escondit. 
Quant ilz sont levez du menger. 
Si montent pour aler chacier. 
Cellui qui est venu noncier 
Va devant Ji tout son limiei', 
Et vient la on se destourra 
Et sa brisie * illeo trouva. 
Et le limier s^va fuyant, 
Bt les vont aprfes courant, criant. 
C'est grant plaisance et grant delict 
A ceulx quiayment le ddduit, 
Et quant il a le cerf trouv^ 
Et il a ung mot long sonne. 
Et les chiens laissiez aler, 
Adonc orriez vous huer 
Et cbaoier de cor et de bouche. 
Si la forest est belle et doulce, 



1 After a long while. ^ Recreation, pastime, delight. ' Report. 

^ Jest, make merry. ^ Broken boughs, or tracks. 



Chap. XXXIX. LE LIVRE DU ROY MODUS. 



6S 



Bt il y a de chiens foison, 

Hz donnent moult merveilleiix son, 

Et si plaisant \ esoouter 

Que nul ne le porroit compter. 

Et les dames sont au devant, 

Voyent le cerf venir fuyant 

Si grant de corps, si belle teste. 

D' autres soulas ' ne faictes feste. 



Et en veritd il me semble 

Quant les chiens chacent bien ensemble, 

Et on oit corner et huer, 

On n'orroit mie Dieux tonner. 

II n'est nul cuer, tant soit marry,^ 

Qui ne soit tantost resjoy. 

Gens et cbevaulx s'en resjoissent, 

Sonnent, petellent ^ et hennissent ; 

A peine les puet on tenir, 

Qu' ilz ne veuUent apres fuyr, 

Quant on voit le cerf abayer 

Ou parmi ung estang noer. 

N'est pas si plaisant la manifere 

De prendre ung oyseau de riviere. " 



" Se sanglier vient aux levriers. 




Et ilz le prennent volentiers, 




Au regafder a grant plaisance : 




Et I'ung fehappe, a I'autre lance^ 




Et font ung grant toumiement. 




Le mieulx qu'il peult d'eulx se deifend. 


Et puis est fine le coutens 




Que on le tue entre leurs dens. 




De bons d^duis a en levriers, 




Et les doit on bien tenir chiers. 




" Solace. ' Wretclied. s 


Trampling. 


VOL. II. 


P 



66 THE DOG. Chap. XXXIX. 

Bt d'eulx doit on faire grant feste 
Quant ilz prennent bien tout beste. 
Oerfz et sangliers, lens ' et lifevres 
Prennent ilz en toutes mani^res.'' 

The apprentice demands of Modus how it is that stags are 
so cunning, and have so many wiles in the chase ; and dogs 
so wise that they nevertheless defeat these, and never change 
for the scent of any other animal. Modus refers him to 
Queen Kacio, who replies. 

" Done dist Racio : quant Dieu, nostre Seigneur et nostre 
createur, fist et ordonna le monde, il crea deux manieres de 
bestes ; les unes qu'il appelle bestes humaines, et les autres 
furent appellees bestes mues; et furent dictes bestes mues 
pour ce qu'elles n'ont point congnoissance de createur; car 
quant beste mue si muert, son ame si muert ; mais Fame des 
bestes humaines ne puet morir, et Dieu aime tant beste 
humaine, qu'il lui a donnd celle liberte, et pour ce fumes 
nous envoyez, Modus et Moi, de Dieu le pere pa dessoulz 
pour le gouvernement humain, et nous donna tel povoir, que 
se beste humaine nous vouloit croire, nul n'yroit ne ne fust 
ale en enfer, ains yroient tous en paradis avec le Createur en 
joye et gloire pardurable. Tel povoir nous donna Dieu ; et 
encore nous donna tel povoir que se bestes humaines nous 
eussent creus, ilz eussent fait les mors revivre et enluminer 
les avugles ; et ont perdu de la vertu de sens naturel pour 
celle cause, tellement que les bestes mues ont plus de per- 
fection en ce cas que n'ont les bestes humaines, et ce sera 
prouve en declairant la demanda que tu m'as faicte. Quant 

' Loups. 



Chap. XXXIX. LE LIVRE DU ROY MODUS. 67 

Dieu le Createur cr^a Adam, qui fut la premiere beste 
humaine, il lui donna ses cinq sens de nature, et en toutes 
autres choses plus de perfection qui il ne fist en nulla autre 
beste ; et m'envoya avec lui pour son gouvernement. Mais 
il ne vault mie tenir ma doctrine, pourquoy il perdi la 
greigneur partie de toutes les graces que Dieu lui avoit 
faictes, en telle maniere qu'il obliga les ames de toutes leS 
autres bestes humaines d'aler en enfer ; et pour ce demoura 
aux bestes greigneur perfection, quant aux fais de nature, 
qu'il ne fist aux bestes humaines ; et pour ceste cause es-tu 
plus esmerveillie du sens que les bestes ont, que tu ne feusses 
se Adam m'eust creu. Les cinq sens de nature sont tels : 
Oyr, veoir, sentir, gouster et atoucliier. Or regardons se 
homme a tant de ' perfection en tons ses sens comme ont les 
bestes. Est-il homme qui oye si cler comme fait une beste 
qui est appellee lines, qui voit parmy une paroit de quatre 
pies d'espes ? Est-il homme qui sente comme fait ung oisel 
que on appelle voultoir, qui sent sa proye de une lieue loing ? 
Est-H homme qui ait si bon goust comme a le cerf ? car il 
sent au goust toute la force et le malice de toutes les herbes, 
et aussi fait le singe, et ne mengeroit rien qui fust mauvais. 
Est-il homme qui ait le tact si soubtil comme I'araigne, qui 
sent le doit avant que le doit le touche ? Et combien que je 
aye declair^ les cinq sens sur cinq bestes, a plus de vertus es 
cinq sens et plus de perfection sur les chiens et sur les cerfz 
que sur les hommes. Si vous deviserons les graces de nature 
que Dieu a donne aux cerfz. Le cerf de sa complexion est 
la plus couarde beste de toutes les bestes que Dieu cre'ast 
onques : et en ce pourveut Dieu et nature qui mirent emmi 
son cuer ung osset qui lui donne force et hardement, et se ce 

F 2 



68 THE DOG. Chap. XXXIX. 



ne fust, il mouroust de paour devant les chiens. Et eel osset 
n'est troTive en cuer de nuUe beste fors que en cellui du cerf. 
Item il doiina comes pour lui deffendre, et se lui donna sens 
et malice plus que homme ne porroit penser pour le garand 
de sa vie en fuyant. Item il lui donna le goust de congnoistre 
ce qui lui porroit nuire quant au boire ou au monger. Item 
il lui donna sens d'alonger sa vie quant il est trop vieulx, et 
toutes ces vertus lui donna Dieu.'' 

The author of Le Eoy Modus has more to say in favour of 
dogs than of the rich and the clergy of his day. He compares 
the latter to wolves. 

" La condicion du leup est que de sa nature il destruict les 
brebis. Je entens par les leus ceulx qui ont les biens de 
sainte eglise, qui ont les cures des ames, qui deussent estre 
pasteurs et ilz sont leus. ■ II en y a moult qui prennent la 
brebis qu'ilz deussent garder; si s'en aydent et la tuent. 
Ainsi font les mauvais pasteurs qui errent toute jour es lieux 
dissolus, et laissent leurs brebis, et vont en la taverne ; et 
quant il est vespre, ilz vont en sainte eglise saoulz ' et yvres, 
et s'assemblent^et font une grant urlerie en disant vespres, 
tellement que chacun se moque d'eulx." 

The rich this bold-spoken author spares as little as the 
priesthood, and applies to them the attributes of the fox, 
" decevant, plain de malices, engingneur,^ convoiteur, rapi- 
neur, parfait en toutes mauvaisetez ; " and to the world in 
general, " car clers, nobles et gens de labour usent de sa 



Surfeited. ' Beguiler. 



Chap. XXXIX. LE LIVKE DU ROY MODUS. 



69 



doctrine, je ne dys pas tous, mais le plus." " Eeynard a par 
tout le monde traisne sa queue." " Commeat pourras tu 
pourcliasser cest ofQce ? " says the otter to the fox. " Ha, dit 
regnard, il n'est rien qu'on ne face par comperes et par 
commeres." 

With Le Eoy Modus, certainly, society at large was not in 
high esteem. How much altered for the better are our own 
pious days ! 




,yVim^ Jmp'nKi! 



70 THE DOG. Chap. XL. 



CHAPTEE XL. 

HTHE story of le Eoy Apollo de Leonnois, his wife Gloriande, 
and " le gentil chien Leon," is in the Histoire du noble 
Chevalier Tristan, Prince de Leonnois, et d'Yseulte Eoyue de 
Cornouaille; fait Francis, par Jean Maugin dit 1' Angevin, 
1586; and the "histoire autentique les vertueux nobles et 
glorieux faiz du tresuaillant et renomene cheualier Tristan 
filz du puissant roy meliadus de leonnoys," 1489. 

King Apollo says of his dog to Clovis, " Jay amene mon 
ami cest mon chien ia tant ne le auray ledenge se ie serapelle 
que il ne viengne a moy & q il ne me ayme." In Maugin, 
a greyhound is depicted in this animated manner : '■'■ Comme 
le levrier au relais lasche par le veneur apres la beste, se 
secoue : puis prompt, alongeant les iambes, marches apres sa 
proye, la ruant raorte par terre n'ayant couru une stade." 
In the above it is to be remarked that the term " gentil " is 
applied to the greyhound as it was to the man of birth and 
honour of those days. We see afterwards that Skelton the 
poet used it in like manner in the reign of Henry VIII. — 

" From whens that maistife came 
Let him neuer confounds 
The gentil greyhound." 

This may explain the derivation of the name of the grey- 
hoxmd. Originally it was most likely grehund, and meant 



Chap. XL. THE GRE YHO UND. 



the noble, great, choice, or prize hound. It is written 
grehound by Eobert de Brunne in his metrical version of 
Peter Langtoft— " als grehound or mastif : " Chaucer writes 
it " greihounde : " Edmund de Langley, " greihounde " and 
" greyhounde : " William Brocas in Henry VI. 's reign, 
" grehounde : " the account of Sir Christopher Warde, Master 
of the Houads to Eichard III., " grehounde : " and in 
the same manner by Dame Julyana Berners. Sir David 
Lyndsay speaks of " Doggis in the hyest gre ; " and Bellenden 
writes " grew ; " Harrington and others " grewnd." When 
the word gre became obsolete, the like desire which had 
formerly bestowed that title of pre-eminence on this beautifully 
majestic, gentle, graceful, surpassingly swift, and courageous 
species, led to the unwitting repetition of the designation in 
the appellation gentle, a name reserved in a chivalrous age 
to noble actions and good blood, though in mercantile times 
prostituted, like the word esquire, to dignify people who have 
acquired property ; blood, which is considered so important 
in the breed of both the horse and dog, being, in latter days, 
thought to be of no consequence in man. 

Some etymologists derive the name of the greyhound 
from " grew " as meaning Greek, — the Grrecian hound, — and 
imagine the animal came from Grreece. This is untenable 
ground ; for the sporting works of those illustrious men, the 
Elder and the Younger Xenophon, demonstrate beyond 
doubt that the greyhound did not exist in that country. 

Hugh le Despenser, " Hugh de LuUeforde magro suo," 
Gilbert le Noreys his valet, Thomas Borhunte the King's 
huntsman, and others, wben engaged in taking venison daily 
for the King during August, September, and October, in 



72 ,THE DOC. Chap. XL. 



Cambridgeshire, Huntingdon, Suffolk, Essex, and many other 
counties, in the 16 Edw. II., had with them twelve grey- 
hounds, thirty-four deymerettors, eight heyrettors, and five 
bercelettor dogs, and received for the maintenance of each 
greyhound one penny, and for all the others dogs one half- 
penny per day each.* Bread appears to have been their 
food — as in this entry, already quoted, " En payn pur vj 
leueres & j bercelet vj d. ob." 

In the 18 Edw. II., 1324-5, his lieges of the county of 
Lancaster petitioned the King in Parliament that they might, 
as King John had granted them, " chaser e prendre, Levre, 
e Gupyl,^ e chescune manere de beste de salvaigne,^ forpris* 
Cerf, e Bisse, Chevereil, e Pork salvage, tutes partes dedeinz 
sa Forest en le dit Counte, dehors ses demeynes ^ hayes."^ 

The anonymous legal writer, who, while a prisoner in the 
Fleet in the time of Edward I., wrote a commentary on the 
English Law, under the name of Fleta, makes a short 
remark on the pastoral dog of this country. 

" Concerning Shepherds, chap. Ixxix., p. 167. Let each 
one therefore provide himself with a good barking dog, and 
to be used to lying down every night with his flock." 

Lord Berners' Cronycle of Froissart, describing the King 
of England and his army in France on their march to Paris 
after the battle of Poitiers, says : — 

" The kynge of Englande and the great men of his oost 



1 Compotus Hugonis le Despenaer, Junioris. Public Eecord Office. 

2 Fox. ^ Savage, wild, . ■* Except to take. 
5 Desmesne, or de mesnie ; household. 

" Bailed or fenced park.— Kolls of Parliament. 



Chap. XL. LORD BERNERS' FROISSART. 73 

had ever -vvitli theym in their cariages, tentes, pavilions, 
mylles, ovyns, and forges, to syeth and to bake, and to forge 
shoos for horses ; and for other thynges necessary, they had 
with them a vi. M. cartes, every carte at lest with iiii. good 
horses brought out of Englande ; also they brought in these 
cartes, certayne botes made of lether, subtilly wrought, and 
sufficiently every one of them to receyve iii. men, to row in 
water or rivers, and to fyshe in them at their pleasure, the 
whyche dyd the great lorde moche pleasure in the lent 
season: also the kynge had a xxx. faukoners a horsbacke, 
with hawkes, and a Ix. couple of houndes, and as many 
greyhoundes, so that nere every daye eyther he hunted or 
hawked at the ry ver, as it pleased hym : and divers other of 
the great lordes had houndes and hawkes, as well as the 
kyng." 

That wise and able ruler, but monstrous assassin, who, 
with premeditation, murdered his own guest and violated his 
own safe-conduct, the famous Gaston Phoebus Count of Foix, 
so named from his beauty, passion for the chase, or love of 
literature, is thus mentioned by Froissart : " Truely of all 
sportes this Erie loved huntynge with houndes and grey- 
houndes, and of them he was well provided, for alwayes he 
had at his commaundement mo than xvi hundred." It was 
this prince who composed the well-known book on the chase. 
Froissart, on his visit to him, took four greyhounds as a 
present; their names were Tristan, Hector, Brun, and 
KoUant.^ That excellent chronicler also tells us how the 



' St. Palaye. Froissart 's Poems. 



74 THE DOG. Chap. XL. 

chief lords in John of Gaunt's army in Spain took " hounds 
for their pastime, and hawks for the ladies ; " and the Duke 
" sent the King of Portugal two such beautiful pilgrim- 
falcons as had never been seen, and six English greyhounds 
excellently trained for hunting all sorts of beasts." 

By the 14 Edw. III., 1340, no purveyance was to be 
made for the King's horses except only through and by the 
Sheriff, of the issues or profits of his Bailiwick. The chief 
keeper of the horses was allowed a " hakeney," and " for 
every horse a knave, without bringing women, pages, or dogs 
with them." In the same manner, the Sheriffs only were to 
provide for the King's dogs, his order containing the number 
of dogs, " over which number no purveyance shall be made, 
so that they live of their certain, without charging the 
country. And if any find him grieved, against this Ordi- 
nance, he shall have his recovery against the Sheriff of such 
grievance done to him." ' 

Edward III. maintained sixteen huntsmen, who each 
received for winter dress 13s. 4c?. ; and 4s. 8cZ. for calciatura 
called livery.^ There are several records of payments of 6A, 
3d, and Id. a day for life, to Chase, March, and de Slyndon, 
huntsmen of Edward III. A royal archer at that time 
received M. a day, and on service Vld. The King of France 
sent him forty wild boars by his huntsmen. 

Manwood says, " It was adjudged by the Assises and 
Customes of the Forest in the time of Edw. 111. that a 
forester finding a man standing close by a tree with grey- 



1 Statutes of the Eealm, vol. i. p. 288. M. Dalton's Office of Sheriffs, cd. 
1700, p. 383. 

2 Collection of Orcliiiancos for the Koyal Households. 4to. 1790. 



Chap. XL. THE GREYHOUND. 



75 



hounds iu his lease, readie to let slip, might arrest him ; or 
where any man hath striken or wounded a wild beast, by 
shooting at him, either with the crosse bow, or long bow, and 
is found with a hound, or other dogge, drawing after him, to 
recover the same ; this the old foresters do call dogge-draw." 
Some of the old law-writers occasionally mention the dog. 

" Concerning also all those who keep greyhounds for fox 
and hare hunting in the forests of His Majesty the King 
without warrant, or those who have bows or arrows for tres- 
passing in hunting. At Nottingham. In the year of the 
reign of King Edward III., in the presence of E. Nevil, 
Eichard Alderbrough, and Petro de ," &c. {Oromptan.) 

"21. Also, let inquiry be made as to who have bows and 
arrows, greyhounds or other dogs, within the boundaries of 
the forest," &c. — Fleta on the ancient Statutes of the Forest. 
chap. xli. 

" 23. Also, if any one to whom the King shall have con- 
ceded the liberty of hare or fox hunting, should either have 
taken any of them on that occasion, or should have per- 
mitted his dogs to hunt any other beasts than those men- 
tioned in his charter." — The same. 

The celebrated founder of Winchester College, when 
Surveyor of Windsor Castle had also charge of the King's 
dogs there, a singular duty for a churchman, afterwards a 
bishop and chancellor of England. 

" In money paid by William de Wykham, for the keep of 
eight dogs of the King at Wyudesore for nine weeks, taking 
for each dog three farthings per day ; and for the wages of 



76 THE DOG. Chap. XL. 

one helper guarding the same dogs for the same time, Id. 
per day," 51s.^ 
Saturday, 20th August. 

" Kilgh' Dourgon " was an annual payment made in Wales 
for the King's or Prince's water-dogs, with which they hunted 
otters. The villans found " prandium et potum pro venatore 
fimbrium " — dinner and drink for the hunter of fynbryns. 
In the plea relating to the custody of Harlech Castle and the 
Shrievalty of Merioneth, held by the famous soldier Sir Walter 
de Manny in the 44 Edw. III., among the payments we 
read — " Et per chaceam de ffynbryn. clam, quandam firmam 
diversorum tenentium qui tenet terras suas reddendo firmam 
illam pro quodam officio vocato Otterhuntyng," ^ — and for the 
chace of fynbryns claims a certain provision of different 
tenants, who hold their lands repaying that provision for a 
certain office which is called the training of Otterhounds. 

The above agrees with the progress made by the chief 
huntsman of the King among the villains of the royal domains, 
which is recorded in the Laws of Howel concerning North 
Wales, and already mentioned. 



' Issue Eolk of the Exchequer, Public Eeoord Office. 
' Eecord of Oamarvou. H. Ellis. 1838. 



Chap. XLI. CHAUCER: CANTERBURY TALES. 77 



CHAPTEE XLI. 

rpHE great and true English poet Chaucer has some 
occasional notices of the dog ; he says of the Prioresse 
in the ' Canterbury Tales :' — 

" She was so charitable and so pitous, 
She wolde wepe if that she saw a mous 
Oaughte in a trappe, if it were ded or bledde. 
Of smale houndes hadde she, that she fedde 
With rosted flesh, and milk, and wastel ^ hrede. 
But sore wept she if on of hem were dede, 
Or if men smote it with a ye"rde ^ smert : 
And all was conscience and tendre herte." 

His jolly Monk, like many of his age and order (as John 
de Courtenay, Abbot of Tavistock, who was forbidden in 
1348 by his diocesan to keep hounds), was fond of field sports 
and dogs, and, moreover, a hard rider : — 

" A Monk ther was a fayre for the maistrie,' 
An out-rider, that loved venerie ; * 
'A manly man, to ben an abbot able, 
Pul many a deintie hors hadde he in stable : 



1 Oake, or finest bread. ^ Rod ; staff. 

' Likely one to be first; or, qy., from mestrise, to hunt at force, or by 
strength ; that is, with running hounds only, and not using bows or toils ? 

■< Hunting. 



78 THE DOG. Chap. XLI. 

Therfore he was a prickasoure ' a right : 
Greihonndes he hadde as swift as foul of flight : 
Of pricking and of hunting for the hare 
"Was all his lust, for no cost wolde he spare." 

It would seem that the hounds composing a pack were of 
various sizes, as in the ' Shipmanne's Tale ' he writes : — 

" As ben thise wedded men, that lie and dare,^ 
As in a fourme sitteth a wery hare. 
Where al forstraught^with houndes gret and smale." 

The Booke of the Dutchesse has a complete account of the 
then method of hunting the stag : — 

" And as I lay thus, wonder loud 
Me thought I heard a hunte blow 
T' assay his great home, and for to kno* 
Whether it was clere, or horse of sowne. 

And I heard going both up and downe 
Men, horse, hounds, and other thing, 
And all men speake of hunting, 
How they would slee the hart with strength, 
And how the hart had upon length 
So much enbosed,'' I n'ot now what. 

Anon right whan I heard that. 
How that they would on hunting gone, 
I was right glad, and up anone, 
Tooke my horse, and forth I went 
Out of my chamber, I never stent 
Till I come to the field without. 
There overtooke I a great rout 
Of hunters and eke forrester&. 
And many relaies * and limers,* 



1 Hard rider. ^ Stare, " Distracted. 

■* 'Embosqu^, sheltered in a wood. . '' Fresh sets of houiiilH. 

* Limehounds. 



Chap. XLI. CHAUCER: BOOKE OF THE DUTCHESSE. 



79 



And highed hem to the fon-est fast, 
And I with hem, so at the last 
I asked one lad, a lymeve,' 
' Say, fellow, who shall hunte here ? ' 
(Quod I) and he answered ayen, 
' Sir, the emperour Ootavien ' 
(Quod he) ' and is here fast hy.' 

' A godde's lialfe,^ in good time,' (quod I) 
Go we fast, and gan to ride ; 
Whan we come to the forrest side. 
Every man did right soone, 
As to hunting fell to done. 

The maister hunte,^ anone, fote hote * 
With his home hlew three mote " 
At the uncoupling of his houudis, 
Within a while the hart found is, 
Thallowed,^ and reohased^^ fast 
Long time, and so, at the last, 
This hart rouzed and stale away 
Pro all the hounds a previe way. 

The hounds had overshot him all, 
And were upon a default yfall. 
Therewith the hunte wonder fast 
Blew a forloyn ' at the last ; 
I was go walked fro my tree. 
And as I went, there came by me 
A whelpe, that fawned me as I stood, 
That had yfoUowed, and coud no good, 
It came and crept to me as low. 
Eight as it had me yknow. 
Held downe his head, and joyned his eares. 
And laid all smooth downe his heares." 

The cross and long-bow were in use then for the chase 
s the gun is now : — 

1 Leader of a limehound. ^ On God's part. ' Chief huntsman. 

" Hastily ; hot-foot. * Notes. ^ Hallooed to ? 

To drive back to the place where the game was roused. » A retreat. 



8o THE DOG. Chap. XLI. 



" he goth as lowe, 

As ever did a dogge for the "bowe." 
" For in this world n' is ' dogge for the bowe, 
That can an hurt dere from an hole yknowe." 

Meaning, tliat a dog for the bow knows perfectly a hurt 
from an unwounded deer. 

Chaucer says of a woman, in the ' Wif of Bathe's Tale : ' — ■ 

" For as a spaniel, she wol on him lepe." 

Talbot was an old name for a dog, for in the 'ISTonne's 
Preeste's Tale,' we find : — 

" Ban Colie our dogge, and Talhot, and Gerlond ; ^ 
And Malkin, with her distaf in hire hond ; 
Ban cowe and calf, and eke the veray hoggos 
So fered were for berking of the dogges.'' 

He applies the term whelp to a dog, as in the ' Second 
Nonne's Tale : '— 

" Think on the woman Cananee, that saide 
That whelpes eten som of the cromes alle 
That from hir Lordes table ben yfalle." 

In the noble picture of Lycurgus by Chaucer in the 
' Knight's Tale,' a fierce and long extinct breed of dogs called 
Alauns are introduced as companions of the monarch : — 

" Ther maist thou se, coming with Palamon, 
Lycurge himself, the grete King of Trace ; 
Blake was his berde, and manly was his face : 
The cercles of his eyen in his bed 
They glowedeu bewixten yalwe and red : 



• Ne is, is not. ^ Garland. 



And like a griffon looked he atoiit, 
With kemped heves on his browes stout : 
His limmes gret, his braiines hard and stronge, 
His shouldres bvode, his armes round and longe. 
And as the guise was in his contree, 
Pul highe upon a char of gold stood he : 
With foure white holies in the trais. 
Instead of cote-armure, on his havnais 
With-nayles yelwe, and bright as any gold, 
He hadde a beres skin cole-blake for old. 
His longe here was kempt behind his bak, 
As any ravenes fether it shone for blake. 
A wreth of gold armgrete, of huge weight, 
Upon his hed sate full of stones bright. 
Of fine rubins, and of diamants. 
About his char ther wenten white Alauns, 
Twenty and mo, as gret as any stere. 
To hunten at the leon or the dere ; 
And folwed him with mosel fast y bound, 
Colered with gold and torretes ' filed ^ round. 
A hundred lordes had he in his route, 
Ai-med full wel, with hertes sterne and stoute." 

Verse 2129. 

The name of this long extinct species was variously -written 
Alan, Alande, Alant, Alaune, Alaunus, Alaunt, Allan. 

Strength, speed, and ferocity were among the attributes of 
the Alaun. His dangerous nature, even occasionally to his 
owner, is noted by Edmund de Langley; and Chaucer's 
description is in unison with that of the Duke of York, as 
evinced in the words, " with mosel fast ybound." He com- 
bined the qualities of the greyhound and the mastiff. 



' Eings or studs ; from tourette, a small tower. — Sherwood. Or it may mean 
steel spikes. 
2 Filed ; highly polished, 

VOL. II. '^ 



82 THE DOG. Chap. XLI. 

Tyrwhitt tells us that " Alano is the Spanish name of a 
species of dog which the dictionaries call a Mastiff. Sir 
John Bouchier's translation of Froissart, B. iv. c. 24, is said 
to have the words ' foure coursers and two Allans of Spaygne, 
fayre and good.' " 

They were much esteemed in Italy in the fourteenth 
century. Gualv. de la Flamma ^ commQnds the governors of 
Milan, " because they mixed horses as breeders with large 
mares, and there have sprung up in our region noble Destriers 
which are held in great estimation. Also they reared 
Alanian dogs of high stature and wonderful courage." 

Bailey gives Alan, a wolf-dog (Sclavonic). Most likely 
they were used in England for wolf-hunting, and may have 
been the original of the Irish wolf-dog. But the wolves iu 
England having been nearly exterminated while they still 
continued to swarm in Ireland, this species of hound also 
died away when his services were no longer needed, though 
he continued to exist much later in the latter island. This 
dog is the heraldic supporter of the Fieneses, Lords Dacre of 
the south ; and who possessed the fine castle of Hurstmoneeux, 
Sussex, a noble example of brick castellated architecture. 

The Alaunt was a war-dog: Ducange, quoting a manu- 
script treatise on warlike machines, states, " To put to flight 
horses and horsemen it behoves that Alanian dogs should be 
brought up by their mastei-s to be fierce and biting when 
they are animated by their masters against domestic or 
foreign enemies." 

In Sherwood's Dictionary a mastiff is called an alan or 



1 Murator. Antiq. Med. M.. t. ii. p. 394. 



Chap. XLI. THE ALA UN. 83 

allan; and Cotgrave gives tlie following representation of 
them, which is evidently copied from the ' Master of the 
Game.' 

" Allan : a kinde of big, strong, thicke-headed, and short- 
snowted dog; the brood whereof came first out of Albania 
(old Epirus). 

" Allan de boueherie : is like our mastive, and serves 
butchers, to bring in fierce oxen, and to keepe their stalls. 

" Allan gentil : is like a grayhound in all properties and 
parts, his thicke and short head excepted. 

" Allan vautre : a great and ougly curre of that kind 
(having a big head, hanging lips, and slowching eares), kept 
onely to bait the Beare and wild Boare." 

The Avon in Hampshire was called the Alaun, as also was 
the Alne in Northumberland; the town of Allaway in 
Scotland, and other places, bore the name ; and a people of 
Norway were designated the Alauni, whilst another in 
Sarmatia were the Alani. The Alaun was, however, probably 
a breed brought over by the Northmen, and derived origin- 
ally from the Caucasus, whence it accompanied the fierce, 
fair-haired, and warlike Alani.^ 

" Duros setemi Martis Alanos." — Lucan, PharsaL, 1. viii. 



" Insequitur Drangsea phalanx, claustriaque profusi 
CaspiadsB ; queia turba canum non segnius aores 
Exilit ad lituos, pugnasque capessit heriles : 
Inde etiam par mortis honos ; tumulisque recepti 
Inter avos, positusque vii-iim : nam pectora ferro 
Terribilesque innexa jubas ruit agmine nigro 
Latratuque cohors : quanto sonat horrida Ditis 
lanua, vel superas Hecates oomitatus ad auraa.'' 

Valerii Flacn. 

a 2 



84 



THE DOG. 



Chap. XLI. 



The Duke of York says they came from Spain ; and there 
a body of those people settled, as well as in Gaul. Jean de 
Glamorgan in his ' Chasse dv Lovp ' speaks of these dogs thus : 
" Allans, comme en Espagne pour destourner et poursuiure 
la beste qui se presente quelquefois par les champs." Du 
Fouilloux giTes in his ' Interpretation des Mots de Venerie,' 
" Allans, qui sont comme Leuriers fors qu'ils ont grosse 
teste et courte." 



alati 





Chap. XLII. THE BLOODHOUND. 85 



CHAPTEE XLII. 

Tj^AELY mention occurs of the Bloodhound in Barbour's 
' Bruce,' written in the fourteenth century. In the Eubrics 
of the manuscript of 1489 it is written " slowth-hund," and 
" slouth-hund." The poem recites how Sir Aymer de Valence 
and John of Lorn assembled a force to attack the Bruce : — 

" And off Waknce Schyr Amer 
Assemblyt a gret ctimpany 
Off noble men, and off worthy, 
Off Ingland, and of LowtHane. 
And lie has alsua ^ with him tane ^ 
Jhone off Lome, and all hys mycht, 
That had off worthi men, and wycht,^ 
With hym aucht^ hundir men, and ma.* 
A sleuth ^ hund had he thar alsna, 
Sa gud ' that wald * chang for na thing. 
And sum men sayis yeit, that the king 
As a traytour him noryst had. 
And sa mekill ' of him he maid, 
, That his awyn 1° handis wald him feid. 

He folowyt him quhar " euir he yeid ;'^ 
Sa that the hund him folowyt swa," 
That he wald part na wyss him fra ;" 
Bot" how that Jhon off Lorn him had, 
Ik" herd neuir mencioun be mad. 



1 Also. ^ Taken. ' Strong; valiant. * Eight. * More. 

8 Track ; slow, or sluggish. ? Good ; well bom. ^ Would.. • 

8 Much. 1° Own. " Where. '^ -Went. ^ So. 

" Would in no wise part from him. '^ But. '° I. 



86 THE DOG. Chap. XLII. 



But men sayis it wes certane thing 
That he had him in his sesyng;' 
And throw him thoucht the king to ta :" 
For he wyst he him luffyt ?wa,' 
That fra that he mycht anys fele ' 
The kingis sent,' he wyst rycht weill 
That he wald chaung it for na thing. 
This Ihon off Lorn hattyt the long 
For Ihon Cummyn his emys sak.* 
Mycht he him othir sla, or tak, 
He wald nooht pryss his liff a stra,' 
Sa that he wengeance of him mycht ta.^ " 

John of Lorn pursues the King, who seeks shelter in the 
forest, and divides his men into three parties to obtain a 
better chance of escape : — 

" With that thair gate " all ar thai gane, 
And in thre partis thair way has tane.'" 
Jhone of Lome come to the place, 
Fra quhar the king departyt was. 
And in his .trace the hund he set, 
That then, for owtyn " langer let,'^ 
Held ewyn " the way eftir the king, 
Eycht as he had off him knawing.'* 
And left the tothyr partyss twa, 
As he na kep '* to thaim wald ta. 
And qiihen '' the king saw his cummyng, 
Eftir '' hys route in till a lyng,"^ 
He thocht thai knew that it wes he : 
Tharfor he had till his menye " 



2 Take. ' Him loved so. 

' That from the time he once felt. * The king's scent. 

" His uncle's sake, one of the Comyas, murdered by Bruce and Fitzpatrick 
in the convent at Dumfries. ' He would not value his life a straw. 

8 Take. » Way. " Taken. " Expedition. 12 Leave. 

" Evenly, steadily. " Knowing. is Heed. is When. " After. 
^ At such a pace. '' Followers. 



Chap. XLII. THE BLOODHOUND. 



87 



Yeit ' then in thre depert thaim sone ; 
And thai did swa for owtyn hone ; ''■ 
And held thair way in thre partyss. 
The hund did thar sa gret maistrys,^ 
That held ay for owtyn * changing, 
Eftre " the rowte quhar wes the king. 

" And quhen the Idng had sene thaim swa 
All in a rowt eftir him ga 
The way, and folow nocht his men, 
He had a gret persawing then 
That thai knew him. For thi in hy 
He bad his men rycht hastily 
Scaile,^ and ilkan hald his way 
All him selff ; and swa did thai. 
Ilkman a syndry gate is gane. 
And the king with him has tane 
His fostyr brodyr, for owtyn ma ; 
And samyn held thar thai twa. 
The hund folowyt alwayis the king, 
And changyt for na deperting ; 
Bot ay folowit the kingis trace, ' 
But waweryng, as he passyt was. 
And quhen Jhon of Lorn saw 
The hund eftre him draw, 
And folow strak ' eftre thai twa, 
He knew the king wes ane of tha, 
And bad fyve off his cumpanj-, 
That war rycht wyoht ' men and hardy. 
And als off fute spediast war. 
Off all that in thair rowt war, 
Eyn eftre him, and him ourta,' 
And lat him na wyss. pass thaim fra." 

These five chosen men pursued swiftly, and ere long 
neared the monarch, who determined to go no further, but to 



' Yet. 2 Delay. 3 So great art ; the hound was so stanch, sure of scent. 
Held on without changing. * After. ^ Scatter; ' Straight. 

^ Strong; valiant. ' Overtake. 



THE DOG. 



Chap. XLII. 



stop and fight while he was in breath. After a desperate 
combat, four of the men fall by the hand of the Bruce, the 
fifth is slain by his foster-brother, and they then seek the 
covert : — 

" "With that the king lokyt him by ; 
And saw off Lorn the company 
Weill ner, with thai- sleuth hund ciimmand. 
Than till a wod, that was ner hand, 
He went with his falow in hy ' 
God sayff thaim for his gret mercy ! 

" The king towart the wod is gane, 
Wery for swayt, and will of wane.^ 
In till the wod sone entryt he, 
And held doun towart a wald,^ 
Quhar, throw the wold, a watter ran. 
Thidder in gret hy wend he than 
And hegouth^ for to rest him thar : 
And said he mycht no forthemar. 
His man said, ' Schyr, it may nocht be : 
Abyd ye her, ye sail son se 
Fy ve hunder, yamaud * yow to sla ; 
And thai ar fele aganys ws twa. 
And, sen we may nooht dele with mycht. 
Help ws all that we may with slyoht. ' 
The king said, ' Sen that thow- will swa, 
Ga furth, and I sail with the ga. 
Bot Ik ^ haiff herd oftymys say. 
That quha endlang a watter ay, 
Wald waid a bowdraucht,' he suld ger » 
Bathe " the slouth hund, and his leder, 
Tyne '" the sleuth men gert hym ta. 
Prowe we giff" it will now do sa. 



1 In haste. ^ Bewildered ; destitute. ^ Valley. ■• Began. 

5 Eager. « I. ' Bow-shot. s Cause ; make. ^ Both. 

'» Lose. 11 If. 



Chap. XLII. 



THE BLOODHOUND. 



For war yone deuilliss hund away, 
I rouclit ^ iiooht off the lave ^ perfay.^ ' 

" As lie dywisyt thai haiff doyn, 

And entryt in the watter sone ; 

And held doun endlang thar way : 

And syne to the land yeid thai, 

And held thar way, as thai dyd er.* 

And Jhone off Lorn, with gret affer,^ 

Come with hys rout, rycht to the place, 

Quhar that his fyve men slane was. 

He menyt ^ thaim quhen he thaim saw ; 

And said, eftre a litill thraw,' 

That he suld weng * thar blowde, 

Bot othyr wayis the gamyn yowde.' 

Thar wald he mak na mar dwelling ; 

Bot furth in hy folowit the king, 

Eycht to the burn thai passyt war. 

Bot the slouth hund maid styntyn thar ; '" 

And waweryt lang tyme, ta and fra, 

That he na certane gate couth ga ; 

Till at the last, that Jhon of Lorn 

Persawyt the hund the slouth had lorn,^' 

And said, ' We haiff tynt '^ this trawaill." 

To pass forthyr may nocht awaile. 

For the woid is bath braid and wid, 

And he is weill fer by this tid. 

Tharfor is gud we turn agayn. 

And waist no mar trawaill in wayne.' 

With that relyit " he his mengy^ ; 

And his way to the ost tuk he." 

Buke Fyfte. 

According to another account the King's escape was owing 
to one of his men, a good archer, who shot the hound. 



1 Care, 
s Warlike preparation. 
' The game went. 



2 Eemainder. =• Verily. '' Before. 

" Pitied. ^ Time; emotion. ' 

1" Delay., " Lost. >^ Lost. " Labour. 

" Assembled; rallied. 



90 THE DOG. Chap. XLII. 

Bruce was also pursued in Carrick by the men of Galloway 
with the aid of bloodhounds : — 

" Thai maid a priw^ assemble 
Off wele twa hundir men, and ma, 
And slewth himdis with thaim gan ta. 
For thai thooht him for to suppriss ; 
And giff he fled on ony wyss, 
To folow him with the hundis swa, 
That he suld nooht eschaip thaim fra. " 

But the King, warned by his scouts, withdrew at night into 
a morass, where, after leaving his men to repose, he watched 
a deep and difficult ford the enemy must cross. The moon 
shone clearly as he stood silently on the bank of the stream, 
alone, and vigilant :— 

" And quhen he a lang quhile had hene thar, 
He herknyt, and herd as it war 
A hundis questionyng on fer, 
That ay come till him ner and ner. " 

He defended the pass successfully until his men came up, 
and the enemy retreated. 

The ' Actis and Deidis of Wallace,' by Blind Harry ' the 
Minstrel, who is believed to have written about 1470, contains 
a description of a pursuit of that chief made with the assist- 
ance of a bloodhound : — 

" Ahout the park thai set on hreid and lenth, 
With sex hundreth weill graithit in thar armess, 
All likly men, to wrek thaim of thair harmess. 
A hundreth men chargit, in armes Strang, 
To kepe a hunde that thai had thaim amang ; 
In Gylhsland ^ thar was that braohell ' hrede, 
Sekyr ^ off sent ■• to folow thaim at flede.* 



Gilsland, in Cumberland. ^ p^g „ggj[ f^j. tracking. 3 Certain. 

■< Scent. 5 That fled. 



Chap. XLII. THE BLOODHOUND. 91 

So was soho ' vsyt on Esk and on Ledaill ; 
Quliill^ solio gat blude no fleyng' mycht awaill. 
Than said thai all, Wallace mycht nocht away, 
He suld be tharis for ocht at he do may. " 

A fight ensues, in which the English, though by far the 
most numerous, suffer severely. Wallace makes off, with the 
remainder of his followers : — 

" Betuex parteys then Wallace ischit* out ; 
Sexteyn with him, thai graithit thaim to gra ; 
Off all his men he had lewyt no ma. 
The Inglissmen has myssyt bym ; in hy " 
The bund thai tuk, and folowit haistely. 
At the Gask woode full fayne he wald baiff beyne ; 
Bot this sloth brache, quhilk sekyr was and keyne, 
On Wallace fute folowit so felloune ^ fast, 
Quhill .in thar sicht thai prochit at the last. " 

Fawdoun, an Irishman, " hewy of statur, dour in his con- 
tenance," refuses from fatigue to proceed more quickly, and is 
at once slain by Wallace. Some, says the poet, deemed it 
an ill deed, others a good ; and expresses his own thought 
thus : — 

" Bettir it was be did, as thinkis me. 
Fyrst, to the bunde it mycbt gret stoppyn be. 

Fawdoun was left besid thaim on the land ; 
The power come, and sodeynly bim fand : 
For thair sloith bund the graitb gait ' till him yeid,^ 
Off othir trade scho tuk as than no beid. 
The sloith stoppyt, at Fawdoune still scho stude ; 
Nor forthir scho wald, fra tyme scho fand the blud. " 

Buke Fyfte. 



' She. 2 Until. ^ Fleeing. ' Issued; went. * Haste. 

8 Fiercely. ' Direct way. ' To bim went. 



92 THE DOG. Chap. XLII. 

This mode of warfare was considered warrantable in those 
fierce and barbarous days, and has been practised also in 
recent times. Here we see the lives of the illustrious 
defenders of the liberties of Scotland perilled by the scent of 
this indefatigable hound. The deep voice of the bloodhound 
can be heard on the wind for miles, in the silence of night. 
This feudal animal is nearly extinct. 

John Hardyng in his Chronicle describes the- means taken 
by Edward I. to capture the Bruce : — 

" The King Edward with homes and houndes him soght, 
With menne on fote, through marris, mosse, and myre, 
Through wodes also, and mountens wher thei fought, 
And euer the Kyng Edward hight men greate hyre, 
Hym for to take and by might oonquere ; 
But thei might hym not gette by force ne by train. 
He satte by the fyre when thei went in the rain." 



Chap. XLIII. THE LIBER A LB US. 93 



CHAPTEE XLIII. 

BY the Liber Albus ' it appears that in Edward III.'s. time 
dogs were not allowed to wander about alone in 
London streets, day or night, gentlemanly^ dogs excepted, 
under penalty to the owner of forty pence. 

This notice occurs of the training of a pack of hounds for 
Richard II., who at that time was only about twelve or 
thirteen years of age. 

"The King constituted J. L. Master of his dogs called 
Braceletts, giving him licence to try the same dogs, and also 
to hold and make courses with them in pursuit of any beasts 
within his forests and chaces, as shall seem good to him to 
be made for the training and instruction of the said 
dogs.''^* 

In 1378, at the opening of the Parliament of the 2 Richard 
II., mention is made of those who slander noblemen, and other 
great officers and good men of the realm — ■ 

" Qi sont appeUez Bacbyters, sont auxi come chiens qi 
mangeont les chars crues. Qar auxint font les ditz fauxes 
Bacbyters, par lours malx paroles, its mangent les bons & 



' By Carpenter and Whittington ; translated by H. T. Riley, 1861. 
2 " Genfcilx," meaning well bred — not mongrel, or cur-dogs, or perhaps fight- 
ing-dogs. See the Two G-entlemen of Verona, a. iv. s. 4. 
' Pat. 1 Kic. II., p. 2, m. 21 . Cowel, Law Dictionary. 



94 THE DOG. Chap. XLIII. 

loialx gentz tout cruez a deriere eulx," ' &c. This species yet 
remains amongst ns. 

By the ' Chronicque de la Traison et Mort de Eichart deux 
Eoy d'Engleterre,' it is proved that Froissart's account of 
the interview between Eichard and Henry of Lancaster is 
inaccurate ; and that the hearsay tale, told to the rare old 
Chronicler, of the greyhound Blemach, Mach, Math, or 
Mauthe, is a fable. The chances are, it was an invention to 
cover the ingratitude of men, "in them hereditary," by the 
slander cast on the most faithful of created beings. 

" Men shut their doors against a setting sun." 



Bolls of Parliament, vol. iii. p. 336. 



Chap. XLTV. TREA TISES ON HUNTING. 95 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

TTUNTINGr was a science with our forefathers, an image 

of war to our warlike aristocracy; many treatises were 

written upon it, an early one being ' Le Art de Venerie, le 

quel maistre Gruillaume Twici, venour le roy d'Angleterre, 

fist en son temps per aprandre autres." Twici was grand 

huntsman; and the book, or illuminated manuscript, is in 

the British Museum, and says, " Mayster John Gyfford and 

WilKam Twety that were with Edward the Second wrote a 

work on hunting." 

It commences — 

" Alle suche dysport as voydith ydilnesse 
It fyttyth every gentilman to knowe 
For myrthe annexed is to gentilnesse." 

The hare, herte, wulfhe, and wylde boor, are enumerated as 
beasts of yenery ; the buk, the do, fox, martyn, and roo, 
as beasts of chase ; and the grey, cat, and otre, as " neyther of 
Tcnery ne chace." The different animals are described, and 
the manner of hunting them ; also the various notes to be 
blown on the horn. " The sesonn of the fox begynnyth at 
the natyvite of our lady and duryth til the Anunciacion, and 
the hare is alway in seson to be chasyd." 

Of chasing the red-deer, Twety says, "And if your houndes 
be bold and have slayn the hert with streynth of hunting 
ye (they) shul have the skynne." The same hounds ran both 
fox and buck. 



96 THE DOG. Chap. XLIV. 

The celebrated work entitled ' Master of the Game ' is 
also preserved in the Museum. This most interesting manu- 
script on dogs, wild animals of the chase, and hunting, was 
the composition of Edmund de Langley, Duke of York, fourth 
of the seven sons of Edward III., and who was born in 1341 
and died in 1402. It was written, it is said, for Henry V.'s 
instruction, and this extract from the Issue Eolls may refer 
to a later copy of the work. 

"21 Nov. — To the Lord the King, in his chamber. In 
money paid into the said chamber, by the hands of John 
Robard, of London, scrivener, for writing twelve books on 
hunting, for the use of the said Lord the King, and delivered 
into the chamber aforesaid, by the said. King's command, — 
VM. 8s.'" 

Edmund de Langley was Master of the Game and of the 
Hawks to Henry IV. : his character is thus described by John 
Hardyng,^ who lived in his time, being born in 1378, and 
dying after 1465. 

" That Bdmonde hyght of Langley of good chere, 
Glad and mery, and of his owne ay liived 
Without wronge as chronicles have breved. 
When all the lordes to counoell and parlyament 
Went, he wolde to hunte and also to hawekyng, 
All gentyll disporte as to a lorde appent, 
He vsed aye and to the pore supportyng, 
Where euer he was in any place hidyng, 
Without suppryse, or any extorcyon 
Of the porayle, or any oppressyon." 



' Issue Eolls of the Exchequer, 9 Henry V., F. Devon. 
^ Hardyng's Chronicle, by Ellis, p. .341. 



Chap. XLIV. THE MASTER OF THE GAME. 97 

This is the same Duke of York mentioned in Shakspeare's 
' Eichard 11.' The book begins with a dedication to Henry V. 
as follows: "To" the lionur and reyerence of yow my ryght 
worshipfull and dred lord Henry by the grace of God eldest 
sone and heire unto tbe hie, excellent and estou^ prynce 
Henry the iiii. by ye forsaid grace Kyng of Ingelond and of 
Fraunce, Prynce of Wales, Duke of Gueyne of Lancastere 
and of Cornwale, and Erie of Chester, I your owyn in every 
houmble wyse am me auntred^ to make this litel symple 
book." Chaucer is quoted in this work, which is a very 
valuable account of the chase as pursued by our ancestors, 
though it is, to a great extent, a translation from ' La Chasse ' 
of Gaston Phcebus. The same animals of chase, the doe 
excepted, are given as Twety describes. The lists of dogs 
comprehends Eennyng houndis, Kenettis, Heirers, Grey- 
houndes. Batches, Spaynels, Lymers, Alauntes, and Maystiffs, 
also " smale curres that fallen to be terryers." 

Praises are lavished on the -life of a hunter, his pleasures in 
this world, and his prospects in the world to come. His 
occupation prevents him from idleness ; and, says the Duke, 
"every man that hathe good resonne knoweth wel that 
ydilnesse is foundement of alle wikked Imagynacions." 

« Hunters lyven in this world most joyfully of every other 
men, for when the hunter ryseth in ye mornyng he sawe a 
sweete and fayre morow, and the clere wedir and bryght, 
and hereth ye songe of the smale fowls ye which syngen 
swetely with grete melodye and ful of love everich in his 
langage in the best wyse that he may aftir that he hereth of 



' Bsleu? elected; chosen. ^ Adventured. 

VOL. II. " 



THE DOG. Chap. XLIV. 



his owyn kynde. And whan the Sonne is arise he shall see 
ye fressh dewe uppon the smale twygges and grasse, and the 
Sunne which, by his vertu shal mak hem Sheyne, and that is 
grete lykeng and joye to the hunters hert." " To be ydel 
and have no lust neither in houndes neither in haukes is no 
good token, for, as seith in his book Phebus the Erie of Foys 
that noble hunter, he segh never good man that he ne had lust 
in some of thise." " He never segh man that loved travaile 
and lust of hundes and of hawkes that he ne had mony good 
custumes in hym, for that cometh to him of grett nobilnes 
and gentilnesse of hert of what astaat that the man be of, or 
a greet lord or a lityl, or a poor or a ryche." 

"The hare is a good lityl beest and moch good spoort." 
"Here huntynk dureth al theyeer." "And than is a fayre 
thing for to flee hur with streyngth of houndis for she renneth 
long and gynnously. An hare shall dure wel 4 myle or 
more or lasse." " They that abyden tU they be founde in 
the forme or she stert comonly this be stowte haris and wel 
rennyng. The hare that renneth with right stondyng eres is 
but litel a ferd and is strong," &c. 

DuFouilloux and Turberville have borrowed from this book; 
there is a close similarity in the following description of the 
wolf. " Men may not norsshe a wolf thoo he were take never 
so yong and chastised and bete and be hold undir disciplyne 
that he ne shal do harm yif he have time and space for to do 
it, as nevere shal he be so prive yif men leve hym out that 
he ne shal looke hider and thider for to loke yif he may do 
eny harme, or he loketh yif eny man wil do hym any harme, 
for he knoweth wel and woteth wel that he doth evel and 



Chap. XLIV. DESCRIPTION OF THE FOX. 



99 



therefore men ascriethe and hunteth and scleep,' and yit for 
al that he may not leve his evel nature." 

The description of the fox and his habits is also interest- 
ing. " She is a fals beest and a malicious as a wolf. The 
huntyng for ye fox is faire for ye good crie of ye houndis that 
folowen hym so nye and -with so good a wille alway thei 
senten of hym for he fleth by thik spoies and also for he 
stinketh evermore, and with gret payne he wil leeve a coyert 
whan he is ther jnne.^ He taketh not playne contre for he 
tresteth not on his rennyng nethe in his defence for he is to 
feble, and yif he do, it shal be by verey strength of men 
and houndes, and evermore he shall holde ye covert, and 
yif he may not kevere hym but with a brere^ yit wil he 
kevere hym with that ; and whan he seeth that he may 
not dure than he gooth to the erthe wher he may next 
eny fynde, the which he knoweth wel, and than may men 
digge hym out and take hym so that he be in esy digging, 
but not amonge roches, and yif greihoundes yeven hym mony 
teyntes and overset hym the last remedye of hym is yif he be 
in playn cuntre he vishiteth gladly ye greihoundes by cause 
that thei shold leve hym for ye stincke of ye dritt^ and also 
for the feer that he hathe. litel greihounde dooth greet 
hardynesse whan he taketh a fox by hymsilf, for men haue 
seyn many grete greihoundes the which myght wel take the 
hert and a wilde boor and a woolf, and wold lat ye fox goo." 
" The fox ne pleyneth hym nat whan men slee hym, but 
evere he defendeth hym at his power ye while he may lyve." 



Slay. ' Therein. ^ Brier. « Dung. 

II 2 



THE DOG. Chap. XLIV. 



"Men taken hem with houndes, with greihoundes, with 
haies,' and with pursnettis," &c. 

Of the wild-cat and hunting him, it is said, "A greihound 
Alaunt myght not take oon of hem to make hym a bide, 
for a greyhond shuld rather take and hold faster and more 
stedfastly a wolf yan he shuld oon of hem, for (he is) 
heeleed as a leoperde, and ferthmore ryght bytyng." 
"Every huntsman in Ingelond knowethe hem, and her 
felnesse, and malice, wel I nowe." "But oone thing dar 
I wel say, that if eny beest hath the develis streynt in hym 
without doute is is ye catt, and yat both ye wilde and the 
tame." 

' Of ye Manees and Tatches^ and Condicions of Houndes. 
" Aftir yat I have spokyn of ye natur of beestis of venery 
and of chace ye whiche men shal hunte, now wil I telle yow 
of ye nature of houndes ye which hunteth and nemettf hem. 
And fyrst of hur noble condicions yat be so grete and 
merveillous in some hundes yat there is no man yat maye 
leve* it but he were a good skilful hunter and wel knowying 
and yat he haunted hem longe ; for an hounde is ye moost 
reasonable beest and beste knowyng of eny beest yat ever 
god made, and yit in some case I neither out take man ne 
other thing for men fynde it in so many stories and so moche 
noblesse in houndes alway from day to day yat as I have 
seide there nys no man yat may leue ne thenk it ; natheless 
natures of men and of all beestes goon everemore descendyng 

1 Toils. 2 Craft; sagacity: or, defect; blemish. 

^ Qy., &om nim, to take by stealth ? ■i Believe. 



Chap. XLIV. CHARACTER OF THE HOUND. loi 

and decresyng bothe of lif and of goodnesse of streyngth, and 
of alle other thinges so wondirly, as ye Eerie of Foix Phebus 
seith in bis booke, that whan he seeth ye houndes yat ben 
now at huntyng and thenketh on ye houndes yat he hath 
seie in tyme yat is passed ; and also in ye goodnesse and ye 
trouthe, ye whiche was such tyme in ye lordes of yis world 
and other common men, and seeth yat is in hem this tyme, 
trebbly he seithe yat yer (is) non comparison and yis knoweth 
wel every man yat hath eny good reson. but now lat god 
ordeyne ther of what his good wille is ; but for to drawe to 
my matere and telle ye noblenesse of ye houndes ye whiche 
ban ben some good tales I shal you telle ye whiche I find in 
Terrey wrytinge. And first of ye kyng Glandoueus ' of France, 
he sent ones aftir his greet courte^wher of where other 
kyngges yat heelde londe of hym among ye whiche was 
kyng Apollo of lyonnys and brought with hym to ye courte 
his wif and a greihounde yat he had yat was boothe good and 
faire.^ The kyng Glandoueus of Fraunce had a semoly yong 
man to his sone of xx* yer of age, and also so sone as he 
seghe ye quene of lyonnys he loved bur and prayed hur of 
love. The quene, she was a good lady and loved wel her 
lord, forsoke hym, and wold hym not ; and said him yif he 
spoke to hure ony moore thereof yat she wold telle it to ye 
kyng of Fraunce and to hur lord. And after yat ye feest was 
passed, the kyng Apollo of lyonnys turned agayn, he and his 
wiff, into her cuntre, and whan thei were so turned agayn he 
and his wif, ye kyng Glandoueus sone of Fraunce was before 
hem with a greet felouship of mene of armes for to ravishh 



1 Olddoveus. ' He called together his great court of feudatories. 

3 Shallow : "He is good and fair."— ilfej-r;/ Wivm of Windsor. 



THE DOG. Chap. XLIV. 



his wif fro hym. The kyng Apollo of lyonnys yat was a 
wonderfuU good knyght of his honndis,^ nat withstondyng yat 
he was unarmed defended hym and his wif in ye best wise 
yat he myght in to ye tyme yat he was wounded to ye deeth : 
than he withdrewe hym silf and his wif into a toure ; and ye 
kyng Clandoueus sone ye whiche wold not leve ye lady went 
jnne and toke ye lady and wold have defoilled hur, and 
yan she saide to hym, ye han slayn my lord and ye wil 
dishonre me, certes I had lever be dede. Than she drewe hur 
self unto a wyndowe and lepe into ye revere of leire^ yat 
ranne undir ye toure, and a noon she was dreynt. And after 
yat within a litel while the kyng Apollo of lyonnys died of 
his woundes yat he had resceyued, and ye same day he was 
cast into ye ryver. The greihounde yat I have spoke of ye 
whiche alwaye was with ye kyng his mayster when yat cast 
was in ye ryvere his lord, lepe he aftur in to ye revere in so 
mooche yat with his teeth he drowe his lord out of ye ryvere 
and made a greet pitte with his clees in ye beest wise yat he 
mygt and with his mosell. And so ye greyhonde alway 
kept his lord about half a yer in the pitt : and kept his lord 
from alle maner beestis and fowles. And yif eny man aske 
whereof he ly ved I say yat he ly ved with caraynes = and of other 
fedyng soche as he mygt come to. so it befelle yat ye kyng 
Clandoueus of Fraunce roods to se ye estate of his Eeaume 
and byfelle yat the kyng passed there by as ye greyhounde 
was and kept his lord and his mayster. And ye greihounde 
roos agenyst hym & by ganne to yelle upon hym. The 
kyng Clandoueus of Fraunce ye whiche was a good man and 



' Hands, i.e. a good fighter. - Loire. ^ Carrion. 



Chap. XLIV. ANECDOTES OF GREYHOUNDS. 103 

a pceyvyng, a non whan he seegh ye greyhounde knewe yat it 
was ye greihounde ye kyng Apollo of lyonys had y brougt to his 
court, wherof he had gret wonder. And he went hym self there 
as the greihounde was, and segh ye pitte. And yan he made of 
his men aligte from her horses for to loke what was ther jnne. 
And ther thei founde the kyng Apollo body alle hool ; and a 
noon as ye kyng Clandoueus of ^Fraunce seye hym, a non he 
knew yat it was ye kyng Apollo of lyonys. And thereof was 
ryght sory and sore a grevyd and ordeyned a crye thorgh 
alle his reame yat ho so wolde telle hym ye sothe of yat dede 
he wolde geve hym what he wolde aske : yan came ther a 
damesel yat was in ye towre whan ye kyng Apollo of lyonys 
was ded, and thus she said to ye kyng Clandoueus of Fraunce. 
Sir, quod she, if ye wil graunte me abone^ yat I shal aske 
and sewre ^ me to have it afore alle yowre men I shal shewe 
you hym yat hath do ye dede. And he swoor to here bifore 
his men and it by felle so yat ye kyng Clandoueus sone of 
Fraunce was be syde his fadir. Sir, she saide, here is your 
sone ye whiche hath don yis dede, nowe I requir yow as 
ye have sworn to me yat ye yefe^ hym to me for I wil 
non other gift of yow. The kyng Clandoueus turnyd hym 
yan toward his sone and said thus : Thou cursed harlot * thou 
hast shamyd and shent me and trewly I shal shende the ; 
and thogh I have no mo childryn yit shal I not spar. Thane 
he commaunded his rneri to make a grete fir and caste his sone 
ther yn. And yan he turnyd hym toward ye damyselle whan 
ye fyre was grete i light and thus to here said : Damysel now 
take hym for I delyur hym to yow as I be hoot and you 



1 A boon. 2 Swear. 3 GUve. -f Eibaud; ribauM. See Coigrraw. 



104 THE DOC. Chap. XLIV. 

assured. The damysel durst not come nye for yat tyme he, 
was al brent. Thus ensaumple have I brougt forthe for the 
noblenesse of houndes and also of lordes yat han be of olde 
tyme. But I trowe yat fewe lordes by now yat wold do so 
even and so open Justice. 

" An hounde is trewe to his lord or his maystere, and of 
good love or vrey.' An hounde is of greet undirstondyng and 
of greet knowynge, a hound is of greet strength and greets 
bounte, an hounde is a wise beest and a kynde, an hounde 
hath greet mynde and greet smellyng, an hounde hath grete 
bisynesse and greet mygt, an hoimde is of greet wurthynes 
and of greet sotilte, a hound is of greet ligtnesse and of greet 
purueaunce,s an hounde is of good obeysaunce for he wil lerne 
as a man al that a man wil teche hym, a hounde is ful of 
good sport ; houndes ben so good yat vunethes ^ ther nys no 
man comonly yat ne wold have of hem some for oo craft and 
some for a nothr. Houndes ben hardy for oon hounde dar 
wel kepe his maister's hous and his beests and also he wil 
kepe al his maister's goodes and rathe ^ he wil be dede yan 
eny thing be lost in his kepyng. And yit to afferme ye 
noblenesse of houndes I shal you telle a tale of a greyhounde 
yat was Aubries of Moundydier, ye which men may se 
paynted in ye reame of Fraunce in many places. 

" That Aubery was a squyer of ye kynges hous of Fraunce, 
and upon a day he was goyng fro ye courte to his owyn hous, 
and as he passyd by ye woodes of boondes^ ye whiche byn nye 
paris, and led with hym a wel good and a faire greihounde 
yat he had norshed up, a man yat hated hym for greet envie 

1 Truth. 2 Perception. 3 Hardly ; scarcely. 

* Bather. • ^ Bondis, or Bondi. 



Chap. XLIV. ANECDOTES OF GREYHOUNDS. 105 

without eny other reson, and was cleped Makarie, ranne 
upon hym within ye wood and slow hym with out warnyng, 
for Aubry was not ware of hym. And whan ye greihounde 
soughte his mayster and fonde hym ded he kevered hym withe 
erthe and with leeves with his clees and with his moosel in 
ye beest wise yat he myght : and whan he had be per iij dayes 
and myght no lenger a bide for hounger, he turnyd agen to ye 
kynges court and there he founde Makarey which was a greet 
gentil man, and had slayn his maystir. And also as sone as 
the greyhound had pceyved Makarie he ranne upon hym 
and shuld have mayned^ hym but yif men had lette hym. 
The kyng of Fraunce the whiche was wise and pceyveng, 
askeng wat it was ; and men tolde hym alle ye sothe. The 
greihounde toke.from ye boordes^ yat he myght, and brougt 
to his mayster and putte mete in his mouthe, and in ye same 
ye greyhounde did iij or iiij dayes, and yan ye kyng made 
men to folowe the greyhound to se whider he here the mete 
yat he toke in ye court. And yan thei founde hym ded and 
beryed the said Aubry, and yan the kyng, as I have said, 
made come many of the men of his court and made hem 
strike the greyhoundes sydes and hym cherissh, and made his 
men lede hym by the colier a longe hi ye hous, but he steryd 
never. And yan ye kyng comaundide makarie to take a 
gobett of fleyssh and gif it to ye greihound ; and as sone as 
ye greyhounde sey makary he left the flesshe and wold a 
ronne upon hym. And whan the kyng sey yat, he hold greet 
suspecion upon makarie ; he sayd to makary ye must fyte a genst 
the greyhound ; and than he began to lowne,^ but a noon ye 



1 Maimed, sore hurt. ^ Tables. " Look dull, 



io6 THE DOG. Chap. XLIV. 

kyng made hym be take in dede, and oon of ye kynnes men 
of Auberie sey the grete mervaile of ye greyhound, and said 
yat he wold swere upon the sacrement, yat is custumed in 
sooche a caas, for ye greyhound; and makarye swered in 
yat other side, and yan wer thei ledde into oure ladies He at 
parys, and ther faught ye greyhounde and Makarie, ye 
whiche makerie had a gret ij handed staf, and so thei 
faught, yat Makarie was scomfited. and yan the kyng co- 
maunded yat ye greyhound the whiche had makary under 
hym shuld be take up, and yan made inquere the soth of 
makarie, ye which knowleched yat he had slayn Auberye bi 
treson and therfore he was hanged and drawe." 

The ' Master of the Game ' contains much information rela- 
tive to dogs. The Duke describes the going to heat of 
bitches, the time they are in whelp, how to rear the puppies, 
the effect of spaying, &c. He deplores the short tenure of 
life by hounds. 

" The most defaute of houndes is yat thei lyven not longe 
inowe, for most comonly thei lyven but xij yere, and also men 
shuld late renne no houndes of what condicions that thei be 
of. Ne noyut hunte with hem in to ye tyme yat thei were a 
xij mounthis olde and passed. And also thei may hunte but 
ix yeer at the moost." In modern times they do not last so 
long in the iield. 

" Of the Siknesse of Houndes and of her Corrupcions. 

"The houndes haven many dyvers sekenesse and ye grettest 
siknesse is ye rage. Wher of ther ben ix manors of the 
whiche I wil you telle a partie. The first is cleped furyous 



Chap. XLIV. MADNESS OF HOUNDS. 107 

woodnesse;^ the houndes yat ben woode of yat woodnesse 
crien and howlyn wit. Avoid and nouygt in ye wise yat thei 
wer wonned^ whan thei were in helthe. whan thei may 
escape thei goon overalle byteng both men and women and 
alle yat thei biforn hem fynde. And thei han a wonder 
pilous ^ biteng, for yif thei biten any thing, with grett payne 
it shal eskape thereof yif he drawe bloode, yat it ne shal wex 
woode what thing ever it be. A tokenyng for to knows hym 
and ye bygynnyng, is thes, yat thei eten not so wel as thei 
were wonned, and thei beten ye other houndes, making hem 
cher* with ye taile and first sembleth upon hem and likketh 
hem, and than he bloweth a gret blast with his nose and than 
he loketh fersKche ; * and by holdeth his owyn sydes and 
maketh semblaunt as he had flyes about hymj and than he 
cryethe; and whan a man knoweth suche tokenyngis men 
shuld take hym from ye other in to the iiij day for yan may 
men se her siknesse al openly or ellis that he is nat wode, 
for somtyne many men ben gyled. in yat wise yat eny hounde 
is wood of eny of ye ix woodnesse he shal never be hool, and 
hure woodnesse may nougt lest but ix daies that thei ne 
shal never be hool but dede. That other manner of woodnesse 
is knowe by thise signes in ye bigynneng ; as I have saide, he 
dooth, sauf " yat thei ne biten neither man ne beestis but oonly 
houndes : as pilous is ye biteng of ye first, and evermore thei 
goon up and down with out eny abidyng ; and this woodnesse 
is cleped rennyng woodnesse. and thise ij woodnesse biforesaid 
taken ye other houndes that thei bene with youge' thei byte 



1 Madness. ^ -^Vont. ' Perilous. 

* Qy. from chere? i.e. lie makes much of them. * Strangely, fiercely. 

6 Except. ' Though. 



io8 THE DOG. Chap. XLIV. 

hem nougt. That other woodnesse is cleped ragerunet,' for 
thei ne byten not ne thei rennen not, eke thei wil not ete for 
her mouthe is somdele gapyng and (as) yif thei were 
enbosed'^ in her throte, and also thei dey^ with the terme 
bifore said, with out deyeng* of eny harme. And some men 
seyn that it cometh to hem of a worme yat thei have under ye 
tunge, and ye shuld fynde but fewe houndes yat thei ne han 
a worme under ye tunge, and many men seyn yat yif yat 
worm were take from hem thei shuld never wax woode. but 
therof make I noon afSrmacion, nathelees it is good to take it 
from hem and men shulde take it away in this manor," &c. 
" And not withstoudyng yat men callen it a worme it is but a 
grete veyn yat houndes haven undir ye tounge." 

Much more is written on the subject, and some recipes 
given. Going to the sea and causing nine waves to pass over 
the bitten person, is mentioned, but described as of " litel 
helpe." Cautery is alluded to ; and faith placed in leeks, 
garKc, " chibollis," rue, nettles, salt, vinegar, and olive-oil : 
but it is remarked, " The remedies for men or beestis that 
ben bitt with woode houndes moost nedes be don in a shoort 
tyme after ye biteng for yif it were passed an hoole day it 
were hard to under take to hole hym of ye first, " &c. Other 
dog diseases are also treated of. 



' Dumb madness. 
2 Bmbost, means foaming at the mouth. Here it must be read " as if there 
were a 6oJie in her throat." 3 -qi^ 4 Doing. 



Chap. XLV. RUNNING ■ HOUNDS. 109 



CHAPTER XLV. 

" Of eennyng Houndis and of here Nature. 

" A RENNTNG- hounde is a kynde of houndis ther be fewe 
men yat ne have seie some of hem, nathelees I shal 
devyse how a rennyng hounde shal be holed ^ for good and 
faire, and also I shal devyse of her manors, of alle hewes of 
rennyng houndes, (there be) which be good and whiche be 
bad or evyl, as of greihoundes ; but ye beest hewe of rennyng 
houndes and moost comon for to be good, is i cleped broun 
tawne ; also, ye goodnesse of rennyng houndes and of al other 
manor kynde of good houndes, cometh of verray corage, and 
of ye good nature of here good fadir and of hir good modir ; 
and also as towchyng greyhoundes men may wel helpe to 
make hem good techyng as to lede hem to wode and to 
feelres and to be ay nye hem in makyng of many good 
quyrreis ^ whan hei ban wel I don, and astyng and biteng ^ 
hem whan the done amys, for thei byn beestis and therfore 
thei have nede to be lernyd to yat men wil yat thei shuld do. 
after a rennyng hounde shuld be wel bore and wel grove * of 
bodie, and shulde have greet nosethrelles and open and longe 
snowte, but not smale, and greet lippis and hangyng adoun. 



' Held, holden, considered. 

2 Cure'e, the hound's reward, or their share of the game killed. 

3 Eating and beating. * Well born and well grown. 



THE DOG. Chap. XLV. 



grete jeu ^ and rede or blak, greet forhede and grete hede, 
and large erys wel longe and wel hangyng adoun and brood 
and nye ye hede ; a grete neke, and a greet brest, grete 
shuldres, and grete leggis, and stronge and not to longe, greet 
feet and rounde, and grete clees and ye foot a litel ayailede;^ 
smale bi the flanks, and longe sydes a litel pintel, and long 
smale hangyng balloks, and wel trussyd to gideris ; a good 
chyne bone, a grete bak, good thies and greet hynder legges 
and ye heghes ' streight and not bowed : ye taile grete and 
hie and not crompyng upon ye bak, but streight with a Htel 
erpmpyng upward. Nathelees, I have sey some rennyhg 
houndes with gret horred tailes ye whiche were ful good, 
rennyng hondis hunten i dveris manors, for sum folowying ye 
hert fast at ye first, for thei goon lightly and fast and whan 
thei ban ronne so a while thei han hyed hem so fast yat yei 
be reluixed * and breethles, and abiden stille and leven ye 
hert whan yei shuld enchace. This manner of rennyng 
houndis men shulde fynde comonly in ye lande of Basco and 
Spayn; thei be right good for ye wilde boor, but thei byn 
not good for ye hert for thei byn nott good to enchace at a 
longe flight, but only for to athrest hym, for thei seche not 
wel, ne thei rennen not wel, ne thei hunte not longe for yei 
be custumed to hunt nye and at ye bigynnyng thei han 
shewed ye best. Other maner of rennyng houndis ther byn 
ye which hunten somdele moor slowly and heyyli, but as thei 
begynne thei holde on all day. Thise houndis athresten not 
so sone an as ye othir, but thei bryng hym best bi maystrie 
and strengthe to his eende, for thei retreve and senteh ye 



Eyes. ^ Hanging down? ' Houghs, hams. ^Qy. relaxed? 



Chap. XLV. RUNNING- HOUNDS. in 

fues' better and farther, for bicause yat yei byn somdele 
slowe thei must hunt the hert from farther and therfore thei 
santyn better yan other yat goon hasteley with out abiding in 
to ye tyme that thei byn wery. A bold hounde shuld never 
pleyn, neither youla but yit it were out of the ryghtes/ and 
also he shuld agayn seche ye rygtes for an hert fleth and 
ruseth comonly. A bold hound huntethe with ye wynde 
whan he seeth his tyme : and credeth ^ his maistre and 
understondeth hym and doth as he biddeth hym. A bold 
hounde shuld not leve ye hert neither for wynde, neither for 
reyn, neither for hete ne for cold, ne for non evyl wedir ; but 
in this tyme ther ben fewe soche : and also wel shuld he hunt 
ye hert by hym self with out helpe of man as yif ye man 
were alway with hym. but al as I know non soche houndis 
ther be ye which ben bold and orped and beeth i clepid for 
thei byn bold and good for ye hert. For whan ye hert 
Cometh in daunger thai shal enchace hym, but thai shall not 
opne neither questey while that he is a mong ya chaunge,* 
for drede to envoise, and do amys, but whan thei han dis- 
cevered hym yan thei shuld open and hunte hym and shuld 
OTercome ye hert wel and perfitly and maisterfully thorgh 
out al ye change. Thes houndes ben not so good and so pfite 
as ye bold houndes to foresaid to move me by to seye some = 
rennyng hondes with grete horrede taylles ye which were 
fuUe good, rennynge houndes hunten in dveris maners, for 
sum folowyn ye hert fast at first for thei goon lightly and 



1 Flying traces, ftom fuir ? ^ Traces, scent. "" Believeth. 

■• " Change (among hunters) is when a buck, &o., met by chance, is taken 
for that they were in pursuit ot"— Bailey. 
s A partial repetition of some lines occurs here. 



THE DOG. Chap. XLV. 



fast and whan thei han ronne so a while yei ban hied hem so 
fast yat yei be reliuxed and breethles, and abiden stille, and 
leven ye herte whan yei shuld enchase. This maner of 
rennyng houndes men shuld fynde comonly in ye lande of 
Basco and Spayn ; yei be right good for ye weylde boor, but 
thei ben not good for ye hert for thei ben not good to enchace 
at a longe flight, but only for to a trest hym for thei seche not 
wel, ne thei renen not wel, ne thei hunten not longe for thei 
be custumed to hunt nye and at ye begynnyng yei have 
shewed ye beest. Other maner of rennyng houndes ther 
byn ye which hunten somdele moor slowly and hevily, but as 
thei bigynne thei holde on alle day. Thise houades athresten 
not so sone an hert as ye other, but thei bryng hym best 
by maistrie and strength to his eende, for thei retreve and 
senteth ye fues bettir and ferther, for bicause yat yei bene 
somdele slowe yei must hunte the hert from ferther and 
therfore thei senten bettir than (the other). Thei ben wel 
wyse, for thei knowe wel that thei shuld not hunt ye 
chaunge j and thei ben not so wise for to dissevere ye hert 
fro ye chaunge for yei a bide stil and restif.' 

" Thise houndes I hold full good, for ye hunter yat knoweth 
hem may wel helpe hem to sle ye hert. Noon of alle thies 
thre maneres of houndes, ne hunten not atte hert in Eutsom- 
tyme, but if it be ye good bold hounde ye whiche is best of 
alle other houndes. The best sport yat men may have is ye 
rennyng houndes ; for yif ye hunte at hare, or at ye roo, or 
at buk, or at ye hert, or at any other beest with out grei- 



' That is, they will not hunt the change ; yet they have not sense enough to 
follow their own stag, but, when they find out there ia a fre^h slot, they stop, 
and wait for the huntsman. 



Chap. XLV. RUNNING-HOUNDS. 113 

hound, it is a faire thinge and a pleasaunt to hym that 
loveth hem : ye sechyng and ye fyndyng is also a fair thing, 
and gret likyng to sle hym with strenght and for to se ye witt 
and ye knowleche yat god hath geyen to good houndes, and 
for to se ye good rekeveryng, and ye retreiving, and ye 
maistries, and sootiltees yat be in good houndes. For of 
greihoundes and othir nature of houndes, what ever thei be 
ne lesteth not ye disport ; for a non a good greihounde, or a 
good Alaunt taketh, or failleth of ye beest ; and so doon all 
maner of houndes save rennyng houndis, ye whiche moost 
hunt al ye day questyng and makyng gret melody in her 
langage, and seyng gret villeny and chydeng ye beest yat yei 
enchace, and therfore I hold me with hem bifore al othir 
nature of houndes for thei han moo virtues as me semeth yan 
every other beest. Other maner houndes ther byn which 
openeth and jengeleth. Whan thei be uncouplid and as wel 
whan thei ben not in her fues, and yit whan thei byn in her 
fues thei questey ^ to moche in sechyng her chace. What 
that ever it be yit thei lernen to cache whan thei ben yong 
and bene not chastised ther of thei shul evyr more be lavey ^ 
and wilde, and namely whan thei sechen her chace ; for whan 
the chace is founde ye houndes nogt questey to moche,* so 
yat thei be in ye fues; and therfore to entre and make 
houndes ther byn many remedies. Ther ben also rennyng 
houndes some lasse and some moor, and ye lasse byn clepid 
kenettis * and thes houndes rennen wel to al maner game and 



1 Cry. ' Kun hither and thither. 

3 When the beast is found, then the hounds cannot cry too much. 

* Qy. the Welsh harriers sent by the Prince of Wales to the Count d'Evreux ? 
A rough Welsh rug or cloth was called kennet. These may be the hounds 
Oppian wrote of; he described them as small, rough, and crook-legged. 



vol" II. 



114 THE DOG. Chap. XLV. 

thei servin for al game, men clepin hem heirers and every 
hounde yat hath yat corage wil falle to be an heirere of 
nature with litel makyng, but ther nedeth grete nature and 
makyng in yougth, and greet travaille to make an hounde 
rene boldely to a chace theras is grete chaunge, or othir 
chaces. houndes ye whiche ben not pfitly wyse change 
comonly from may in to saynt John tyde, for whan thei 
fynden ye chaunge of hyndes ye hyndes wil not flee ferre 
bifore ye houndes sechen hem wel oft, and therfore thei renne 
to hem with a bettir wUle ; and for thei hold hem nye her 
calves ye which may not flee, and therfore thei hunten at 
hem gladly and comonly : and whan ye hertis goon to Eutt 
houndes chaungyn comonly ; for ye hertes and hyndes ben 
alway comonlych stondyng in heerde or to gidr, and so thei 
fynden hem and rennen to hem rather than eny othir tyme 
of ye yeer. ' Also ye houndes senten wors fro May in to 
Saynt John tyme yan in eny othir tyme of alle ye yere, for 
as I shal saye ye brenned heth ^ and ye brennyng of feeldes 
tatel 2 a way ye sent of ye beest for ye houndes which thei 
hunten. Also in that tyme ye herbis ben best and flowris ye 
eyre smellyng every chon^ in her kynd, and whan ye 
houndes hoppyn * to sent ye beest that thei hunten, ye foot 
smellyng of ye herbis taketh moch from hem ye sent of ye 
beest. 

"Of Greyhoundes and op hee Natuee. 

" The greihounde is a maner kynde of houndes ther byn fewe 
(men) ye which ne han seye some. Nathelees to devyse how 



Burned heath. « Taketh. = Every one. < Hope, think. 



Chap. XLV. GREYHOUNDS. 115 

a greyhound sliuld be hoold for good and fayre, I shal 
devyse, and of her manors. Of alle maner of greihoundes 
ther byn booth good and evel. Nathelees ye best hewe is 
rede falow with a blak moselle : goodnesse of greyhoundes 
Cometh of ryght corage, and of ye good nature of her fader 
and modir, and also men may wel helpe to make hem good in 
ye encharnyng ^ of hem with other greihoundes and feede hem 
wel in ye best yat he taketh. The good greyhounde shuld 
be of middel asise, neither to moch neither to htel, and yan is 
he good for aUe beestis ; for if he were (to) moche he were 
nought for ye smale beestis, and if he were to litel he were 
nought for ye greete beestis ; nathelees ho so may mayntyn 
hem, it is good to have booth of ye grete and of ye smale, 
and of ye myddil. A greihounde shuld have a longe hede 
and somdeel greet, i makyd in ye maner of a luce ; a good 
large mouthe, and good sesours,^ ye on agen ye othir so yat 
ye nethir jawes passe not hem above, ne yat yei above passe 
not hem by nether. Her eynne shuld be reed, or blak as of a 
sparhauke, ye eerys smal and hie in ye maner of a serpent, 
ye neke grete and longe bowed as a swannes nek, his paas ' 
greet and opyn, ye heer undir his thy wel hangyng adoun in 
ye maner of a lyon, hey shuldres as a roo buk, ye forlegges 
streght and greet I now * and nought to hie legges, ye feet 
straught and rounde as a catte and greet clees, a long hede as 
a cowe and wel analed,^ ye boone and ye joyntes of ye chyne 
greet and hard as ye chyne of an hert, eke be reson his 
chynne shuld be a litel hie for it is bettir yan it were flatt, a 

1 Entering, or fleshing them ; giving them plenty of the beast they kill. 

2 Tusks, fangs. ' Breast. ^ Enough. 
' It should be— a long side, or ribs, Uke a hind's, and well let down. 

I 2 



ii6 THE DOG. Chap. XLV. 

lytel pyntel, and litel honging ballokes and well trussed nye 
ye ars, smal wombe and streght heer, the tliyes grete and 
squarred as an bare, ye hoghes streigbt and not crompyng as 
of an oxe, a cattes ^ taile makyng a ryng at eende and not to> 
bie, ye to boonys of ye cbyne be bynd brode of a large pame 
or more. Also ther byne many greiboundis with longe tallies 
ryght swift ; and good greihonnde sbuld go yat if he be wel 
lete renne he sbuld overtake eny beest, and ther as he 
ovyrtaketh be sbuld take bur wher he may rathest ^ come to 
nathelees he shal last ye longer yif he bite bifore or by ye 
side : he sbuld be curtaise and nougt to felle, wel folowyng 
bis maister and doyng what ever he hym comaundeth, he 
sbuld be good and kyndly and clene, glad and joyful, and 
playeng ; wel willyng and goodly to all manor folkes, save 
to wilde beestis upon whom he sbuld be felle, spitous, and 
egre. 

"Of Alauntes and of huee Natue. 

" Alaunt is a maner and nature of houndes ; and ye good 
Alauntz ben ye which men clepyn Alauntz gentil. Other 
ther byn yat men clepyn alauntz veutreres. Other byn 
Alauntz of ye bocberie. Thei yat ben gentile sbuld be made 
and shape as a greyhounde, evyn of alle thinges sauf of ye 
heued ye whiche sbuld be greet and short ; and thouze ther 
Alauntes of alle hewes ye vrey hue of ye good Alauntz yat is 
most comon sbuld be white with a blak spott a bout ye eerys ; 
smale eyne, and white stondyng eres, and sharpe a bove. 
Men sbuld teche alauntz bettir, and to be of bettir custumes 



1 An error for rattes. ^ Soonest. 



Chap. XLV. ALAUNTES. 117 

yan eny of beestis, for he is bettir shape and strength for to 
do harme yan eny othir beast. Also comonly Alauntz byn 
stordy of here ownyn nature, and have not so good witte 
as many othir houndes have, for if a man prik an hors, ye 
Alaunt wil gladly renne and bite ye hors. Also thei renne at 
oxen and at sheep, at swyne, and to alle othir beestis, or to 
men, or to othir houndes, for men han seyn Alauntz sle her 
maystir; and in alle manor wise Alauntz byn jnly' felle and 
evel undirstondyng, and more foolish and more sturdy yan 
eny othir maner of houndes and me seyn never thre wel con- 
dicions and good. For a good Alaunt shuld renne also fast 
as a greihounde, and eny beest yat he mygt come to he 
shuld hold with his sesours and nought leve it ; for an Alaunt 
of his nature holdeth faster his biteng yan shuld 3 greihoundes 
ye best yat eny man may fynde, and therfore it is ye best 
hounde for to hold and for nyme al maner beestis and hold 
mygtely; and whan he is wel condicions and pfitly, men 
hold yat he is good a monge al othir houndes; but men 
fynden but fewe yat doon pfite. A good Alaunt shuld love 
his maistir and folowe hym and helpe hym in alle care, and 
what thing his maister wold hym comaunde he shuld do. 
A good Alaunt shuld goo fast, and be hardy to nyme al 
maner beestis with out turnyng, and hold fast and not leve it, 
and wel oondiciond and wel at his maistris comaundement, and 
whan he is soehe, men hold as 1 have saide, yat he is oon ye 
good hounde yat may be for to take al maner beestis. That 
other nature of Alauntz is clepid ventre red,^ almost thei bene 
shapon as a greyhounde of ful shap, thei han grete hedes and 



Inly. 2 Veautre. 



u8 THE DOG. Chap. XLV. 

greet lippes and greet eeris, and with such men helpeth hem 
at ye baityng of a boole and atte huntynge of a wilde boor, 
thei holde fast of here nature but thei byn (hevy) and foule, 
and ben slayn with wilde boor or with ye buUe, and it is not ful 
grete losse. And wher thei may overtake a beest thei biten and 
holden hure stille, but by hem self thei shuld nevyr holde ye 
beest, but yif ye greihoundes were withe hem for to make 
ye beest tarye. That other nature of Alauntz of ye bochere, 
is soch as ye may alle day see in good tounes, yat byn called 
greet bochers houndis ye which bouchers holde for to helpe 
hem to bryng her beestis yat yei byn in ye cuntre, for zif an 
oxe escapid from ye boochers yat leden hym, his houndes 
wold go take hym and holde hym to his maister were come 
and shuld helpe hym to benynge hym agayn to ye town : yei 
byn of litel cost for yei eten ye foule thinges in ye boochier's 
rowe. and also thei kepen her maister's bond ;' thei byn good 
for ye batyng of ye bole and huntyng of ye wild boore, whedir 
it be with greihoundis at trustre^ or with rennyng houndis at 
abbay with jnne ye coverte, for whan a wilde boor is with 
jnne a strong hatte of wood paventure of alle ye day he wil 
not voide thennys for ye rennyng houndes, and whan- men lat 
soche mestifis renne at ye boor thei taken hym in ye thik 
spoyes and make some men slee hym, or thei make hym 
come out of ye strength yat he ne shal abide long at 
abaies. 



1 House? 

2 Tristis, whereby a man was freed from his attendance on a lord of a forest 
when he went a hunting, so as not to be obliged to hold a dog, follow the 
ohaoe, or stand at a place appointed. — Bailey. A brace of dogs'layed in a 
place to be let slip at a deere as he passeth by. — Cotgrave. 



Chap. XLV. SPAYNOLFES. 



119 



" Of Saynolfes ' and of her Nature. 

" Another maner of houndes ther is yat byn clepid houndis 
for ye hauke, and epaynels for ye nature of hem cometh from 
Spayn, not withstondyng yat ther ben many in othir cuntries ; 
and soche houndes havyn many good custumes and evel. 
also a faire hound for ye hauke shuld have a greet heede and 
greet body, and of faire hew or white or tawne, for thei ben 
ye fairest and of suche hewe thei byn comonly best. A good 
spainel shuld not be to jough jough^ but his taile shuld be 
rough. The good custumes yat soche houndis havyn byn 
thise, thei loven wel hers maistris and felowe hym with out 
lesyng,^ thoo thei be in greet pree^ of men ; and comonly yei 
goon bi fore hure maister, rennying and playeng with her 
taile, and reyson or sterten foules and wilde beestis, but her 
" ryght craft is of ye perterich and of ye quale. It is a good 
thing to a man yat hath a good goshawke, or tercelle, or 
sparhawke for ye perterich, to have soche houndes, and also 
whan thei byn i taught to be couchers thei byn good for to 
take ye perteriche and ye quaile with a nette.* Also thei byn 
good whan yei ben taught to swyme and to be good for ye 
revere, and for fowles whan thei byn dyved ; but in yat other 
side yei ban many evil condicions aftere ye centre yat yei 
byn comon of; for a centre draweth to 2 natures of men 
clepen of beestis and of foules, and as men clepyn greihoundes 
in ende of Scotlond of Bretayn, zizth so ye Alauntez and ye 
houndes for ye hawke com en out of Spayn and thei drawen 



1 Spaynolfes ? ' Not be too rough or hairy. ' Losing him. 

■* It has been often asserted that Eobert Dudley first broke in the spaniel as 
a setter : but the above proves the setter a much more ancient race. 



THE DOG. Chap. XLV. 



aftir ye nature of ye generacion of which thai comen. houndes 
for ye hawke byn fighters and grete baifers,' and if he lede 
hem on huntyng among rennyng houndes what beest that ze 
hunte to she shal make hure come out for thei wil go bifore 
now hider now thider, as wel whan thei fayllen as whan thei 
goon a right, and leden ye houndes about and makyn hem 
oversheet and faile. Also if ye lede greihoundes with 2 other 
be oon hounde for ye hawke yat is to say a Spaynel yif he se 
gees, kyen, or hors, oxen, or other beestis he wil renne anoon 
and bygynne to baffe at hem, and bycause of hem ye grei- 
houndes shal renne therto for to take ye beest thorgh his 
eggyng, for he wil make al the ryot and al ye harme. The 
houndes for ye hawke han so many other evyl tatches,^ yat 
but yif I had a goshawke or faucon or hawkes for ye Kyvere 
or sparhawke or ye nette, I wold hevyr have non namely ther 
as I shuld hunte. 

" Of Maistives and of her Natuee. 

" Mastif is a maner of houndes : ye mastif nature is this, and 
his office, for to kepe his mastres beestis and his maistris 
hous, and it is a good nature of houndis for thei kepen and 
defenden at her power al her maister goodes. Thei byn of 
cherlich nature and of foule shape, nathelees ther byn some 
yat fallen to be berslettis,^ and also to bryng wel and fast. 
A Wanlace'' about some tyme ther byn many good, namelich 
for men yat hunten for profit of housold as for to gete flesh. 
Also of Maystifs and of Alauntis ther ben many good for ye 



' Barkers. " Defects, blemishes. 

^ Qy. beraelets ; meaning hunting dogs ? 

" Qy. name of a place'; or Wanlass, driving deer to a stand? 



Chap. XLV. THE KENNEL. 



wilde boor. Also of Mastifs and of houndes for the hawke 
ther bene houndes yat me shuld not make mooch mencion of, 
therfore I nyl no more speke of hem, for it is of no greet 
maistrie ne of grete redynes ye huntyng yat yei don for her 
nature is not to be tendirly norshed.' 

"How YE Kenel foe te Houndis, and how ye Couples foe 
YE Eatches and ye Eopis foe ye Lymek shuld be makyd. 

" The houndes kenel shuld be of x fadmys of lengthe and 
V of brede if ther be many houndes, and ther shulde be' oon 
door bifor and a nother be hynde ; a faire grene where ye 
Sonne shyneth al ye day from ye morn to ye evyn and yat 
grene shuld be closed about with a pale or with a walle of 
erthe or stone, of ye same lengthe and brede yat ye houndes 
kenel is of; and ye hidre door of thi kenel shuld alway be 
opyn, by cause yat ye houndesmay go with oute to play hem 
whan hem liketh, for it is a grete likyng for ye houndes 
whan thei may goon iu and out at her lust for ye mamewe^ 
commeth to hem ye latter, and in ye kenel shuld be pitched 
smale stonys i wrapped a bout with strawe of ye houndes liter 
in to ye nombr of vi stonys yat ye houndes myght pisse ther 
agenst. Also a kenel shuld have a gooter or 2 whereby al ye 
pisse of ye houndes and alle other waters may come out, yat 
noon abide -in ye kenel. The kenel shuld also be a lowe 
hous and nought i a soler,^ but ther shuld be a loft above by 
cause yat it mygt be more warme in wynter and colder in 
somer; and alway bi nyght and bi day and wil yat some 



Qy. tender nosed? '' Qy. scab, scurvy, or mange; weakened.disabled ? 
3 Upper room. 



THE DOG. Chap. XLV. 



childe lye or be in ye kenel with ye houndes for to kepe hem 
from fyghteng. Also in ye kenel shuld be a chymene for to 
warme ye houndis whan thei ben a cold, or whan thei ben 
wete, or for reyn or for passyng and for swymyng of Eevers. 
Also he shuld be taught for to spynne heer of hors for to take 
couples for ye houndes, ye whiche shuld be made of ye heer 
of an hors taille or of a mares taile for thei ben best and 
lasten bettir yan if yei were of hempe or of wolle ; and ye 
houndes couples shuld be of length bitween the houndes a 
foot, and ye rope of ye limer iii fadom and an half, and be 
he never so wise a lymer it suffiseth ; ye whiche rope shulde 
be maked of leder of an hors skyn well itawed." 

The kennel was to be made clean every day, and plenty of 
new straw laid down; fresh water also given the hounds 
twice a day. "And ye place ther as thei shuld lye shuld 
be made of tre a foot hie fro ye erthe and yan ye strawe 
shuld be leide upon hi cause yat ye moustenesse of ye erthe 
shuld not make hem morfond' ne engender othir siknesse bi 
ye whiche yei myght be ye wors for huntyng. 

"How YE Houndes shuld be ladde out to Scombe.' 

" How ye child shuld lede ye houndes to scombr twies in 
ye day in ye mornyng and in ye evenyng so yat ye sonne be 
up, specially in wynter, yan shuld he lat hem renne and play 
longe in a faire medew in ye sonne, and than kembe every 
hounde aftir othir and wipe hem with a grette wispe of straw, 
and thus sbal he doo every mornyng, and yan he shal lede 
hem in some fair place ther as tendre gras groweth, as corn 



1 Catch cold. 2 To void excrement. 



Chap. XLV. CARE OF HOUNDS. 123 

and other thinges, yat yei mowe fede hem withe for to make 
her medecynes, for somtyme houndes ben seke, and with gras 
yat yei etyn yei voiden and helyn hem self." 

Our forefathers took good care of their huntsmen and 
hounds after the day's sport was over. "And than shuld 
ye beerners on foot and ye gromes lede home ye houndes, 
and sende a fore yat ye kenel be clene and ye trought filled 
with clene water^and yan ye couch renewid with fressh strawe. 
and ye maister of ye game and ye sergeaunt and ye yemen 
at hors, shuld comen home and blowe ye meene ' att ye halle 
door, or at celer dore as y shal thon devyse. first ye maister 
or who so is grettest next hym shalle be gynne and blowe 
iii mote," &c. " and if it be ye first hert slayn with strength 
in ye seson, or ye last, ye shergeaunt or ye yemen shul goo 
on their offices bihalfe and axe theire fees, ye whiche I 
reporte mo to ye olde statutis and custumes of ye kyngges 
hous. and this do, ye maister of ye game ougt to spekis to 
ye officers yat alle ye hunters soper be well ordeyned, and yat 
yei drynk non ale for no thing, but alle wyne yat nyght for ye 
good and grete labor yat yei bane had for ye lordes game 
and disport, and for ye exploit and makyng of ye houndes, 
and also yat yei be more merily and gladly telle what eche 
of hem hath done of alle ye day, and which houndes have 
best ronne and boldliest." 

And again. " Yan is tyme every man draw homwarde to 
his soper and make hym as mery as he may or can. And 
whan ye yemen beerners and gromes han ladde home ye 
houndes and sette hem wel up and ordeynne water and strawe 



Qy. the assembly ; from meiny, a multitude ? 



124 THE DOG. Chap. XLV. 

after yat hem nedeth, yan sliuld yei go to her soper and drink 
wel and make hem mery." 

Amongst the cries, and notes on the horn, to hounds, are 
given, — "Cy Ta cy Ta;' Ware rascayle,^ ware; Sohow;^ 
Trut, trut, trororow, trororow ; Oiez a Bemond le Tayllaunt, 
Bailemond, Latymer, &c. ; Sohow moun amy, sohow, sto a 
rere,* sohow, sohowe." The cry of " Ware riot, war," was used 
to dogs (racches) hunting rabbits. 

Of hunting rabbits (conynges) it is remarked, — " No man 
hunteth for hem but zit it be bisshhunters and yei hunte 
hem with ferettis and with long smale haies." 

This work is extremely interesting in itself, and the more 
so from its antiquity ; while the descriptions of the manners 
of the animals' of chace are worthy the attention of naturalists, 
particularly of those who insist on confounding the distinct 
species of dog and wolf. The word " heirers," or harriers, is 
here shown to be as old as Henry V.'s time. Though used 
for hunting the hart as well as the hare, they were distinct 
from the " herte-houndes," or " grey-houndes." 



1 Go hither. 2 jjean deer. ^ gtop tjius. ' Back again. 



Chap. XLVI. REGULATIONS OF EDWARD IV. 125 



CHAPTER XLVI. 

TOHN HARDYNG, in his 'Chronicle,' speaking of an 
" inroad into Scotland by Edward IV., ia whose reign 
he was yet living, adds, " And take Kenettes and Batches 
with you, and seche oute all the forestes with houndes 
and homes, as Kynge Edwarde with the longe shankes 
dide." ' 

In the ' Liber Niger Domus ' of Edward IV. we find that 
no houndes or ferrets were to be kept by servants within 
the court, neither were men's warrens, chases, or parks to be 
hunted or ferreted by those attending him. Mention is made 
Kkewise of " the Pantryes, Chippinges, and broken breade," 
a kind of food which is frequently spoken of about this 
period.^ 

At the commencement of the reign of Edward IV., 
Eauff Hastynges, one of the squires to the King, was made 
keeper of the lions, lionesses, and leopards in the Tower, 
receiving for his fees and occupation twelve or sixteen pence 
a day, and sixpence for each animal in his care.^ The above 
patent was confirmed to him for life by Richard III, in 
the first year of his reign. Whether combats were made 



' Hardyng's Ohroniole, by Ellis, p. 415. 

2 Collection of Ordinances of the Boyal Households. 

3 Eolls of Parliament. 



126 THE DOG. Chap. XLVI. 

between these creatures and dogs, as was afterwards done by 
order of James I., does not appear. 

In a petition " to the right wyse and discrete Commens/' 
in the Parliament of the 17 Edw. IV., 1477,' made by the 
Mayor and Commonalty of Canterbury for paving the same, 
which was "often tymes full foule, noyous, and uneasy," the 
place where the chief market of the city was usually kept was 
called the Bulstake. No doubt this was the appointed place 
for the baiting of bulls. 

The example of the " sonne of England," who " proved a 
Micher and eate black-berry es," was not lost on his fellow- 
collegians, if we are to judge by another petition to " the 
right wyse and discrete Commons," which was made early in 
his reign. 

" Vees les maffesours Escolers d'Oxenford.^ 

" Item fait a remembr', q les ditz Communes baillerent une 
autre Supplication en le dit Parlement,^ dont le tenure cy 
ensuit. 

" Please a tres Sage Communes de cest psent Parlement de 
considerer, coment gunt nombre de Escolers & Clercz de 
rUnivsitee d'Oxenford disconuz, armez & arraiez a faire de 
guerre, sovent ount disseises* & oustes* plusours hoines de la 
Countees d'Oxenford, Berk, & Buk de lour tres & tentz, & 
ount faitz as ditz disseises, & as autres demurauntz en les ditz 
Countees, guntz menaces d'eux bater & tuer, p ensi q les ditz 



' Bolls of Parliament, vol. vi. p. 178 a. ^ ^jj^ y^i jy_ p ]^3o „_ 

3 1421, 9 Henry V., in Parliament at Westminster. ■" Dispossessed. 

» Ousted. 



Chap. XLVI. PETITION TO THE COMMONS. 127 

disseises, & autres, n'oisent pur doubte de mort demurer en 
lour teStz, & auxint chacent ove chiens & levers ' en diverses 
Garreins, Conyngers, Parkes, & Forestes en les Countees 
suis ditz, & preignont, si bien g jour come g noet, daymes, 
levers, & conyls, & manasount les Gardiens, Foresters, & 
Parkers, lour servantz & deputees, d'eux hater & tuer, & 
auxint ove fort main ount prisez Clercz g processe de leye^ 
convictz de felonie hors de garde d'Ordinaries, & les ditz 
prisoners ovesq^ eux ount amesnez & lesses aler a large: 
Que plese a Vous de prier fire Sr le Eoy, qu'il de sa grace 
especiale, p assent de ses Srs Espii'ituelx et Temporelx de 
graunter, q si les ditz Glercs oustent ascun de ses tres ou 
tentz p. voie de mayntenaunce, en ascunz des Countees suis- 
ditz ; chacent ou venant saunz due garrant en les ditz Garriens, 
Conyngers, Parkes, ou Forestes, en ascunz des ditz Countees ; 
ou pfignont ascuns prisoners arestuz ou convictz de felonie 
hors de garde de lour Ordinaries, ou autres Gardeins qconqes : 
q Justic' d'Assises, Justic' de GaioU' deliver, Justic' de Peas 
en les Countees suisditz, eient poair de enquerer de ceux 
mesprisons p enquest de xii Hommes, & faire processe devs 
eux qi sount ensy enditez p Capias & Exigend' tan q ils 
soient utlages,* s'ils ne voillent comparer;' & s'ils apparent 
«& tversont I'enquisicon, & soient trove coupahlez des ascuns 
des ditz mesprisions, q adonq; ils facent & paient a Eoi fyn 
de cent livres, & s'ils ne soient sufficieant de paier le dit fyn, 
q adonq; eient le prison de trois ans, saunz mainpris ou 
deliveraunce p brief ou saunz brief; and q les gardeins des 



1 Levriers. ^ Law. ' With. < Outlawed. 

^ Appear before the judge. 



128 THE DOG. Chap. XLVI. 

Prisons ne facent delivaunce ou maynpris ^ des ditz prisoners, 
sur peyne de faire fyn a Eoi de cent Marcz. Et apres ceo q 
les ditz Clercs soient, come avaunt est dit, p processes utlages, 
ou p plee attentz, q les ditz Justices facent lour briefs ou 
garrantz a Chaunceller du dite Unirersitee, de banyser les 
ditz Clercs tors de dite Universitee d'Oxenford pur toutz 
jours: Et que le dit Chanceller, deins trois jours apres la 
livre de dit brief ou garrant, face duement le dit banysement, 
come avaunt est dit, sur peyne a cliescun temps de faire fyn a 
Eoi de cent Marcz. Et que cell avauntdit, p auctorite de 
ceste present Parlement, purra estre fait Estatut, & enacte, 
pur le commune profit de les Countees ayauntditz. 

"La quele Supplication leeu en le dit Parlement, fuist 
respondu a la mesme p auctorite de mesme le Parlement, en 
le manere cy ensuant. 

"Eesponsio. 

"Soient les Estatutz ent faitz, & auxi la Commune Leie 
tenuz & gardez en le cas. Et que si ascun tiele Escoler soit 
utlagee pur ascune matere en la Petition especifiez, adonqes 
les Justices devant queux celle utlagarie soit returnee, facent 
certifier le ChanceUer de rUuiversite d'Oxenford pur le temps 
esteant, de mesme I'utlagarie, & que sur ceo mesme le 
Chaunceller face banner tieux utlages hors de mesme la 
Universite maintenant sanz difficultee, sur peine q' apent. 
Et durera cest ordinance tanq; au Parlement que serra pri- 
merement tenuz apres la revenue de iire soverain Seignur en 
Engleterre de p dela. 



1 Mainprize, receiving a man into friendly custody, and giving security for 
his forthcoming. 



Chap. XLVII. RECORDS CONCERNING PACKS. 129 



CHAPTER XLVII. 

rpHE tenure of lands by ohase of the wolf was maintained 
as late or later than the reign of our Sixth Henry. Sir 
Eobert Plumpton held land in 11 Henry VI., at Mansfield 
Woodhouse, in the county of Nottingham, called Wolfhunt 
Land, by winding a horn and chasing or frighting wolves in 
Shirewood Forest. One messuage and oxgang of land were 
held there in 21 Edw. III. by Alan, son and heir of Walter 
de Wulfhunte, by the same service of hunting wolves out of 
Shirewood Forest, if he should find any. 

Two or more records exist relative to the packs of buck- 
hounds and harriers maintained by the Eoyal establishment 
in Henry's reign. In these documents the term running- 
hounds is applied to each, and it is remarkable that grey- 
hounds were attached to both packs. The first ,given here 
relates to the harriers, which word was at that time written 
" heirers," and " heireres." 

" To Eichard Strykelande, master of the office of the dogs 
called 'heireres,' and others of the same office, who are accus- 
tomed to be paid yearly, for their wages, and the keep of one 
horse, thirty-six dogs called ' rennynghoundys,' and nine 
greyhounds, from the outgoings and revenues of the counties 
of Bedford and Bucks, by the hands of the Sheriff of the said 
counties for the time being, up to the feast of St. Michael," 

VOL. II. '^ 



130 THE DOG. Chap. XLVII. 

&c. . . . " by the hands of John Wodehous, in discharge, 
58?. 17s. 4c?., due to them for their wages and keep aforesaid 
for the said year, by brief under the Privy Seal," &c. — 
Tuesday, Nov. 22.^ 

Here follows a petition from the hereditary Master of the 
King's Buckhounds, made in the 27 Henry VI., 1449 : ^ — 

" To THE Kyng oue Soveeain Loede. 

" BiSECHETH mekely your humble servaunt William 
Brocas Squyer, Maister of your Bukhounds. Forasmuche 
that he holdith of you, and alle his Auncestres of tyme that 
no mynde is have holden of your noble progenitours, the 
Manoir of Lityll Weldon in the Counte of Northampton, by 
Graunte Sergeaunte, that is to witte, to be Maister of your 
Bukhoundes, and to kepe xxiiii rennyng houndes, and vi 
grehoundes, and to fynde a yoman Yeantrer, and two yomen 
Berners; which Ofifice was of old tyme ordeyned for the 
pleasir and disporte of your noble progenitours, and their 
successours ; to the which Office soo to mayntene and susteyne, 
been accnstumed and due certeyn wages and fees, by Statute 
and Ordenaunce of the Housholde of your noble progenitours 
and yours of olde tyme purveyed, as hit apperith in a Cedule 
to this bille annexed. Of which wages and fees, the said 
Bisecher and his Auncestres have been paid of the issues 
and proiitz of the Countees of Surrey and Sussex, by the 
Shirref for the tyme ther beyng, by vertue of a Warante 
under your Pry ve Seal yerely to him made and direct, fro the 



' Issue Eoil, 25 Henry VI., 1447. Public Eecord Office. 
2 EoUs of Parliament, vol. v. p. 167 fc. 



Chap. XLVII. PETITION TO HENRY VI. 131 

tyme of your noble progenitour Kyng Edward the Thirde, 
unto thre yeres last past, that the Shirref of the said Countees 
for the tyme beyng, seth that tyme is soo charged of othir 
wages and annuytees graunted by your lettres patentesto 
othir divers personys, that the issues and profites of the said 
Countees woUe not suffice to contente the wages and fees of 
your said Bisecher, over the wages and annuytees soo 
graunted to othir personys; and soo your said Bisecher 
cannot be paid of the Shirrefez of the said Shirez for the tyme 
beyng, because that the said wages and fees were assigned 
yerely to be paid by waraunte of your Pryve Seal, and not 
by warant of your letres patentes : And thus he is like to lese 
his wages and fees forsaid, withoute that your moost habun- 
daunt grace be shewed unto him in this partye. Wherfore 
please hit unto your Highnesse, as wele tenderly to consider 
these premisses, as the trewe contynuell service that your said 
Bisecher hath doon unto your noble progenitours, as to your 
Highnesse, by th' advys of your Lordes Spirituell and Tem- 
porell beyng in this presente Parlement, to graunte unto your 
seid Bisecher the said wages and fees, by your letres patentes 
to be made in due fourme, after the tenure of a Cedule to 
this Bille annexed ; and he shal pray God for you. 

" Responsio. 
« Soit fait come il est desire, juxst le continue d'un Cedule 
a ycest Peticion annexe." 

The schedule, which is in Latin and of very considerable 
length, recites much of the foregoing, and says that Brocas 
and his ancestors, as Masters of the King's dogs, called 
" Bukhundes," received twelve-pence a day, a valet ( " veant- 

K 2 



132 THE DOG. Chap. XLVII. 

rer" ) two-pence a day, and two valets, called " berners," each 
one penny halfpenny a day for their wages ; and to feed the 
said twenty-four running-dogs ("canum currencium"), and 
six greyhounds, each dog one halfpenny a day from the feast 
of Saint Michael to the twenty-fourth day of June. But from 
the twenty-fifth day of June to the feast of Saint Michael 
following, Brocas received seven-pence halfpenny a day in 
the King's household for his salary ; whilst his men had their 
above-mentioned rates of pay, and the dogs the same allowance. 

There was given, in addition, to Brocas forty shillings for 
his clothes ; and thirteen and four-pence to each of the tlu:ee 
valets for his livery, and for their shoes four and eight-pence 
each annually. These salaries, liveries, shoes, and the food 
of the hounds, amounted, it is said, to fifty pounds a year ; 
and the King with the advice of the Lords Spiritual and 
Temporal in Parliament, and at the request of the County 
representatives, by the authority of Parliament, granted the 
same to Brocas and his heirs male out of the revenues of 
Surrey and Sussex, by the hands of the Sheriff, in equal por- 
tions at Easter and Michaelmas. 

Besides the foregoing, and not included, was the wages of 
a certain valet ( " berner " ) for the keep of fifteen running- 
dogs during forty days in Lent. 

The name of Brocas as keeper of the King's hounds occurs 
in the EoUs of Edward III., where B. Brocas gives 4?. for 
licence to acquii-e the manor of Parva Weldon, and for the 
office of keeping the King's deerhounds. 

The Patent KoU of 6 Henry VIIL' has a lively to Ealph 



Part I. mem. 21, Public Eeoord Office. 



Chap. XLVII. KEEPERS OF KING'S HOUNDS. 133 

Pexsall and Edith his wife (sister and heir of Anne, late wife 
of George Warham, who were daughters and heirs of William 
son of John Brocas), of the manor of Parva Weldon, called 
" Hunter's Manor," in Northamptonshire, and of the office of 
Keeper of the King's Buckhounds. It runs, " And into the 
office of Bailiff or Keeper of our deerdogs, called buckhounds." ^ 
William Brocas, as appears by patent of 4 Henry VIII., 
held the office in Henry YII's reign, and one of the same 
name possessed it the 27 Henry VI., as is mentioned in the 
KoUs of Parliament ; while, according to Blount, before 
quoted, a William Danvers was in the office during the 35 
Edw. in. At the coronation of James II. the lord of 
this manor claimed to be keeper and master of the Eoyal 
Buckhounds, and to keep twenty-four buckhoimds and sixteen 
harriers. 

The Harleian MS., No. 433, Plut. xlvii. D. pp. 49 and 139, 
contains the ensuing account of the hunting-establishment of 
the Master of the Hounds to Eichard III. : — 

" Sir Cristofre Warde maistership of herthoundes for terme 
of his lif with the wage of xij. d. by day for himself, the wages 
of vij d. \ d. by day for a servaunt in the said office and viij d. 
by day for ij yomen Eyders in the said office, iiij d. by day 
for ij yomen veautrers. viij. d. by day for iiij yomen on fote. 
vj. d. by day for iiij gromes. vj \ d. for the keping and ex- 
penses of ij. horses in the same office, iij. s. iij. d. for the 
mete of xl. dogges and xij. grehoundes and iij. d. by day for 
iij. leraers.2 ^j. terme of his lif of the EeTonues of the manor 

1 " Canum nostrarum damorum vocatum bukhoundis." 
2, Leaders of Limehounds. 



134 THE DOG. Chap. XLVII. 

of Trotton in Sussex of the manor of Bolbroke in the same 
Gountie. the manor of Bletchinglee in Surrey, the manors 
of Worplesdon and Wytley in Surrey the lordships of East 
Wardelham and West Wardelham in the Countie of Suth- 
ampton." 

The same document has a letter to all Mayors and Sheriffs, 
&c., of the island, commanding them not to " unquiete, mo- 
leste, vexe, or trouble John Broun," "oure trusty servaunt 
and bareward," whom " we have made Maister-Guyder and 
Kueler of all our beres and apes " — " the keepers of our said 
game for our pleasure ;" but show them your loving benevo- 
lences and favours. In his fondness for sport Eichard sent to 
Wales, and even foreign parts, for falcons and hawks. 

During the succeeding reign Sir Giles Dawbeney, Knight, 
was " Maister of the Herthunds " and " Maister of the Game " 
in Kyngeswode and Fulwode Forests, and the Parke of Peth- 
erton, in Somerset, in the 1 Henry VII., 1485.^ Also during 
1485, "Edward Bensted and Phelip Botirely Squiers" "had 
the Graunte of the Office of Otterhunte, made by the King 
under his Letters Patents." ^ 

In Hawes's ' Passetyme of Pleasure,' written in the time of 
our Seventh Henry, Fame is described as a beautiful lady on 
a palfrey swift as the wind, with two milk-white greyhounds 
by her side, on whose golden collars in letters of diamonds 
were inscribed Grace and Governaunce. Collars are fre- 
quently mentioned in the inventory of furniture in the 
palaces of Henry VIII., MSS. Harl. 1419 : in the Castle of 
Windsor : " Two greyhoundes collars of crimsun velvett and 



> EoUs of Parliament, vol. vi. p. 354. ' Ibid. 



Chap. XLVII. DOG'S COLLARS. 135 



cloth of gold, lacking torrettes." — "Two other collars with 

the kinges armes, and at the ende portcullis and rose." 

"Item a collar embrawdered with pomegranates and roses 
with turrets of silver and gilt." — " A collar garnished with 
stole-worke with one shallop shelle of silver and gUte, with 
torrettes and pendauntes of silver and guilte." — " A collar of 
white velvette, embrawdered with perles, the swivels of silver." ' 
If the care and cost taken to adorn these animals are any 
criterion of the estimation in which dogs were held, it would 
seem they were more highly esteemed in that period than in 
the present. 

' Warton's History of English Poetiy. 



MS". Uv- "rtit^ BhJI^ MiA<tAvvn,. 




136 THE DOG. Chap. XLVIII. 



OHAPTEE XLVIII. 

TULTANA BEENEES, Lady Prioress of Sopwell, in her 
" weU-known 'Boke of Huntyng'^ (taken to all appear- 
ance in some measure from the ' Mayster of the Game '), 
enumerates the following varieties of dogs : — 

" The names of dyveks manere Houndes. 

" Thyse, ben the names of houndes. Eyrste there is a 
Grehoun: a Bastard: a Mengrell: a Mastif: a Lemor: a 
Spanyel : Eaches : Kenettys : Teroures : Butchers hoimdes : 
Dunghyll dogges: Tryndeltaylles : and Pryckeryd currys: 
and smaUe ladyes popees that here away the flees and dyvers 
smale fawtes." 

" The peopeitees of a good Geehounde. 

" A grehounde sholde be heeded lyke a snake : and neckyd 
lyke a drake : fotyd lyke a catte : tayllyd lyke a ratte : syded 
lyke a teme : ^ and chynyd lyke a heme. — The fyrste yere he 
must lerne to fede. The seconde yere to felde hym lede. 
The thyrde yere he is felowe ^ lyke. The fourth yere there 
is none syke. The fyfth yere he is good ynough. The syxte 
yere he shall holde the plough. The seventh yere he well 



' Haslewood's edition, fol. London, 1810. 
2 Qy. Sided like a bream, a very deep-sided fisli? ^ Qy. Companionable? 



Chap. XLVIII. THE 'BOKE OF HUNTYNC: 137 

avaylle : grete bytches for to assaylle. The eyghte yere 
lyckeladyll. The nynth yere cartsadyll. And whan he is 
comyn to that yere : have hym to the Tannere. For the beste 
hounde that ever hytche had : at nynth yere he is Ml badde." 
Says this strong-minded dame. 

In ' The Companyes of Bestys and Foules ' she mentions, 
" A Brace of grehoundes of two. A Lece of grehoundes of 
thre. A Cowple of spanellys. A Couple of rennynge houndes. 
A Lytter of whelpys. A Mute of houndys. A Kenell of 
rachys. A Sute of a lyam. A Cowardnes of currys." 

Bespecting the lymehound it is said : — 

" WhTCHE BeSTTS shall be EERTD ^ WYTH THE LyMEE. 

" My dere sones echoon now woll I you lere : 
How many manere beestys as wyth. the lymere 
Shall he upreryd in fryth^ or in felde : 
Both the harte and the bucke and the boore so wylde. 
And all other bestes that huntyd shall be : 
Shall be sought and founde wyth Batches so fre. 
Saye thus I you tolde : my chydren so bolde." 

The description of hare-hunting may interest those who 
follow harriers at the present time : — 

" Of the htjntynge op the Haaee. 

" Now to speke of the haare how all shall be wrought : 
Whan she shall wyth houndes he founden and sought. 
The fyrst worde to the houndes that the hunte shall out pit 
Is at the kenell doore when he openyth it. 
That all may hym here : he shall saye Arere^ 
For his houndes wolde come to hastely : 
That is the fyrste worde my sone of venery. 



Dislodged. ^ Wood. ' Back again. 



138 THE DOG. Chap. XLVIII. 



And whan he hath oouplyd his houndes echoon : 

And is forth wyth theym to the fclde goon. 

And whan he hath of caste his couples at wyll : 

Thenne shall he speke and saye his houndes tyll. 

Hars de couple avaunt se avaunt twyse soo : 

And thenne So ho so ho''- thryes and no moo. 

And then saye 8a cy avaunt 80 how' I thou praye. 

And yf ye se your houndes have good wyll to renne : 

And drawe awaywarde fro you saye as I you kenne. 

ffere how amy agayn theym call soo : 

Then 8weff^ man amy sweff to make theym softe thoo. 

And yf ony fynde of the haare there he hath goo. 

And he hy'ght Eycharde or Bemounde to hym crye soo. 

Oyes a Bemounde k vaillant and I shall you anowe; 

Que guida trou la cowarde cm la court cowe.* 

That Bemounde the worthy wythout ony fayle : 

That wenyth to fynde the cowarde wyth the shorte tayle. 

And yif ye se where the haare at pasture hath bene : 

Yf it be in ye tyme of the corne grene. 

And yif your houndes chace well at your wyll : 

Then thre motes shall ye bio we bothe lowde and shy 11. 

There one and there a nother there he pasturyd hath : 

Then say lllogues illoques^ in the same path. 

So saye to theym in kynde : unto tyme that ye her fynde. 

And then caste a sygne all the felde abowte : 

To se at her pasture where she hath be in or owte. 

Other at her fourme for gladly to be she is not lefe ■ 

There she hath pasturyd in tyme of relefe.' 

And ony hounde fynde or musynge' of her mace : 

There as she hath be and is goon out of that place. 

Ha cy fouz cy est yW soo shall ye saye : 

Venez a arer so how sa also lowde as ye maye. 

8a cy ad est so how after that : 

8a sa cy avaunt ° and therof be not lat. 



' Thus stop. "^ Here then forward, thus stop. ^ Gfently, 

•■ The short tail. * Qy. From thence, thei-e ? 

* The place where a hare goes to feed in the evening. 
' The passing of a hare through a hedge. ° Have here all, here he is. 
" Here, here, then forward. 



Chap. XLVIII. THE 'BOKE OF HUNTYNG: 139 

And whan ye se unto the playne her at the laste : 

In felde or in erahle londe or in to the wood paste. 

And your hounde woll fynde of her there then : 

Sa La douce amy la est a and do as I you ken. 

That is to say : sweete frende there is he come low : 

For to dry here and therwyth ye shall saye 80 how. 

llloques ey douce ey vayllaunt so how so how 

Thus may ye now dere sones lerne of venerye. 

And whan ye come there as ye trowe he woll dwell : 

And so semyth to you well : then saye as I you tell, 

La douce la est a venuz for to dwell thore : 

And therwyth thryes So how saye ye no more. 

And yf it semyth well you to fynde all in fere : 

And wene so to doo then saye Douce how here how here 

Now here douce how here how here he syttyth : 

So shall ye saye my chyldren and for noo thynge lettyth. 

All manere beestes that ever chacyd be : 

Have one manere of worde So how I telle the. 

To fulfyU or unfyll eche manere of chaas : 

The hunte ever more in his mouth that worde he haas. 

And yf your haundes at a chaoe remie there ye hunte : 

And the beest begyn to reime as hartes ben wonte. 

Or for to hanylon as dooth the foxe wyth his gyle : 

Or for to crosse as the roo dooth otherwhyle. 

Other dwell so : that your houndes can not out goo 

Then shall ye saye Eoo sa amy sa sa 

A couples sa arere so how suohe is the playe : 

And So how as moohe is as Sa how to saye. 

But for So how is shorte in speche whan it is brought : 

Therfore saye we Sahow but Sa how saye we nought. 

And yf your houndes chace at harte or at the hare : 

And they renne at defawte thus ye shall there fare. 

Icy so how assayne assayne stou hoho 

Sa assayne arere^ sohow thyse wordes and noo moo. 

And yf your houndes renne well at foxe or at doo : 

And so faylle at defawte saye thus ferder or ye goo. 



Qy. Here, try back ? 



140 THE DOG. Chap. XLVIII. 

So Tio ore swef alwy douce a luy that they here : 

ITo lioy assayne assayne sa a/rere 

80 how so Itow venez a coupler and doo as I you ken : 

The more worshyp maye ye have amonge all men. 

Your craftes lete not be hydde : and doo as I you bydde. 

All my sones in same : and thus maye ye knowe of game.'' 

Sir Thomas Elyot, Ambassador to Eome from Henry VIII., 
and friend of Sir Thomas More, says, in ' The Boke named 
the Governour,' which appeared in 1531, — "I dysprayse 
not the himtyng of the foxe with rennyng houndes, biit it 
is not to be compared to the other hunting in commoditie 
of exercise. Therfor it wold be used in the depe wynter, 
whan the other game is unsesonable. 

" Hunting of the hare with grehoundes is a ryght good solace 
for men that be studiouse, or theym to whome nature hath 
not gyven personage, or courage apte for the warres. And 
also for gehtilwomen which feare nether sonne nor wynde for 
appayring theyr beautie. And peradventure they shall bee 
there at lasse idell than they shuld be at home in their 
chambers. 

" Killyng of dere with bowes or greyhoundes seryeth well 
for the pot (as is the commune saiyng), and therefore it must 
of necessitie be sometyme used. But it conteyneth therin 
no commendable solace or exercise, in comparison to the 
outher fourme of huntynge, yf it be diligently perceyved." 

Hares were protected by law at this time. The statute of 
14 Henry VIII., c. 10, enacted that if any person traced, 
destroyed, or killed any hare in the snow with dog, bitch, or 
otherwise, he forfeited 5s. 8d. for every hare. 



Chap. XLIX. S//? T. COCKAINE'S TREATISE. 



CHAPTEE XLIX. 

OIE THOMAS COCKAINE, who had served as a soldier 
^ under Henry VIII., in 1590 wrote ' A short Treatise 
on Hunting, compyled for the delight of Noblemen and 
Gentlemen.' It is dedicated to the Earl of Shrewsbury, 
under whose grandfather he gained his first experience. He 
describes himseK as " a professed hunter, and not a scholler." 
The opening commences : " A very good note for any yong 
gentleman who will breed hounds to hunt the foxe." . . . 
"You must breed foureteene or fifteene couple of small 
Kibble ' hounds, lowe and swift, and two couple of terriars, 
which you may enter in one yeare, by this rule following. 

" The order to enter yong Hounds at the Foxe. — You must 
borowe one couple of old foxe hoimds of some gentleman, or 
yoman, who useth to hunt the foxe : and when your hounds 
bee full twelve moneth and a quarter olde, and that your 
huntsman hath chastized them surely from sheepe, then may 
you take your servants with you, and goe to some covert, 
where you may heare there is a litter of foxe cubbes ; where 
stopping aU. the holes, saving two or three, which must be set 
with foxe pursenets, to take a yong cubbe, to make your 



• Bewick describes the Kibble-hound as produced by a mixture of the 
Beagle and the old English hound. 



142 THE DOG. Chap, XLIX. 

terriars withall. Then must you cast off your couple of old 
hounds to finde the cubs, which being found, you must cast 
off all your whelpes to them foorth of the couples, and foresee 
that none of them have hunted either the hare or conie before. 

" By that time you have killed halfe a skore cubbes in this 
sorte in severall coverts or woods, and have taken two or 
three quicke cubbes to make yom: terriers withall" (that is, 
to enter young terriers with), " you will find your hounds well 
and perfect. 

"This order of entring your whelps should be begun a 
fortnight or three weekes before Bortholmew day, and con- 
tinued untill the feast of All Saints. 

"The order to be observed in hunting the Foxe. — When 
you have entred your whelps (as before is said) you must 
chuse out of your forteene couple two couple to bee trailers of 
an olde foxe and finders of him. The rest of the hounds must 
bee kept in couples by your servants, and made so obedient, 
that no hound shall breake the couples, or offer to.goe away 
to the finders, untill the huntsman doe perfectly understand 
that the hounds he cast off before have found the foxe : and 
then may he uncouple all the hounds that he hath to the 
finders, but two couple of the slowest, which must bee kept to 
foUowe the huntsman his heeles, in great obedience to the 
man, with one couple of the best terriars. The other couple 
of your terriars should bee used to hxmt with the rest of the 
hounds. 

" The old foxe being well breathed is so forcible a chase, as 
every huntsman his part is to hew him, or backe him into the 
covert againe, when hee offereth to breake the same, and to 
hallowe him and helpe the hounds wheresoever he can, and 



Chap. XLIX. S/Ji T. COCKAINE'S TREATISE. 143 

to comfort tliem both with Toyce and home, that all travailers 
passing that way may knowe that it is a foxe that is hunted. 

" And this tast I will give you of the flying of this chase, 
that the author hereof hath killed a foxe distant from the 
covert where hee was found, fourteene miles aloft the ground 
with hounds. 

" By that time either nobleman or gentleman hath hunted 
two yeares with one packe of hounds, the same will hunt 
neither hare nor conie, nor any other chase save a vermine." 

Cockaine furthermore tells how to hunt the hare, roe, 
stagge, bucke, otter, and marterne. The bucks was killed 
either with bowe, hounds, or greyhounds. The same hounds 
ran hare, roe, stag, and buck. He mentions the beagle as a 
fine-scented hound ; and harriers, ".who prove," he says, 
" alwaies the best buckhounds, if they be fleete enough." . . . 
"The finest feeding," he asserts, "is with ground otes put in 
a tub, and scalded with water." On the title-page is An en- 
graving of a big heavy hound with a large head, long drooping 
bloodhound-like ears, short legs, and high stem, well curled 
over. The book contains thirty-two pages only. 

Giustiuiani, the Venetian Ambassador, describes Henry 
YIIL as " very fond of hunting, and never takes his diversion 
without tiring eight or ten horses, which he causes to be 
stationed beforehand along the line of country he means to 
take; and* when one is tired he mounts another, and before 
he gets home they are all exhausted." By this it is clear 
that the idea of the use of "a second horse" in the field 
is not exclusively due to modern days. England was 
famous for the chace at this time, as appears by a commu- 



144 THE DOG. Chap. XLIX. 

nication made to the Council by Sir John Masone, Am- 
bassador to Henry II. of France, written from Chinon in 
1551, where he says the Marshal St. Andre is desirous to 
have some experience of the English hunting, wherein they 
do exceed other nations. Edward VI. sent Henry and 
the Eoyal Family of France geldings and hackneys as a 
present ; the French King affirmed he never in his life saw 
fairer, and expressed his intention of reciprocating the gift. 
There was then a law against the exportation of horses 
from this country, arising from their scarcity and high prices 
here. It is worth a thought whether our ancestors' example 
might not in some degree be adopted with advantage. Free- 
trade has its limits : to sell the bird that lays the golden eggs 
may look very clever for a time. The Arabs never sell a 
mare ; and surely they ought to understand horseflesh. 

Sir PhUip Draycot wrote thus to the Earl of Shrewsbury 
of Henry VIII. hunting: — "And, to acerten yow of the 
Kyng's pgres aff your deptyng: The first was to Otlond; 
and ther, in the meds und'' Cherssey,^ was kyllyng of staggys, 
holdyn in for the purpos, on aft' an od'' all the aff non j so y* 
theye were warnyd by the trupetts, and knoen theyreby yff 
theye dydd entf any dere of prys: And they was not only 
courssyd w* sum grewnds,^ but also w' horsmen, w* darts and 
sperys, and many so sleyne ; the most pryncele sport y' hath 
ben sene : And many dyd escap ov"^ Temys, and to the forrest 
after theye passyd there." ^ This was written pertaps about 
1516. 

About this period mention begins to be made of the stately 



' Ohertsey. ^ Greyhounds. 

' Lodge's Illustrations of British History. 1791. 



Chap. XLIX. THE IRISH GREYHOUND. 145 

greyhound, or wolf-dog of Ireland. This creature, the most 
superb of the canine race, was frequently selected as a gift 
for kings and men of distinction. PhiUp Eoche, merchant 
of Kinsale, was employed by Government to build a fortress 
bordering on M'Carthy Eeagh's country, and had a licence 
for importing corn. In 1554 he had one to export from 
England to Ireland 1000 quarters of wheat, beans, and malt. 

Before this, in 1535, he wrote to Or um well respecting his 
patent and the walls of Kinsale. A present accompanied the 
communication, and he said, " Your mastership shall under- 
stand that I had sent with your servant, Davy Shihan, to be 
presented to your mastership, two falcons and three merlins, 
and a sparrow-hawk, two greyhounds, and I trust or be long 
to have a goshawk to send to your mastership, and for any 
hawks and greyhounds that your mastership shall lack, write 
to me and I wUl purvey to your mastership by God's grace. " ^ 

In 1591 an Irishman, named Brian O'Eourke, from Con- 
naught, arrived at Glasgow with six fair Irish hobbies and four 
great dogs, to be presented to the King j but he was seized as 
a rebel, Elizabeth writing a letter to James expressly about 
him. 

' Public Record Office. 



VOL. II. 



146 THE DOG. Chap. L. 



CHAPTEE L. 



O KELTON, the satirist, tutor to Henry YIII, and rector of 
Dysse, in Norfolk, who, for reflecting on Wolsey, was 
forced to take sanctuary at Westminster, thus bearded the 
" butcher's cur : " — 

" Our barons be so bolde 
Into a mouse hole they wold 
Eunne away and creep 
Like a mainy' of sheep 
Dare not loke out a dur 
For drede of the maystiffe cur^ 
For drede of the bouoher's dog'"' 
Wold wirry them like an hog. 
For and this curre do guar 
They must stande all a far 

And shakes them by the eare 
And bryng them in suche feare 
He baiteth them lyke a beare 
Lyke an oxe or a bul 
Their wittes he sayth are dul." 

Bull and bear-baiting were amusements for Sundays and 
Saints' days, in the time of the " Defender of the Faith ; " as 
a quaint anecdote will show: — "At Beverley late, much of 
the people being at a bear-baiting, the church fell sodenly 



Multitude. ' Wolsey. 



Chap. L. BOECE'S 'SCOTLAND: 147 

down at evensong time, and overwhelmed some that then 
were in it. A good fellow that after heard the tale told, ' So,' 
quod he, ' now may you see what it is to be at evensong when 
you should be at the bear-baiting.' " ^ 

' The History and Croniclis of Scotland,' by Hector Boece, 
first published in Paris in 1526-7, and translated for James Y. 
of Scotland, would show that laws for the chase were 
made at a very remote age in North Britain, and that the 
animal which contributed so largely to man's pleasures was 
treated with tenderness and humanity in his old age, not 
consigned to a halter, poison, or the pool when decrepitude 
and labour had rendered him useless : — 

"Of King DoruidiUa. — He tuke gret delyte of huntj'ng, 
rachis,^ and houndis, and maid lawis that grew^ quhelpis* 
suld nocht lyne thair moderis, for he fand by experience 
houndis gottin in that manor unproffitabyl for huntyng. He 
ordanit als that ylk nobyll suld nuris twa rachis and ane 
hound to his huntyng, and quhen the houndis war manzeit * 
be aduenture of chais, to be sustenit on the commuon gud. 
He ordanit the slayar of ane wolf to haue ane ox to his 
reward. 

" Oure eldaris persewit this beist with gret hatrent for the 
gret murdir of beistis done be the samyn. The Scottis 
hauand na occasioun of cyuyll nor of vncouth weris set thair 
ingyne to precell " all othir pepyll in ye craft of huntyng, and 
maid dyuers lawis concernyng the same. 



' Sir Thomas More, folio, p. 87. ' Eache, a dog ; hound. PI. rachis. 
3 Grew-houndis, greyhounds. Gre, degree, step, quality. PI. gre.es. 
' Quhelpis, whelps. * Maimed, or disabled? ^ Excel. 

L 2 



148 THE DOG. Chap. L. 

" In the first commandit that quhais dog first bait the deir, 
suld haue the hyde thairof, quhais dog bait nixt, suld haue 
the heid and the hornis, ye body curit to be at the pleseir of 
the maister of huntis, the resydew to be for the houndis." 

James V. of Scotland had a correspondence with the Duke 
of Eichmond about hounds, and desired to possess bloodhounds 
which could ride behind men on horseback. These were 
perhaps to be taken up when the tracks of the marauders 
pursued were plainly visible in soft ground. Swift pursuit 
was then made tiU hard ground was come to, when the slow- 
hound was dropped again to pick up the trail. These inte- 
resting documents are now for the first time printed from 
the national archives. 

" Copt of a Kecoed in the Public Eecokd Office, 
INTITULED, State Papers, Scotland, Henry VIII. — 
Vol. III., No. 43. 

" Ey' traist and weilbelovit freinde we ^mend ws unto z^ 
in oure maist hertly maner/ Praying zow ry' effectuously 
yat ze will get and send till ws / thre or four brais of the best 
Eatches in the cutre / les f mair for harf foxis f uj^ greter 
bestf / w' ane brais of blud hundf of y« leist bynd yat ar gud 
C will ryd behynd men oii hors bak / And yis we exort zow 
to do as ze will do ws singular emples'' and report speciall 
thankf of ws yfor./ And yus ye trinite p>|ve zow writtin at 
o"^ palice besydf Halyrudhous ye viij day of Januar 1526. 

" James B. 

[Indorsed.] 

"To ye Ry' Honorabill and oure traist 
frende Maist Tliomas Mangnus Arche- 
diaco of Eistriding fZ. ^" 



Chap. L. SCOTCH RECORDS. 149 



" Copy op a Eecord in the Public Kecoed Office, 
INTITULED, State Papers, Scotland, Henet VIII. — ■ 
Vol. III., No. 44. 

" Richt traist and weilbelovit frend we comend ws unto zou 
in oure maist hertlie manere praying zou richt effectuouslie 
yat ze will get and send tiU ws thre or four brais of ye best 
Eatches in ye cuntre / les and maire for barf foxis and uyis 
gretare beist^ / with ane brais of blude houndis of ye leist 
bynde yat ar gude f will ryide behind me one hors bak. / And 
yis we exhort zou to do as ze will do ws singler emples"^ and 
report speal thankis of ws yarfore./ And ye Trinite prefve 
zou. Writtin at Edinburgh ye viij day of Ja''^ 1526. 

" Your frend Maegaeet E, 

[Indorsed.] 

" To ye Ey Honorabill f o' traist frende 
Mais? Thomas Mangnus Archediacoun 
of BistridlQg f c." 

" Copy of a Lettee sent peome my Loede op Eiche- 
mounts grace to the king op scotts/' 

" Eight excellent right high and mighty prince my duetye 
of recommenda66n had unto yo' grace./ Pleas it the same 
to be advertissed that for-asmych as by the contynne of yo'^ 
full honourable Ires addressed unto my right trustye and 
right welbiloued counsaillo'" Maister Thomas Magnus I have 
pceiued yo' desir is for your solace dispodrte and pleasur to 



1 State Papers, Scotland, Henry VIII., 1527. Vol. iu. No. 46. 



150 THE DOG. Chap. L. 

have thre or foure couple of houndes mete for hunting of the 
■fox hayf and other gretter game w' a couple of houndes 
fitte for the lyam suche as woU sitte on horsebak behynde 
men. 

" Eight excellent prince verey glad and Joyous I am to her 
of yo'^ good health and prosperitie glad also to wete that 
in these gties ther shulde be any thing that may be to yo"^ 
pleasur. 

" Wherfor for demonstracon of naturall love and kindenes I 
thinke I canne doe noe lesse but to fumishe yo' grace w' yo' 
saide hono''able requeste. And for that purpoos doe sonde 
vnto yo'' saide grace at this tyme tenne couple of houndes of 
the beste that I have proved of myn oune and for the moor 
sure and better conveyaunce of the same houndes sende also 
unto yo' grace Nicholas Eton my yeman hunte whoome I 
have commaunded at yo"" pleasur to remayne and tarye w' yo"^ 
grace for a moneth or fourtene dayes to shewe the manor 
fo''me and facon of hunting w' the saide houndes And inas- 
myche as at this tyme I am distitute of any suche lyam 
houndes as be good and excellent and vse to ride behynde 
men I therfor am mynded to provide suche mai3 of houndes 
for yo'' grace as soone as conveniently I canne opteyne thaym 
of my frendes And shalbe right glad if ther be any thing in 
these gties apte vnto yo'' pleasur to see the same accomplisshed 
trusting frome tyme to tyme that in suche like cace or any 
other I shall knowe your gracious pleasur Wherunto as 
natur byndeth me I shall be glad at all seasons right lovingly 
tapplye me As knoweth god whoe haue yom-e right excellent 
right high and mighty prince in his mooste blessed pres'uaSon 
Written at my souaine Lordes castle of Pountefret the xi day 



Chap. L. SCOTCH RECORDS. 



151 



of Tebruary by hym that is and shalbe right desirous to doe 
pleasur viito yo' saide grace." ' 

" Copy of a Letter sent vnto the King of Scotts 

FEOME T. MaGNTJS. 

" Pleas it yo"" good grace to wote I have receiued yo"' gracious 
Letters dated at Edinburgh the viij'* day of January and 
deliuerde me her the i^ day of this instant moneth of 
Feruarye / Whereby I conceiue yo' gracious pleasur is that 
I shulde sende vnto your saide grace thre or foure couple of 
the beste houndes in these pts Lesse and moor for hunting 
of the hayr, fox, and other grete heists w' a couple of Lyam 
houndes of the beste kynde that woU ride behynde men vpon 
horsebak. Pleas it yo' grace your mooste kynde loving and 
right dereste yong cousyn the Dukes grace of Eichemounte 
and Sommerset vrhiche haith seen and redde booth yo' saide 
gracious Letter and the full hono'able Letters sent vnto me 
from the queues grace yo' dereste moder, is right glad and 
joyous as natur requireth to her of the good health of booth 
your saide graces And is not content that any con in these 
saide parts shulde be moor redy to doe vnto yo' saide grace 
pleasur thenne he hymselfif Wherfor, and insomyche as yo' 
saide Letters haue bene long in conveying hider, his grace 
w'oute further tarying or tracting of tyme sendeth vnto your 
saide grace tenne couple of the beste of his oune houndes 
every oon of thaym aquainted w' other in honting And to 
thentent thay may be the better and moor . surely conveyed 



' From the Duke of Bichmond at Pontefract, 11th February, 1527, to 
James T. No. 46. 



152 THE DOG. Chap. L. 

my saide Lorde sendeth \v' thaym his oune hontesman and 
haith commaunded hym for a moneth or fortenight at yo' 
gracious pleasur to contynue w' yo' saide grace to shewe the 
mafi! and facon of hunting w* the saide houndes And for- 
somyche as his saide grace at this tyme is not purveyed of 
any suche Lyam houndes as be good and excellent and used 
to ride behynde men, his grace therfof is mynded to provide 
suche man! houndes for yo' grace as scone as he convenientely 
canne opteine thaym of his frendes / And at all tymes wolbe 
redy to accomplishe yo' desir w' any like thing being in these 
pts to yo' gracious pleasur As knoweth god." " 

"Copy of a Letter sent tnto the Quene of Scotts 
FEOMB T. Magnus. 

"Pleas it yo' grace to be aduertissed . yo' full hono'"able 
Letter lately sent vnto me dated at Edinburgh the viij'^ day 
of January was deliuerde vnto me her the v** day of this 
instant moneth of February, w' the king yo' dereste sonnes 
mooste honorable Letters And whef as booth yo' gracs doe 
write vnto me for thre or foure couple of the beste houndes in 
these parts Lesse and moor for hunting of the hayr, fox, and 
other grete beists, w' a couple of lyam houndes of the beste 
kynHe that well ride behynde men vpon horsebak Pleas it 
yo' giace see it is that yo' mooste kynde Loving, and der 
yong nephewe the Duks grace of Eichemount and Sommerset 
whiche haith seen and red booth, the kinggs gracious Letter 
and yours is right glad and Joyous as natur requireth to her 



Magnus to James V., February 11, 1527. No. 47. 



Chap. L. SCOTCH RECORDS. i53 

of the good health of booth yo" said graces and is not content 
that any oon in these saide pts shulde be moor redy to doe 
pleasuf vnto the kinggs saide grace thenne he hym selff 
Wherfor, and insomych as the kinggs saide Letters and yours 
have bene long in conveying hider, my saide Lordes grace 
w*oute further tarying or tracting of tyme sendeth vnto the 
kinggs grace yo' saide Dereste sonne tenne couple of the beste 
of his owne houndes every oon of thaym aquainted w' other 
in hunting. And to thentent thay may be the better and 
moor surely conveyed my saide Lorde sendeth w' thaym his 
owne huntes man, and haith commaunded hym for a moneth 
or fortenight at the kinggs gracious pleasur to contynue -w' 
his saide grace, to shewe the maner and fa6on of hunting w' 
the saide houndes. And for somych as my saide Lordes 
grace at this tyme is not purveyed of any suche Lyam houndes 
as be good and excellent and vsed to ride behynde men his 
grace therfof is mynded to provide suche houndes for the 
kinggs saide grace as soone as he canne opteine thaym of his 
frendes / And at aU tymes wolbe redy to accomplisshe the 
king yo"^ sonnes desir w* any thing being in these pts to his 
gracious pleasur. 

" Madame right glad and Joyous I am to wete that yo' grace 
is repared to the presence of your saide dereste sonne the 
kinggs grace, whiche I knowe is mooste to his singuler com- 
forte, and contentaSon of his owne mynde." 

The remainder of the letter treats of other matters.' 



T. Magnus to Queen Margaret. No. 48. 



154 THE DOG. Chap. L. 

" Copy of a Eecoed in the Public Eecobd Office, 
INTITULED, State Papers, Scotland, Henry VIII. — 
Vol. Ill, No. 50. 

" Worchipfull clerk and ry' traste freinde We comende ws 
hertlie on to zou / thankand zou mekill of zour deligence 
anet ye hundis sendinge to ws as we wrat to zou and ye mair 
of ye acquentence making betuix ws and our tend^ cousing 
ye Duk of Eichemonde quharof we ar ry' glaid / praying zou 
give yar be ony thing within our realme yat ze knawe may be 
tni his hono"" or pies'' yat ze adv^ ws of ye samyne and it 
salbe Weill accomplissit. Also we pray zou remeber one ye 
lyame hundis quhene ze think tyme lik as we wrat to zou of 
befor. And God haiff zou ev^ in his blissit tuitioun. At our 
palice of Ed'' ye ix day of March. 

" James E. 

[Indorsed.] 

"To ane Worchipfulle clerk and our 
traste freind Maist Thomas Magnus 
Arsden of Bstriden." 

" Copy of a Eecoed in the Public Eecord Office, 
INTITULED, State Papers, Scotland, Henry VIII. — 
Vol. Ill, No. 49. 

" Eycht deyr and best belovit cousing we comend ws to zou 
in our maist hartlie man^ gevin zou gret thankis of zour 
honeste present send to ws for ye gayme of hunting on desirit 
of ws / quhilk shawls naturalle luff and fryndly frensthipe 
ze half and berf towart ws / quharthrowe we ar bundin and 
constrenzeit to haif ws sik lik towart zou in sayinlable caice 
or ony oy^ yat may be to zour bono'' and ples'^ / praying zou 



Chap. L. SCOTCH RECORDS. 155 

maist deir and best belovit cousinge giff yar be ony thinge 
w'in our realme ze desir to zour hono' and pies' yat ze adv^tis 
ws and it salbe glaidly accomplissit. / And now for yis pre- 
sent we baif send zou withe yis berrer zour fvito'' twa brais 
off hundis gud as we suppon for ye deir and wy^ smallar 
best^ and giff ze lest to tak ples"^ in balking lat ws do knawe 
ye samyne and ze salbe providit in tyme of zeir of ye best 
red balkis w'^in our realme and of qubat sort ze zarne maist. 
/And in tyme cuinge in sik thingis as beis w'in ye realme of 
Ingland yat we desir we will charge zou haymly and &st nixt 
ye kinge o*" d^est uncle and broy^ and God haiff zou ev^ in 
his maist blissit tuitioun. At o'' paleis of Edinbrught ye 

" James E. 

[Indorsed.] 

" To oiii- maist deir and best belovit cousinge 
ye Duk off Richemond and Sommerset." 



156 THE DOG. Chap. LI. 



OHAPTEE LI. 

TN order to estimate justly the nature and value of the 
services of the bloodhound, it is necessary to take a view 
of the state of society as it existed throughout many centuries 
on the borders of England -and Scotland. 

Every gentleman was a leader, every peasant a soldier on 
the Marches ; and the whole country studded with innu- 
merable castles, towers, and fortalices; the very churches, 
the temples of peace, being rendered defensible and con- 
verted into strongholds. Forays and raids, plunders and 
outrages, were so continually perpetrated, that Peel-houses 
were attached to the ancient mansions, into which in time of 
danger the family could retire. Some of these stiU remain. 
They are massive square towers of three or four stories, the 
upper one covered in, and the lowest chamber vaulted with 
stone, having the entrance defended by a double door, the 
outer made of iron bars : in this room, which had a well sunk 
within it, the cattle were secured at night. Burgh-upon- 
Sands church, near the Solway-Frith (the death-place of 
Edward I.), is a good example of the fortified border churches,^ 
In case of an inroad from the Scottish coast, the cattle appear 
to have been shut up in the body of the edifice, and the 



Jefferson. 




r 



Chap. LI. THE BORDERERS. 



157 



inhabitants took refuge in the large embattled tower, whose 
walls are seven feet thick, the only access to which is from 
the church, by a ponderous iron door secured with two great 
iron bolts. 

Sterile heaths, cold moors, and rocky hills gave scanty and 
niggard encouragement to agriculture : — 

" No product here the barren hills afford 
But man and steel, the soldier and his sword." 

Habits of rapine appear to have been general in these 
districts even duriag the rule of the martial Eoman, whose 
military works still record there the spring-tide mark of the 
highest wave of his power. The Border-riders were thieves 
and murderers by profession, bred to rapine from childhood, 
horses and arms their only property, war and plunder their 
sport. In the long nights of winter, by the light of the 
moon, these rapacious robbers, like gaunt and belly-pinched 
wolves, issued from their dens and fastnesses to prey on all 
they could surprise. Across desolate wastes, by unfrequented 
byeways, and many intricate windings they found their secret 
path. During the day they refreshed themselves and their 
hardy horses in some lurking-place, and finally arrived at 
dark at their appointed spot for pillage. Having secured 
their booty, they rapidly retreated in like manner, by blind 
ways and devious routes, with their neat cattle, sheep, horses, 
and prisoners. If threatened by superior force they withdrew 
into inaccessible marshes and morasses, and took refuge by 
trackless paths on the dry spots in the deep bogs known only 
to themselves ; or in caverns, in the face of a cliff over- 
hanging some watercourse, where they remained till their 



iS8 THE DOG. Chap. LI. 

adversaries retired. The outlaws of Liddesdale found safe 
refuge in the forest of Tarras Moss, a wilderness of under- 
wood, bushes, bog, and swamp. 

To protect the country from these ravages, public beacon- 
fires were placed in prominent places all ready for lighting, 
and every township had a man to watch their town nightly. 
Day and night watches were maintained on aU the fords and 
passes in the Marches. Fords which could not be watched 
were dammed and stopped to hinder any person attempting 
to pass. Where sentinels were stationed, two men were 
generally appointed; these were on guard together, one 
remaining however in a secret place within call of his com- 
panion, so that they might not be both seized at once by 
surprise and all alarm prevented. When the beacon-fire 
blazed the country rose; all men, on horse or foot, were 
bound to " follow the fray with Hue and Cry " upon pain of 
death : the Slogan or Slughorn was sounded, and the pursuit 
by Hot Trodd rapidly made. The laws of Elizabeth in 1563 
still permitted the custom of the Marches of pursuit by the 
aggrieved parties by " lawful Trodd with Hound and Horn, 
with Hue and Cry, and all other accustomed manner of fresh 
pursuit, for the recovery of their goods spoiled." The 
offender could be lawfully pursued in Hot Trodd by the 
Warden of either kingdom into the opposite realm, and if 
overtaken and apprehended brought back. These freebooters 
once seized, however, their doom was often short and sharp ; 
the next tree or the deep pool of the nearest stream was used, 
and these reckless men were accustomed to part from life 
with the utmost outward indifference. The pursuit was also 
followed with a lighted turf carried on a spear. Castles were 



Chap. LI. THE BORDERERS. 159 

garrisoned on the Borders with horsemen to pursue male- 
factors. Such was " the House of Annand to be keeped with 
ane honest man and wise, and he to be Warden-Depute, and 
to hold with him xvi well horsed men," — " no man " was 
to " pass into England without he be privy to it. And that 
sicklike he be privy to all Geir tane in England, to see that 
none be unlawfully," &c. " The House of Howdam" was 
" To be keeped with ane wise stout man, and to have with 
him four well horsed men, and thir to have two stark footmen 
servants to keep their horses, and the principal to have ane 
stout footman." "And in the time of warfare, the beaken, as 
is devised, that is ever in weir and in peace, the watch to be 
keeped on the house-head, and in the weir the beaken in the 
fire-pan to be keeped, and never faill burning, so long as the 
Englishmen remain in Scotland ; and with ane bell to be on 
the head of the fire-pan, which shall ring whenever the fray 
is, or that the watchman seeing the thieves disobedient come 
over the water of Annand, or thereabout, and knowes them 
to be enemies ; and whosoever bydes fra the fray, or turns 
again so long as the beaken burns, or the beU rings, shall be 
holden as partakers to the enemies, and used as traitors," &c. 
In the barony of Gilsland, all tenants of ferme-holds were 
bound under pain of committal to Carlisle or Brampton to 
possess " such a nagge as is able at anye tyme to beare a 
manne twentie or four and twentie houres without a baite, or 
at the leaste is able sufBcientlye to beare a manne twentie 
miles within Scotlande and backe againe without a baite." 
They were also to provide, jack, steel-caps, sword, bow, or 
spear. Any party herried was' at once to light a beacon-fire 
and maintain it on the spot as a token where the hurt was 



i6o 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LI. 



done, so that the country might be alarmed and draw to the 
spot. 

The following is a specimen of the complaints laid before 
the Commissioners of Berwick : — 



July, 1586. 

Thomas Musgrave, de- The Lard's Jock, Dick 
puty warden of Bew- > of Dryupp, and their 
castle, complains upon I complices; for 

Martinmas, 1587. 



The poor widow andV j mi- i t i 
.,',.,, „ , Lard of Manserton, Lard 
mhabitants of the I » titi -j. i i/ 

„ r^ /of Wmtaugh, and\ 

town of Temmon I .-i • v c 

I their complices ; for 
complam upon / 



June, 1586. 

Walter Grame, William i Will Bell Eedcloak, 
Grame, and the I Wattie Bell, and the 
tenants of Esk ; | surnames of the Car- 
against \ liells ; for 



Friends of 
Carliells 
Bells. 



Adam of 
and the, 



Walter Grame of Ne- 
therbie, Davie and 
Willie his brother, 
Richie's Will, Bob of 
the Paid. 



[400 kine and oxen, taken 
in open forrie from 
the Drysike in Bew- 
castle. 



The murder of John 
Tweddel, Willie 

Tweddel, and Davie 
Bell; the taking and 
carrying away of John 
Thirlway, Philip 

Thirlway, Edward 
Thirlway, John Bell, 
&c. &c., ransoming 
them as prisoners ; 
and the taking of 100 
kine and oxen, spoil 
of houses, writings, 
money and insight,' 
400Z. sterling. 



Burning of their mills, 
houses, com, insight,' 
400?. 

Burning of Goddesbrigg, 
3000 kine and oxen, 
4000 sheep and gate, 
500 horses and mares, 
estimated to 40,000Z. 
Scots. 



' Household goods. 



Chap. LI. THE BORDERERS. i6i 

The Grrames must have proved unpleasant neighbours, for 
their pernicious activity was remarkable. The above band 
and Eob of the Fald shortly harried the Maxwells, Douglass of 
Drumlanyrig, the Earl of Morton, and others. In the end they 
became so intolerable that in the reign of James I. they were 
at the public expense transplanted into Ireland ; nevertheless, 
divers of them returned, " reviving their old courses of robbing, 
riding armed, and other heinous disorders, to the great terror 
of our loving subjects," said the worthy monarch in lf)14. 

The Grahmes, descended from the Earls of Monteith, 
retired into the English Borders in the reign of Henry IV. 
" They were all stark mosstroopers and arrant thieves : 
both to England and Scotland outlawed : yet sometimes 
connived at, because they gave intelligence forth of Scotland, 
and would rise 400 horse at any time upon a raid of the 
English into Scotland. A saying is recorded of a mother to 
her son (which is now become proverbial), Hide, Rowley, 
hough's iih' pot : that is, the last piece of beef was in the 
pot, and therefore it was high time for him to go and fetch 
more. Late in Queen Elizabeth's time, one Jock (Grahme) 
of the Peartree had his brother in Carlisle gaol ready to be 
hanged; and Mr. Salkeld, sheriff of Cumberland, living at 
Corby Castle, and his son a little boy at the gate playing, 
Jock comes by, and gives the child an apple, and says. 
Master, will you ride ? takes him up before him, carries him 
into Scotland, and never would part with him till he had his 
brother safe from the gallows." 

Camden, who was born in 1551, and died in 1623, says, in 
his Britannia,' — 

1 Vol. iii. p. 327, Gough's ed., from 1607. 
VOL. II. M 



i62 THE DOG. Chap. LI. 

" This Nidisdale, together with Anandale, produces a 
warlike race of men, but infamous on account of their depre- 
dations. They live on the fordable frith of Solway, which 
they frequently cross to ravage England," &c. 

The manners of the marauders in these valleys on the 
borders are thus described by John Lesley, a Scotchman, and 
Bishop of Eoss : ' — 

" They come out of their own borders in the night by 
troops over inaccessible places and infinite windings. In the 
day-time they refresh their horses in proper hiding-places, and 
conceal themselves till they arrive by favour of darkness at 
the places of their destination. When they have got their 
booty they return home again by long circuits and pathless 
ways. The more capable any of them is to guide through 
these wastes, windings, and precipices in midnight darkness, 
the greater honour is he held in for his skill : and so cunning 
are they that they seldom suffer their booty to be taken from 
them, unless they are sometimes seized by their enemies, 
who follow close at their heels, and track them by scent of 
dogs." 

James V. was stringent and severe in his measures to 
reduce his borders within the bounds of law and order — 
" quhair he causet xlviij of the maist nobill theivis, with 
Johne Armestrange their capitaine, be tane, quha being 
convict of thift, reiff, slauchter and treassoun, war all hangit 
apoim growand trees, and thair wes ane notabill thif brint, 
quha had brunt ane hous, with ane woman and mony her 
bairnis being thairintill." 



• John Lesley's Historie of Scotland from 1436 to 1561, 4to., Edin., 1830. 



Chap. LI. THE BORDERERS. 163 

There is in the Memoirs of Sir Robert Gary, afterwards 
Earl of Monmouth, a most interesting description of the 
Borders, of which he was warden. They contain a graphic 
episode of one Giordie Bourne, a great thief, and favourite of 
Sir Eobert Ker, warden of the Middle Marches in Scotland. 
This man was taken prisoner in a raid and confined in 
Norham, tried, and found guilty of March-treason. Great 
interest was made to save his life ; and Sir Eobert Gary in 
disguise visited him in prison. To use his own words, — 
" When all things were quiet and the watch sett at night, 
after supper about ten of the clock, I tooke one of my men's 
livery es, and. put it about mee, and tooke two other of my 
servants with mee in their liveryes, and wee three as the 
warden's men came to the Provost Marshall's where Bourne 
was, and were let into his chamber. Wee sate down by him, 
and told him that we were desireous to see him, because wee 
heard hee was stout and valiant, and true to his friend ; and 
that wee were sorry our master could not be moved to save 
his life. He voluntarily of himselfe said, that he had lived 
long enough to do so many villanies as hee had done, and 
withall told us that he had layne with above forty men's 
wives, what in England, what in Scotland ; and that hee had 
killed seven Englishmen with his owne handes cruelly mur- 
thering them : that he had spent his whole time in whooring, 
drinking, stealing, and taking deep revenge for sbght offences. 
He seemed to be very penitent, and much desired a minister 
for the comfort of his soule. Wee promised him to let our 
master know his desire, who, wee knew, would presently 
grant it. We tooke our leaves of him, and presently tooke I 
order that Mr. Selby, a very worthy honest, preacher, should 

M 2 



i64 THE DOG. Chap. LI. 

go to him, and not stirre from liim till his execution the next 
morning: for after I had heard his own confession I was 
resolved no conditions should save his life ; and so tooke 
order, that at the gates opening the next morning hee should 
be carried to execution, which was accordingly performed." 

In the preface to Gary's book, the Borderers are thus 
branded : " These beasts in human shape," — " As the times 
grew more and more civilized, these animals became more 
and more human ; but still retained a great degree of their 
natural cruelty, all their thirst of plunder, all their strength, 
and all the fierceness of their courage." 

The day and night watches before alluded to as main- 
tained at all the fords and passes, were very numerous in the 
reign of Edward VI., and are recorded during the time Lord 
Wharton was Deputy- Warden. The following are a few 
instances. 

" From the foot of Liddisdale to Haithwayteburne-faU in 
LedeU, three several watches ; and in every watch two men, 
Eichard Grayhame and his Associats, having the King's 
Highness Grants in these Places, nightly to appoint the 
Grounds and Places most needfull to be watched within the said 
Bounds ; and these Watches nightly to be searched by the ap- 
pointment of the said Eichard and his Associats, by two men. 

" Four fords upon Eaven to be watched by Kirkoswold, 
Lasinby, &c., at every ford nightly four persons, &c. 

" The ford at Otterburn-Mylne to be watched nightly with 
the inhabitors of the Old Town, with two men. 

" Hebburn-mylne-ford to be watched with two men nightly, 
of the inhabitors of Mouffeu. 



Chap. LI. THE BORDERERS. 165 

" Eauf Gray 01 Chillingham, to cause the same (and others) 
be set and searched." 

There were thirty-nine of these guarded fords on the Tyll 
alone. Lord Wharton also commanded in 1552 that culti- 
vated lands should be hedged and ditched, so as to impede 
and straiten the inroads of these predatory freebooters. 

They were called Mosstroopers from the mosses and 
almost impassable sloughs, bogs, and morasses they traversed 
and found refuge in. The colour of their outer clothes 
resembled brown heath, or a cloudy evening ; and so cunning 
and adroit were they in threading, even in thick mists and 
darkness, their wild deserts, desolate wastes, and crooked 
turnings, among abrupt rocks and deep precipices, that they 
seldom were forced to disgorge their prey ; unless sometimes, 
when promptly pursued by the help of bloodhounds following 
exactly on their traces, they were overtaken by their enemies. 
Those who wished to be secure from their nocturnal inroads 
and ruinous incursions paid them tribute called Black or 
White Mail, protection rent, or saufey money : Black Mail 
was in black cattle, White Mail in silver. In 1593 it was 
made illegal in England to pay black mail, under penalty of 
five pounds and imprisonment ; depredations, however, con- 
tinued on the Borders as late as the reign of Queen Anne. 
Deadly feuds generally existed among them, but for all that the 
Scotch riders were usually guided by some English thief who 
knew the country and rose superior to patriotic prejudice :— 

" The good old rule sufficed them, 
The safe and simple plan, 
That they should take who have the pow'r. 
And they should keep who can." 



1 66 THE DOG. Chap. LI. 

Thomas Euthal, Bishop of Durham, writing to Wolsey in 
1513, said, " The Borderers at Flodden never lighted from 
their horses till the battle joined, and then they plundered 
both sides." Admirable impartiality ! There was a certain 
sort of " honour among thieves " about them too. They 
only, like jolly Jack, laboured in their vocation; robbing 
travellers on the highways was nearly unknown ; and in the 
horrible inroads perpetrated by that conscientious Coelebs, our 
eighth Henry, the Borderers would not burn their neighbours' 
corn, and consequently Irishmen were employed for that 
Christian purpose. 

Sir Robert Cary states it was an ancient custom of the 
Borderers, when at peace, to request leave of the opposite 
Warden to come into the borders of England and hunt with 
their greyhounds at deer towards the end of summer, and 
this permission, he tells us, was never denied them. The 
famous adventure of Chevy Chace arose from a defiance 
of this custom. " The woods, principally those on the 
English border," says the Bishop of Eoss, " are most 
agreeable on account of the immense number of deer and 
roe-deer, in the hunting of which, by means of dogs possessed 
of the faculty of scent, the nobility take intense delight." 
It appears that thieves and idle people abounded in these 
parts, and that these banditti had their Friar Tucks — daubing 
their vices with a certain amount of hypocrisy. Barlo, 
Bishop of St. Asaph, who accompanied Lord William Howard 
to Scotland, thus wrote to Thomas Crumwell in February, 
1535 :-- 



Chap. LI. THE BORDERERS. 167 



Barlo, Bishop of St. Asaph, to Thomas Crumwell.' 

" lOth February, 1535. 

" My dewtye premysyd w' moost humble recomendacione. 
Wheras I dyd Intymate to your maistership and to other of 
the king's most honerable counselle the mysserable myshordre, 
ruynous decaye, and intollerable calamyte of his grace sub- 
getts in the marches and borders adiacent to Scotland for 
lake of Justice not dulye mynystrede and through defaute of 
ryghtuyse rulers, sens my hyther repaire agayn I haue 
percyvide my saide lytle intymacione not only in parte to be 
trew but muche more grevose than I specyfyeed, as well 
apperithe bothe by pytuouse complaynts mad to my lord 
William and to me wiche at our returne his Lordshipe will 
testify." &c. 

He. proceeds in like manner, and speaks of those in power 
on the borders being " confederate partycypacione with bande 
braggers, bolstring-berers, and lawles reteyners." 

And concludes — " But fynally to conclude my letter, this 
shal be also to advertyse your maistershipe for certeynte y' 
in thes parties is no righte preaching of gods word nor scante 
any knowlege at alle of Grists gospelle without the whiche 
neyther Justice nor good ordre may prospere for notwith- 
standing her be plentie of prests sondry sorts of religions 
multytudes of monks, flocking companys of freers, yet among 
them alle so many is ther not a fewe, noo not one y' sincerly 
preachithe Christ, wiche so contynewing w' gods high 



■ Public Record Office. 



i68 THE DOG. Chap. LI. 

displeso' cannot escliape his terable vengeance, frome the 
which Jesus preserue us, and graunt yo" mastership long to 
prospere to the mayntenaunce of Justice, and advaunceraente 
of gods wourde. At Barwike the 10th day of February. 

" Yours to comaunde, 

" WiLLM. BaELO. 
" To the righte houerable Maister Thomas 
Oromewelle ohefe Secretary to the kings 
highnesse.'' 

According to Fox, Bishop of Durham, who excommimi- 
cated the hedge priests and " jolly fat friars " who eased the 
consciences of the depredators of Tynedale and Eedesdale, 
they were attired in ragged and filthy vestments, and cele- 
brated divine rites not only in sacred, but in profane and 
ruinous places, to those plunderers and robbers. The 9th 
Henry V. stigmatises these people of Tyndale, Exhamshire, 
and Eidesdale as murderours, traitours, homicidours, robbours, 
consentours, maffesours. It was lawless beings, such as these, 
that the venerable Bernard Gilpin in a later reign laboured 
to bring to the paths of peace and virtue. 

The 43rd Eliz.^ recited that many persons had out of 
their own houses, or while travelling in Cumberland, North- 
umberland, Westmoreland, and Durham, been carried 
away prisoners, and kept barbarously and cruelly, until 
redeemed with great ransoms. Also, that towns, villages, 
and houses were burned and spoiled by Borderers, being 
" men of name," known to be great robbers and spoilers, who 
enforced " Black Maile," in money, corn, cattle, &c. These 



' Statutes of the Realm. 



Chap. LI. THE BORDERERS. 169 

people, arid those also who gave the above, were declared 
felons, and to suffer pains of death. It also stated, that men 
outlawed for murders, robberies, burglaries, or other felonies, 
yet resorted to fairs and markets and other public assemblies, 
and trafficked with other of Her Majesty's subjects. 

The 14th Charles II. likewise stated, that " a great number 
of lewd, disorderly, and lawlesse persons, being thieves and 
robbers, who are commonly called Moss Troopers, have 
successively for many and sundry yeares last past been bred, 
resided in, and frequented the borders of the two respective 
counties of Northumberland and Cumberland and the next 
adjacent parts of Scotland, and they taking tiie opportunity 
of the large Waste Grounds, Heaths, and Mosses, and the 
many intricate and dangerous Ways and Bye-paths in those 
parts, do usually, after the most notorious crimes committed 
by them, escape over from the one kingdom into the other 
respectively, and so avoid the hand of Justice," &c. By this 
Act the Justices of the Peace were to charge on the inha- 
bitants of the above counties generally the maintaining the 
several parties of horse necessary to protect those imme- 
diately ou the Borders, and who had hitherto maintained 
sach at their own cost. Forty-two men in all were to be 
appointed to this duty. 

This Act was continued in force by many others in the 
reigns of Charles II., James II., William and Mary, Queen 
Anne, and George II. 



170 THE DOG. Chap. LII. 



CHAPTER LII. 

lUTAISTER JOHNE BELLENDEN, Archedene of Murray, 
in his translation of the 'Hystoiy and Croniklis of 
Scotland, by the noble clerk Maister Hector Boece,' chan- 
non of Aberdene,' printed at Edinburgh in 1536, says in the 
eleventh chapter : — 

" Of the meeuellus natuee op syndry Scottis Doggis. 

" In Scotland ar doggis of meruellus nature, For abone 
the commoun nature and conditioun of doggis, qubilkis ar 
sene in all partis, ar thre maner of doggis in Scotland, quhilk 
ar sene in na vthir partis of the warld. The first is ane 
hound baith wycht,^ hardy and swift. Thir houndis ar 
nocht allanerlie^ feirs and cruell on all wyld beistis. Bot 
on theuis and ennymes to thair maister on the same maner. 
The secound kynd is ane rache, that seikis thair pray, baith 
of fowlis, beistis and fische be sent and smell of thair neis. 
The thrid kynd is (not?) mair* than ony rache, lieid he wit ° 
or ellis blak with small spraingis of spottis, and ar callit be 
the peple sleuthoundis. Thir doggis hes sa meruellus wit, 
that yai serche theuis and folio wis on thaym allanerlie^ be 



' Boece, born 1465-6 at Dundee, died 1536. ^ Courageous, powerful. 

' Only. "■ Not greater. * Red coloured. " Alone. 



Chap. LII. SCOTCH DOGS. 171 

sent of the guddis' that ar tane away. And nocht allanerlie^ 
fyndis the theif, hot inuadis hyin with gret cruelte. And 
youcht the theuis oftymes cors the watter, quhair^ thay pas, 
to caus ye hound to tyne* the sent of thaym and the guddis, 
yit he serchis heir and thair with sic deligence, that be his 
fut he fyndis baith the trace of the theif and the guddis. The 
meruellus nature of yir houndis wil have na faith with 
vncouth peple. Howbeit the samyn ar rycht frequent and 
ryfe on the bordouris of Ingland and Scotland. Attour^ 
it is statute be the lawis of the bordouris, he that denyis 
entres to the sleuthound in tyme of chace and serching of 
guddis, salbe haldin participant with the cryme and thift 
committit.",! -^^^Z 

Boece says of Lochmaben in Annandale: — "Besyde 
this loch is ane castell vnder the same name, maid to 
dant the incursion of theuis. For nocht all lanerlie in 
Annandail, bot in all the daHs afore rehersit (Teviotdale, 
Eskdale, and Nxthsdale), ar mony Strang and wekit 
theuis, inuading the cuntre with perpetuall thrift, reif," 
and slauchter quhen thay se ony trublus tyme. thir theuis 
(becaus they haue inglismen thair perpetuall ennymes ly and 
dry marche apon thair niKt bordour) inuadis Ingland with 
continewal weris. Or ellis with quiet thift. And leiffis ay 
ane pure' and miserabill lyfe. In the tyme of peace, thay ar 
so accustomit with thift yat thay can nocht desist, bot inuadis 
the cuntre (howbeit thay ar ay miserabilye put doun) with 



Goods, substance. ' Only. ^ Where. * Lose. ' Moreover. 
* Bobbery, pillage. ' Poor. 



172 THE DOG. Chap. LII. 

Ith and ' heirsc-hippis.^ Mony riche and plentuus boundis of 
Scotland 13'is waist for feir of thair inuasion." 

Lesley, Bishop of Eoss, before quoted, gives a description 
of the bloodhound,^ which is principally extracted from his 
pi-edecessor Boece, but he has added some remarks which 
render it worth insertion. " There is also," says the Prelate, 
" another kind of scenting dogs (I am not speaking of tlie 
common sort which pursues hares and roebucks), far different 
from the other ; it is for the most part red, marked with 
black spots, or vice versa. These are endowed with so great 
sagacity and fierceness that they pursue thieves in a direct 
course without any deviation ; and this with such ferocity of 
nature that they tear them to pieces even by chance lying 
down in company with many others : for from the first scent 
the dog perceives (with his master following), although other 
men meet, come behind, or cross him, he is not at all con- 
fused, is not in the least diverted, but constantly sticks to the 
footsteps of his departing prey. Only in passing rivers they 
are at a loss, because there they lose the scent : which the 
thieves and cattle-stealers knowing, they, with many circles 
and mazes, pressing now this, now the opposite bank, drive 
off their plunder, and, pretending to make their exit both 
ways beyond the banks, rejoin at the same spot. In the 
mean time the dog, filling the heavens with his clamoui-, does 
net desist till he has overtaken the steps of the fugitives." 
" Nor has he imbibed this art from Nature alone, but has 



' Ithand, continual. 2 Plunder-sMpa, army-ships. 

3 Leslseo (Joanne) Epiacopo Eossonsi, Dc Origine Moribus et rebus gestis 
Scotorum. Eomse, 4to., 1578. 



Chap. LII. THE BLOODHOUND. 173 

learned it of man, who, with much labour, forms them skil- 
fully to this ; whence it comes that such among them as excel 
are purchased at a very high price. Yet they think this is 
not at all a different species from that which traces hares and 
other wild game." 

In Nicolson and Burn's 'History of the Antiquities of 
Westmorland and Cumberland,' published 1777, we find that 
" Slough-dogs were for pursuing offenders through the sloughs, 
mosses, and bogs, that were not passable but by those who 
were acquainted with the various and intricate by-paths 
and turnings. These offenders were peculiarly styled moss- 
troopers : and the dogs were commonly called blood-hounds ; 
which were kept in use till within the memory of many of 
our fathers. 

"And aU along, the pursuit of hot trod (flagranti delicto), 
with red hand (as the Scots term it) was by hound, and horn, 
and voice. And the following warrant ascertains by whom 
and where those dogs were to be kept : — 

"September '29, 1616. — Sir Wilfride Lawson and Sir 
William Hutton, Knights, two of His Majesty's Commis- 
sioners for the government of the middle shires of Great 
Britain, to John Musgrave, the Provost-Marshall, and the 
rest of His Majesty's garrison (of Carlisle), send salutations. 
Whereas upon due consideration of the increase of stealths 
daily growing both in deed and report among you on the 
borders, we formerly concluded and agreed, that for reforma- 
tion therefore watches should be set, and slough dogs pro- 
vided and kept, according to the contents of His Majesty's 
directions to us in that behalf prescribed; and for that, 



174 THE DOG. Chap. LII. 

according to our said agreement, Sir William Hutton at his 
last being in the country did appoint how the watches should 
be kept, when and where they should begin, and how they 
might best and most fitly continue. And for the better- 
ing of His Majesty's service, and preventing further danger 
that might ensu^by the outlaws in resorting to the houses of 
Thomas Eoutledge, alias Baylihead, being near and next 
adjoining to the marches (he himself being fled to amongst 
them, as is reported), order and direction was likewise given 
that some of the garrison should keep and reside in his the 
said Thomas Eoutledge's houses, and there to remain till 
further directions be given them, unless he the said Thomas 
Eoutledge shall come in and enter himself answerable to His 
Majesty's laws as is convenient : Now we further, by virtue of 
our authority from His Majesty so as directed touching the 
Border service, do command you, that the said watches be 
duly searched as was appointed, and presentments to us or 
one of us to be made, of every fault, either in constables for 
their neglect in not setting it forth, or in any persons slipjiing 
or neglecting their duties therein ; and that you likewise see 
that slough-dogs be provided according to our former direc- 
tions, and as this note to this warrant annexed particularly 
sets down. 

" A note, how the slough-dogs are to be provided and kept, 
at the charge of the inhabitants, as followeth : — 

Imprimis, beyond Eske by the inhabitants there to 

be kept above the foot of Sarke 1 Dogge. 

Item, by the inhabitants the inside of Eske to Eich- 

mont's Olugh, to be kept at the Moate .. ..1 Dogge. 



Chap. LII. THE BLOODHOUND. 



'75 



Item, by the inhabitants of the parish of Arthered, 
above Eichmont's Clugh, with the Bayliffe and 
Black quarter ; to be kept at the Bayliehead .. 1 Dogge. 

Item, Newcastle parish, besides the Baylie and 

Black quarters ; to be kept at Tinkerhill . . . . 1 Dogge. 

Item, the parish of Stapylton 1 Dogge. 

Item, the parish of Irdington 1 Dogge. 

Item, the parishes of Lanercost and Walton . . . . 1 Dogge. 

Item, Kirklington, Skaleby, Houghton, and Eicharby 1 Dogge. 

Item, Westlinton, Eoucliff, Etterby, Stainton, 

Stanwix, and Cargo ; to be kept at Eoucliff . . 1 Dogge. 

" The sheriff, officers, bailiffs, and constables, within every 
circuit and compass wherein the slough-dogs are appointed to 
be kept, are to take care for taxing the inhabitants towards 
the charge thereof, and collect the same, and for providing 
the slough-dogs; and to inform the commissioners if any 
refuse to pay their contribution, so as thereby such as refuse 
may be committed to the gaol till they pay the same." 

The finest picture of the Bloodhound, and his value in 
Border life, is that given by the admirable Somerville— a 
poet not only eloquent and vigorous, but also learned, 
and most accurate in all he wrote on hounds and on the 
chace : — 

" The deep-flew'd hound 
Breed up with care, strong, heavy, slow, but sure ; 
Whose ears, down-hanging from his thick round head, 
Shall sweep the morning dew, whose clanging voice 
Awake the mountain Echo in her cell, 
And shake the forests : the bold Talbot kind 
Of these the prime, as white as Alpine snows, 



176 THE DOG. ^'^''^- ^"• 



And groat their use of old. "Upon the banks 

Of Tweed, slow winding through the vale, the seat 

Of war and rapine once, ere Britons knew 

The sweets of peace, or Anna's dread commands 

To lasting leagues the haughty rivals aw'd, 

There dwelt a pilf'ring race, well train'd and skill'd 

In all the mysteries of theft, the spoil 

Their only substance, feuds and war their sport. 

Veil'd in the shades of night they ford the stream. 

Then prowling far and near, whate'er they seize 

Becomes their prey ; nor flocks nor herds are safe, 

Nor stalls protect the steer, nor strong-barr'd doors 

Secure the fav'rite horse. Soon as the mom 

Eeveals his wrongs, with ghastly visage wan 

The plunder'd owner stands, and from his lips 

A thousand thronging curses burst their way : 

He calls his stout allies, and in a line 

His faithful hound he leads, then with a voice 

That utters loud his rage, attentive cheers : 

Soon the sagacious brute, his curling tail 

Flourish'd in air, low bending plies around 

His busy nose, the steaming vapour snuffs 

Inquisitive, nor leaves one turf untried. 

Till, conscious of the recent stains, his heart 

Beats quick ; his snuffling nose, his active tail, 

Attest his joy ; then with deep-op'ning mouth. 

That makes the welkin tremble, he proclaims 

Th' audacious felon : foot by foot he marks 

His winding way, while all the list'ning crowd 

Applaud his reas'nings. O'er the wat'ry ford, 

Dry sandy heaths, and stony barren Kills, 

O'er beaten paths with men and beasts distain'd. 

Unerring he piirsues, till at the cot 

Arriv'd, and seizing by his guilty throat 

The caitiff vile, redeems the captive prey : 

So exquisitely delicate his sense ! " 

Walter Scott, in the Notes to the ' Lay of the Last Min- 
strel,' states that the breed of the bloodhound " was kept up 



Chap. lii. 



THE BLOODHOUND. 



177 



by the Buccleucli family on their Border estates till within 
the eighteenth century. A person was alive in the memory 
of man who remembered a bloodhound being kept at Eldin- 
hope, in Ettricke Forest, for whose maintenance the tenant 
had an allowance of meal. At that time the sheep were 
always watched at night. Upon one occasion, when the duty 
had fallen on the narrator, then a lad, he became exhausted 
with fatigue and fell asleep upon a bank, near sunrising. 
Suddenly he was awakened by the tread of horses, and saw 
five men, well mounted and armed, ride briskly over the 
edge of the hill. They stopped and looked at the flock ; but 
the day was too far broken to admit the chance of their 
carrying any of them off. One of them, in spite, leaped from 
his horse, and, coming to the shepherd, seized him by the 
belt he wore round his waist, and, setting his foot upon his 
body, pulled it till it broke, and carried it away with him. 
They rode off at the gallop ; and, the shepherd giving the 
alarm, the bloodhound was turned loose, and the people in 
the neighbourhood alarmed. The marauders, however, 
escaped, notwithstanding a sharp pursuit. This circumstance 
serves to show how very long the licence of the Borderers 
continued in some degree to manifest itself.' 

As SomervUle drew the hound of the Borders, so also has 
Scott left us a spirited sketch of one of those marauders 
whom the stanch animal sometimes brought to justice : — 

" A stark mosstrooping Scot was he, 
As e'er couched border lance by knee : 
Through Solway sands, through Tarras moss, 
BUndfold, he knew the paths to cross ; 
By wily turns, by desperate bounds. 
Had baffled Percy's best bloodhounds ; 



178 THE DOG. Chap. LII. 



In Eske or Liddel, fords were none, 
Biit lie would ride them, one by one ; 
AKke to him was time or tide, 
December's snow, or July's pride ; 
Alike to him was tide or time, 
Moonless midnight, or matin prime: 
Steady of heart, and stout of hand. 
As ever drove prey from Cumberland ; 
Five times outlawed had he been. 
By England's king, and Scotland's queen." 

" Thus, starting oft, he joumey'd on. 
And deeper in the wood is gone, — 
For aye the more he sought his way, 
The farther still he went astray, — 
Until he heard the mountains round 
Eing to the baying of a hound. 

And hark ! and hark ! the deep-mouth'd bark 

Comes nigher still, and nigher ; 
Bursts on the path a dark bloodhound. 
His tawny muzzle tracked the ground. 

And his red eye shot fire." 

The Lay of the Last Minstrel. 

Poets have frequently used the idea, justly entertained, of 
the stanchness and indefatigable qualities of this animal : — 

" Conscience 



That's a sure bloodhound." 

The Witch of Edmonton. Rowley and others. 

" And though the villain 'scape a while, he feels 
Slow vengeance, like a bloodhound, at his heels." — Swift. 

Tickell's short poem on ' Hunting ' notices the uses of the 
bloodhound : — 

" Seest thou the gaze-hound ! how, with glance severe, 
From the close herd he marks the destin'd deer : 



179 



Chap LII. THE BLOODHOUND. 

How ev'ry nerve the greyhound's stretch displays, 
The hare preventing in her airy maze ; 
The luckless prey how treach'rous tumblers gain, 
And dauntless wolf-dogs shake the lion's mane : 
O'er all, the bloodhound boasts superior skiU 
To scent, to view, to turn, and boldly kill. — 
His fellows' vain alarms rejects with scorn. 
True to the master's voice and learned horn ; — 
His nostrils oft, if ancient fame sing true, 
Traced the sly felon thro' the tainted dew ; 
Once snuffd, he follows with unalter'd aim, 
Nor odours lure him from the chosen game ; 
Deep-mouth'd he thunders, and inflamed he views, 
Springs on relentless, and to death pursues." 

Campbell in ' Lochiel ' alludes to the practice of using this 
hound to trace fugitives : — 

" I tell thee CuUoden's dread echoes shall ring 
With the bloodhounds that bay for thy fugitive king.'' 

The unhappy Duke of Monmouth, also, — 

" A hunted wanderer on the wild," — 

is said by some to have had his hiding-place discoyered 
through pursuit made by the assistance of these creatures. 
Walter Scott has a vivid picture of this kind in the ' Legend 
of Montrose.' 

The sonorous cry or howl of this hound is very peculiar, 
and can be heard down the wind at night for nearly two. 
miles. It was once a vulgar belief that bloodhounds could 
distinguish by scent murderers, robbers, deer and sheep^ 
stealers, as also other depredators. The opinion, however, 
may be more founded on truth than we are now disposed 
to think. 

N 2 



i8o .THE DOG. Chap. LII. 

As remarkable evidence of the innate power of blood, and 
the transmission of the peculiar attributes of race in a modern 
descendant of the tawny hound, an anecdote is subjoined 
from the ' Sporting Magazine,^ a periodical exceedingly rich 
in valuable observations on natural history. A celebrated 
pack of hounds down in the west, hunting a most difficult 
country containing deer in a wild state, as well as foxes and 
hares, was, in order to meet all purposes of the chase in that 
district, bred from various strains, and contained some of the 
old Talbot blood. .When two of these hounds were noticed 
by a visitor as being deeply flewed, the master replied, — 
" They, however, stand in no affinity to the southern hound, 
but they bear the insignia of their peculiar order and office. 
By the grandfather of the former," continued the Colonel, 
" a dog of extraordinary sagacity, and of the utmost utility in 
all difficulties, so that I used to call him ' My Handy Man,' I 
some years since detected one of the most villanous gangs 
that ever pestered society. We had found a hare on the 
morning of the occurrence, and had lost her -so suddenly, that 
the old imputation of her being a witch was adopted, and fur- 
nished some relief on our disappointment, till Trueman (that 
was the dog's name, and never was dog more aptly named) 
feathered on some scent, which not another in the whole pack 
acknowledged or even stooped to. The immediate spot wore 
an appearance of trampling, and here and there a drop of 
blood, which the air had congealed (as we found on closer 
inspection), adhered to the grass. After the dog had worked 
on it some little time, he manifested an impatience which 
told that the scent, of whatever nature, improved, so that the 
generality of the party predicted the recovery of our hare. 



Chap. LII. THE BLOODHOUND. i8i 

Not SO : the bristles on the dog's neck and loins becoming 
erect as those on the hog, to me at least indicated that some- 
thing of extraordinary importance was at hand. And so it 
happened : a single ' Hark to Trueman ! ' caused the dog to 
set off at score, followed by the whole in full tongue — not 
that they acknowledged the scent, but solely from the credit 
this singular animal had with the pack. The burst, though 
short, was trying, as out-right and over a rough country, till 
reaching a bold ridge of rocks, when all came to a sudden 
halt, and every dog commenced a howling with the nose up, 
as in the case of hunting a marten to a tree. Nothing for 
some time appearing explanatory of the enigma, the hunts- 
man dismounted, and, pursuing a narrow path between some 
bushes, at length he came to the mouth of a huge cavern, on 
entering which he gave a view-halloo, as indicative of some 
grand discovery. Here was the residence of a set of despera- 
does, whose sole support and maintenance were by plunder. 
Beneath a fissure in the farther part, which led to an aperture 
above, were a few glowing embers, over which leaned a staid 
woman, the emblem of filth and wretchedness, to whose knees 
a small child clung, in an agony from the alarm. In another 
place sat a stout rufSan, whose lowering eye and bloody garb 
argued his profession. All seemed dumbfounded, and alike 
incapable of motion. From certain appearances it was evi- 
dent that this cavern afforded refuge to a larger company, 
and it was conjectured that part of the gang was absent on 
some prowling expedition. Joints of mutton, some quite 
fresh, others dried in part, hung up here and there, told what 
they were. Their sanguinary career, as afterwards proved, 
had been long and without interruption, but it was soon to, 



1 82 THE DOG. Chap. LII. 

terminate by the death of their leader, who suffered after 
taking his trial at Exeter. This event I have ever attri- 
buted," continued the Colonel, "to the Talbot blood in my 
dog Trueman, though, from the versatility of his powers, he 
was one of the ornaments of my pack." 

Kobert Boyle left these observations on the scenting powers 
of the bloodhound and some other breeds : — 

"It is," writes Boyle, "wont to be somewhat surprising 
to men of letters, when they first go a hawking with good 
spaniels, to observe with how great sagacity those dogs will 
take notice of, and distinguish by the scent, the places where 
partridges, quails, &c., have lately been. But I have much 
more wondered at the quick scent of an excellent setting-dog, 
who, by his way of ranging the fields, and his other motions, 
especially of his head, would not only intimate to us the kinds 
of game whose scent he chanced to light on, but would dis- 
cover to us where partridges have been, though, perhaps, 
without staying in that place, several hours before, and assist 
us to guess how long they had been gone before we came. 

" I have had strange answers given me in Ireland, by those 
who make a gain, if not an entire livelihood, by killing of 
wolves in that country (where they are paid so much for 
every head they bring in), about the sagacity of that peculiar 
race of dogs they employ in hunting them ; but not trusting 
much to those relators, I shall add, that a very sober and 
discreet gentleman of my acquaintance, who has often occasion 
to employ bloodhounds, assures me that, if a man have but 
passed over a field, the scent will lie, as they speak, so as to 
be perceptible enough to a good dog of that sort for several 



Chap. LII. THE BLOODHOUND. 183 

hours after. And an ingenious hunter assures me that he 
has observed that the scent of a flying and heated deer 
will sometimes continue upon the ground from one day to 
the next following." ' 

" A person of quality, to whom I am near allied, related to 
me that, to make a trial whether a young bloodhound was 
well instructed (or, as the huntsmen call it, made), he caused 
one of his servants, who had not killed or so much as touched 
any of his deer, to walk to a country-town four mUes off, and 
then to a market-town three miles distant from thence; 
which done, this nobleman did a competent while after put 
the bloodhound upon the scent of the man, and caused him to 
be followed by a servant or two, the master himself thinking 
it also fit to go after them to see the event ; which was that 
the dog, without ever seeing the man he was to pursue, fol- 
lowed him by the scent to the above-mentioned places, not- 
withstanding the multitude of market people that went along 
in the same way, and of travellers that had occasion to cross 
it. And when the bloodhound came to the chief market- 
town, he passed through the streets without taking notice of 
any of the people there, and left not till he had gone to the 
house where the man he sought rested himself, and found 
him in an upper room, to the wonder of those that followed 
him. The particulars of this narrative the nobleman's wife, a 
person of great veracity, that happened to be with him when 
the trial was made, confirmed to me. 

" Inquiring of a studious person that was keeper of a red- 
deer park, and versed in making bloodhounds, in how long 



' On the Strange Subtilty of Effluviums. Boyle's Life and Works, by T. 
Birch, 1772. Vol. iii. p. 674. 



THE DOG. Chap. LII. 



time after a man or deer had passed by a grassy place one of 
these dogs would be able to follow him by the scent? he 
told me that it would be six or seven hours : whereupon an 
ingenious gentleman that chanced to be present, and lived 
near that park, assured us both that he had old dogs of so 
good a scent, that, if a buck had the day before passed in a 
wood,' they will, when they come where the scent lies, though 
at such a distance of time after, presently find the scent and 
run directly to that part of the wood where the buck is. He 
also told me that, though an old bloodhound will not so easily 
fix on the scent of a single deer that presently hides himself 
in a whole herd, yet, if the deer be chased a little till he be 
heated, the dog will go nigh to single him out, though the 
whole herd also be chased. The above-named gentleman 
also affirmed that he could easily distinguish whether his 
hounds were in chase of a hare or a fox by their way of 
running, and their holding up their nose higher than ordinary 
when they pursue a fox, whose scent is more strong." ^ 



' Scent lies better for hounds in rough and wooded ground. 
2 Of the Determinate Nature of Effluviums. Boyle's Life and Works, by T. 
Birch, 1772. Vol. iii. p. 695. 



Chap. LIII. REGULATIONS OF HENRY VIII. 185 



CHAPTER LIII. 

A MONG other regulations for the Royal Household under 
Henry VIII. was one relative to dogs. It is as 
follows : — 

" Noe Doggs to be kept in Court. 

" The king's heighnes alsoe straightHe forbiddeth and inhi- 
biteth that no person, whatsoever they be, presume to keepe 
anie greyhounds, mastiffs, hounds, or other doggs in the Court, 
then some small spanyells for ladies or others : nor bring any 
unto the same except it be by the King's or Queen's com- 
mandement. But the said greyhounds and doggs to be kept 
in kennell and other meete places out of court as is convenyent, 
soe as the premisses duelie observed, and the houses abroade, 
may be sweete, wholesome, cleane, and well furnished, as to a 
prince's house and state doth apperteyne." * 

We remark in the foregoing an advancement in refinement 
and the proprieties of social life, as also a considerate atten- 
tion to the wishes of the fair. By the ordinance made 
at Eltham in the seventeenth year of Henry VIII., no 
manner of person of high or low degree belonging to the 
King's Household was to keep within the Court " any hawkes, 
spanniells, greyhounds, or hounds," but such as had the 



1 Harl. 610, 44, i. Statut. Henry "VTII. 



1 86 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LIII. 



King's licence so to do. Neither were " ferretts, pursnetts, 
hayes, or netts " to be kept there, or at lodgings in the town, 
to hunt or fish in any man's grounds or waters. 

Frequent mention occurs relative to his dogs in the Privy 
Purse Expenses of Henry VIII. from 1529 till 1532, edited 
by Nicholas Harris Nicolas, 1827 : — 



"Item the forsaied last day paied to fforde keper of the 
kinge's mastives for certeynne necessaryes boughte for the 
same masty ves, vj li. xij d. 

" Item the same daye paied to Barnardyn the gonner that 
gave the mastif to the kinge's grace, xx s. 

" Item the x daye paied to one that gave the king a mastif 
that is a Caryar, xx s." 

This, probably, was one which fetched and carried. 

" Paied to william fforde for Colars and mosulles for the 
kinge's masty ves, x li. xvij s. x d. 

" To the Maister of the kinge's beres by waye of Ee- 
warde, xl s. 

" Paied to. the sergeant Berewarde in rewarde, xl s. 

" Item the same day paid to. humfrey Eaynezford, Raulf 
Mundy Water Dodisworthe for ther houndes mete for one 
monethe now ended, xxvij s. 

" Item the xij days paied to (Eobert) Shere keper of the 
begles for his wages due for one monethe now ended, v s." 

In addition to his monthly pay, Shere received a reward of 
XX s. occasionally, and he had also money for their mete or 
chippinges at v s. p. month. They were called the " pry vate, 
or pry vay, begles." The sums paid were either for the hounds' 
food or the keeper's wages, or both : the former was also called 



Chap. LIII. HENRY VIIi: S DOGS. 187 

" Chippinges," as mentioned below. Eaynezford received 
xxY s. for a livery, and also often had presents from the 
king. 

" To humfrey Eaynezford for Chippinges for the kinges 
pryvate (buk) houndes for ij monethes, &c., xviij s. viiij d. 

"To lawrence lee (one of the kepers) for his houndes' 
mete for one monethe, &c. ix s." 

Payments of ten shillings and five shillings occur " for 
bringing Cut the kinge's spanyell ayen," and " bringing home 
Ball the kinge's dog that was loste in the forrest of Waltham." 
Also of four shillings and eight pence " to a poure woman in 
Eewarde, for bringing ayenne of Cutte, the kinge's dog," and 
" twenty shillings to the fellaw with the daunsing dogge," as 
well as four and eight-pence " to Edmonde the fote man for 
so moche by him gyven in rewarde at Assherige to one that 
made the dogges to draw water." ^ 

Three shillings were given as hire "for a Carte for the 
Kinge's (buk) houndes fro Newelme to Wodstok," and seven 
and sixpence for canvas to cover one for the hounds. Also 
seven shillings and sixpence " to the office of the bukhoundes 
for killing of the furste bucke." 

Humfrey Eaynezford was paid five shillings " for ten elles 
of Canvasse for to cover the carte with the Kinges houndes : " 
he also received sixpence for three hundred nails for it, and 
four and four-pence for board and carpenter's labour, &c., for a 
chest within the said cart. The hounds were thus carried from 
about the 23rd July till the 27th August, 1532, to Ampthill, 



' Lyly mentions the mastifl as necessary about 'houses, "tfl draw watnr, 
watch thieves." 



THE DOG. Chap. LIII. 



Grafton, Woodstock, Langley, and Abingdon, and they soon 
went on to Ewelme, Beading, and Windsor. Eaynezford was 
paid his expenses daily for carting them. 

Sir William Pykering received forty-five shillings for a 
course that he won of the king's grace in Eltham Park against 
his dog ; and some other person twenty-two and sixpence for 
bets that he won of the king in Eltham Park. 

Also the Lord Eochford forty-five shillings for a wager he 
won with a brace of greyhounds at Mote Park. Many entries 
for greyhounds appear, such as forty shillings to a servant of 
master Salisbury, in reward "for bringing of a leasshe of 
Greyhoundes " to the king's grace at Hampton Court ; also 
twenty, to one that brought a brace out of Walq^ ; and " xx 
corons of the somme of four pounds, thirteen shillings, and four 
pence," " to a frencheman in Eewarde for bringing of a brase 
of Greyhoundes fro the frenche king to the kinge's grace to 
Eltham." Mention is likewise made of the king " chast " or 
" chaste " greyhounds ; they were kept by one Bryan. What 
this means is not clear; it may mean greyhounds restrained 
from breeding ; those maintained for the chace and not as 
companions ; pure thoroughbred greyhounds ; or greyhounds 
trained or broken in, derived from chatier, or chastier.' But 
the correct signification may come from cJiastrer, to geld, or 
spay ; for which see Cotgrave and Kelham's Dictionaries. 

Harte houndes also are alluded to, "haryers" likewise, and 
" whelpes of gyngelle's kynde." , 

It appears the hounds ran from the field at times, for we 



' " In that forest fede, 

Tristrem Hodain gau chast." 

Sir Tristrem, Fytte Third. 



Chap. LIII. HENRY V/II.'S DOGS. 189 

have an entry of payment to Eobert Lee and Eobert Shore 
in reward for finding a buck and the hounds in Waltham 
Forest, where they were lost. 

Ten shilKngs was paid in 1530 " for a cowe that Uryren a 
Brereton's greyhound and my Ladye Anne's Idlled." This 
was Anne Boleyn. She gave the Cardinal du BeUai a com- 
plete hunting suit, including a hat, bow, arrow, and a grey- 
hound. She herself shot and hunted. Though Henry VIII. 
was a gambler, he betted little on his dogs. Where his 
own selfishness, ferocious passions, or arbitrary disposition 
was not concerned, he was not hard of heart. He recom- 
pensed a poor woman for a tame doe killed, and gave money 
to many poor and sick people. Dogs were often presented 
him. The following occurs relative to their food in the 
seventeenth of his reign : — 

" The charge of 68 Loves of bread served to the officers of 
the Lesh, for the expences of the King's Greyhounds, being 

in their keeping ; and 34 Loves served to Mr. for the 

King's G-reyhounds being in his keeping : in all 102 Loves, 
dayly served at J everie Loafe ; amounting in the day to 
2s. l\d., by the yeare to 38Z. 15s. TJi." 

He had four men who were called " children of the Lesh." 
Stabling was provided for them and the huntsman. 

In 1548, during the reign of Edward VI., Lord Deputy 
Bellingham reproached James Hancock, merchant, and after- 
wards Mayor of Dublin, for his obstinacy by which the King 
was in danger of being disappointed of hawks and two brace 
of dogs for a nobleman in Spain, which the Lord Deputy had 
promised. 



igo THE DOG. Chap. LIII. 

The painting by Sir Antonio More at Woburn Abbey, 
of Philip II. and Queen Mary, portrays two very small 
white pet dogs at Mary's feet. Their ears are long, noses 
rather pointed, and their necks have collars of bells. In the 
Privy Purse Expenses of Mary, edited by Sir F. Madden, is 
the entry — " geuene to Sir Bryan Tuke' seruante, bringing a 
cowple of litle fayre houndes to my Lade's grace, 5s." The 
book has many entries of payments to Cristofer Bradley, her 
Grace's dogkeeper, for " grehoundes meate." He received 
34s. 8c?. for six months, and 7s. 6c?. " to by hym a cote." The 
hounds of the King's and Queen's leasshe had velvet col- 
lars. In the inventory of Henry VIII. 's effects we find 
" vi dogge collars of crymson vellat wt. vi Lyhams of white 
leather." ..." Itm' a Liame of white silk w' a coUer of white 
vellat embrawdered w* perles, the swivell of silver." Liam is 
said in this work to be from the Latin ligamen, and made of 
silk, leather, or cord, and attached to the collar by a swivel. 
It is, however, more likely that the word came from the 
French name of the dog himself, namely Limier ; and hence 
the word lime, liam, lyham, leam, &c. The equivalent in 
French is " traict." Mary gave xv s. for " a litle SpanyeU." 



Chap. LIV. QUEEN ELIZABETH'S DOGS. 191 



CHAPTEE LIV. 

QUEEN ELIZABETH had her Huntinge Harriers, Buck 
Howndes, Hart-houndes, and Otter Howndes ; Su* 
Henry NeviU, the Earl of Warwick, and the Earl of Hun- 
tington being masters of the three first packs. Serjeants, 
Yeomen Prickers, and other officers were attached to them. 

In 1559 ^ the French Ambassadors " were brought to Court 
with musick to dinner, and after a splendid dinner they were 
entertained with the baiting of bears and bulls with English 
dogs. The Queen's Grace herself and the Ambassadors stood 
in the gallery looking on the pastime till six at night." 

The 26th, they took barge at Paul's Wharf, and so to Paris 
Garden,^ where was to be another baiting of bulls and bears ; 
and the Captain, with an hundred of the Guard, kept room 
for them against they came, that they might have place to 
see the sport. 

The 28th, the French Ambassadors went away, taking 
their barge towards Gravesend ; and carried with them many 
mastiffs given them, for hunting their wolves. 

In 1586 the Danish Ambassador was similarly entertained 
at Greenwich ; " for upon a green, verie spatious and larger 
where thousands might stand and behold with good content- 
ment, there beare-bating and bull-bating (tempered with 
other merie disports) were exhibited; whereat it cannot be 



1 Nichols* Progresses. 

2 At Baiit-side, in Southwark, close to the Thames. It was also a play- 
house. 



192 THE DOG. Chap. LIV. 

spoken of what pleasure the people took,". . . " their eies full 
beat upon the present spectacle, diverse times expressing their 
inward conceived joy and delight, with shrill shouts, and 
varietie of gesture." 

An order of Privy Council, in 1591, prohibited the exhibi- 
tion of plays on Thursdays, because on Thursdays bear-baitings 
and such like pastimes had been usually practised ; and an 
injunction was sent to the Lord Mayor that "in divers places 
the players do use to recite their plays to the great hurt and 
destruction of the game of bear-baiting, and like pastimes, 
which are maintained for her Majesty's pleasure." 

When confined by Mary at Hatfield House, Elizabeth and 
her sister were recreated with a grand exhibition of bear- 
baiting, "with which their Highnesses were right well con- 
tent." Indeed, the stout heart of good Queen Bess was 
particularly rejoiced by this sport. Especial attention was 
bestowed on this department of the amusements provided for 
her delectation at Kenilworth. A quaint and lively descrip- 
tion of it is given by an eye-witness, Laueham, and to him 
the vivid picture of the battle of bear and mastiff, by Sir 
Walter Scott in his romance on the fate of the unhappy Amy 
Kobsart, owes some of its life-like features. 

" A Letter 
Whearin, part of the entertain- 
ment untoo the Qneenz Maiesty, 
at Killingwoorth Oastl, in Warwik Sheer 
in this Soomerz Progress 1575, iz 
signified : from a freend officer 
attendant in the Coourt, unto 
hiz freend a Citizen, 
and Merchaunt 
of London." 



Chap. LIV. BEAR-BAITING. 193 

" Thursday 6. A queast of Bearz. 

" Thursday " (says the droll and jolly author), " the foour- 
teenth of this July and the syxth day of her Maiestyez cum- 
ming : a great sort of bandogs whear thear tyed iu the outter 
Court, and thyrteen bearz in the inner. Whoosoever made 
the pannell, thear wear inoow for a Queast and one for chal- 
lenge and need wear. A wight of great wizdoom and gravitee 
seemed their forman to be, had it cum to a Jury : But it fell 
oout that they wear cauzd too appear thear upon no such 
matter, but onlie too aunswear too an auneient g^uarrell 
between them and the bandogs, in a cause of .controversy 
that hath long depended, been obstinatly full often debated 
with sharp and byting arguments a both sydes, and coold 
never bee decided : grown noow too so marveyloous a malJys, 
tha.t with spitefull obrayds and uncharitabl chaffings alweiz 
they freat, az far az any whear the ton can beer, see, or smell 
the toother: and indeed at utter deadly fohod. Many a 
maymed member, (God wot) blody face and a torn cote hath 
the quarrell cost betweene them, so far likely the lesse yet 
noow too be appeazed, az thear wants not partakerz too bak 
them a both sidez. 

" Well syr, the Bearz wear brought foorth intoo the Coourt, 
the Dogs set too them, too argu the points eeven face too 
face, they had learnd coounsell allso a both pai'ts : what may 
they be coounted parciall that are retaind but a to syde ? T 
ween no. Very feers both ton and toother and eager in 
argument if the dog in pleadyng woold pluk the bear by the 
throte, the bear with travers woould claw him again by the 
skaip, confess and a list, but a voyd a coold not that waz 
VOL. u. o 



194 THE DOG. Chap. LIV. 

bound too the bar : and biz coounsell toUd him that it coold 
bee too him no poUecy in pleading. 

" Thearfore thus with fending and prooving, with plucking 
and tugging, skratting and byting, by plain tooth and nayll a 
to side and toother such exspens of blood and leather waz 
thear betAveen them, az a moonths licking I ween wyl not 
recoover : and yet remain az far oout az ever they wear. 

" It waz a spoort very pleazaunt of theez beastz : to see the- 
bear with hiz pink nyez leering after hiz enmiez approch, the 
nimblness and wayt of ye dog too take his avauntage, and 
the fors and experiens of the bear agayn to avoyd the assauts : 
if he wear Ijitten in one place, hoow he woold pynch in an 
oother too get free : that if he wear taken onez, then what 
shyft with byting with clawyng, with roring tossing and 
tumbling he woold woork too wynde hym self from them : 
and when he waz lose, to shake hiz earz twyse or thryse wyth 
the bind and the slaver about his fiznamy, waz a matter of a 
goodly releef." 

The legal comparison of Laneham is somewhat like 
Butler's :— 

" So Lawyers, lest the Bear Defendant, 
And Plaintiff Dog, should make an end on't. 
Do stave and tail with Writs of Error, 
Reverse of Judgment, and Demurrer, 
To let them hreathe a while, and then 
Cry whoop, and set them on again." 

Eudibras, Canto ii. 

Stow, in his ' Survey of London,' written in 1598/ records 

that " There were two Bear Gardens, the Old and New : Places 

wherein were kept Bears, Bulls, and other Beasts to be baited : 

' Strype's edition, 1720. 



Chap. LIV. BEAR-BAITING. igS 

As also Mastives, in their several Kennels, are there nourished 
to bait them. These Bears, and other Beasts, are there baited 
in Plots of Ground scaffolded round for the Beholders to stand 
safe. 

" For the foulness of these rude Sights, and for that these 
beastly Combats were usually performed on Sundays, and that 
so much Money was idly thrown away, that might have 
been better given to the Poor, a Poet in the latter time of 
Hen. VIII. made and printed these homely Verses, more 
commendable for his Zeal than his Poetry : — 

" What Polly is this to keep with danger 
A great Mastive Dog, and a fowle ongly Bear ? 
And to this one End, to see them two fight 
With terrihle tearings, a ful ongly sight. 
And yet methinks those Men be most Fools of al, 
Whose store of Money is but very smal : 
And yet every Sunday they will surely spend 
One Penny or two, the Bearward's Living to mend. 
At Paris Ga/rden ' each Sunday a Man shall not fail 
To find two or three hundred for the Bearward's Vale. 
One halfpenny a piece they use for to give, 
When some have not more in their Purses, I believe. 
Wei, at the last Day their Conscience will declare, 
That the Poor ought to have all that they may spare. 
If you therefore it give, to see a Bear fight, 
Be sure God his Curse upon you will light." 

The Bear-Garden. Certain Rhimes against these 
Sports. Crowly, the Printer, his Epigram. J. 8. 

Amphitheatres by the river-side, one for bull and the other 
for bear-baiting, with the dogs tied under a long shed, are 
shown in the old maps of London of the time of Elizabeth. 

• In the Notes to Hudibras it is stated to have been so called from the name 
of the owner, one Paris. It waa afterwards termed the Bear Garden. 

2 



196 THE DOG. Chap. LV. 



CHAPTEE LV. 

TT>DWAED ALLEYN, the founder of Dulwich College, was 
-^ a great actor, and rival of Burbage who performed 
Shakspeare's principal characters ; he also was proprietor of 
the Fortune Playhouse in Whitecross Street, and, in partner- 
ship with Philip Henslow, owned a Bear-garden on the 
Bank-side in Southwark before he obtained the place of 
Master of the King's Bears. Bear-baiting was an amusement 
so much in fashion in Alleyn's time that it afforded amuse- 
ment and entertainment to people of all ranks, and his 
garden and appointment most likely yielded him a consider- 
able portion of the money he accumulated. 

The former was not licensed, but was so well stocked, that 
when Sir John Darrington, then Master of the Bears to Queen 
Elizabeth, was obliged to exhibit this game to her Majesty at 
a short notice, he applied to Alleyn and Henslow for their 
assistance. The following is the copy of an advertisement 
from this Bear-garden, preserved among Alleyn's papers : — ■ 

"Tomorrow being Thursdaie, shal be seen at the bear- 
garden on the Bank-side, a greate match plaid by the 
gamesters of Essex, who hath challenged all comers whatso- 
ever, to plaie 5 dogges at the single beare, for 5 pounds ; 
and also to wearie a bull dead at the stake ; and for their 
better content, shall have pleasant sport with the horse and 

ape, and whipping of the blind bear. 

" ViVAT Rex." 



Chap. LV. BEAR-BAITING. 197 

After the death of Sir John Darrington, the office of "chief 
master, ruler, and overseer of all and singular his majesty's 
games, of bears, and bulls, and mastive dogs, and mastive 
bitches," was granted to Sir William Steward ; who refusing 
to treat with Alleyn and Henslow for the house and bears on 
the Bank-side, they were induced to purchase his office of 
him, for the sake of procuring a licence to bait them. 

Whenever it was the King's pleasure to entertain himself, 
or any of his royal visitors, with the game of bear-baiting, it 
was the business of the master of the game to provide bears 
and dogs, and to superintend the baiting: and as this cruel 
sport destroyed a great number of the poor animals, he was 
invested with the most unhmited authority to issue com- 
missions and to send his officers into every county of England, 
who were empowered to seize and take away any bears, bulls, 
or dogs, that they thought meet for his Majesty's service. 
This arbitrary proceeding was little relished by the subjects ; 
and the persons sent to take up dogs were frequently ill- 
treated and beaten, the justices of the peace often refusing to 
grant them any redress. Some towns, and whole comities, 
to avoid these disputes, made a composition with the master 
of the bears, to send up a certain number of mastiff dogs 
yearly, upon condition that the commission should never 
come into their neighbourhood. Among Alleyn's papers is 
an engagement signed by certain persons of the town of 
Manchester, wherein they promise to send up yearly, "a 
masty dogge or bytche to the bear-garden, between Myd- 
somer and Michaelmasse." 

The master of the bear-garden in Queen Elizabeth's time 
was allowed to have public baitings on Sundays in the 



igS THE DOG. Chap. LV. 

afternoon; which liberty was taken away by James I. 
Alleyn complains much of this in a petition which he pre- 
sented to the King ; in which he also prays for an increase of 
salary. 

"To THE KiNGES MOSTE EXCELLENT MaGESTIE. ThE 
HUMBLE PeTTITION OF PhILLIPE HeNSLOW AND EdWAED 

Alleyn, your Ma™^ Sebtantes. 

" Wheras it pleassed your moste exselent Ma"% after the 
death of Sir John Dorington, to grant the offes of M'' of your 
game of beares, buUes, and doges, with the fee of xyj'^ per 
dium, unto Sir W" Steward, knight, at which tyme the howse 
and beares being your Ma"'^ pettitioners, but we not licensed 
to bayte them, and Sir W™ Steward refusynge to tacke them 
at our handes upon any resonable termes, we weai-e therfore 
inforsed to" bye of hime the said office pastime and fee at a 
very highe ratte. 

"And whereas in respecte of the great charge that the 
kepinge of the saide game contenewally requirethe, and 
also the smalnes of the fee, in the late quenes tyme fre 
libertie was permited with owt restrainte to bayght them, 
which now is tacken away frome us, especiallye one the 
sondayes in the after none after devine service, which was 
the cheflfest meanes and benyfite to the place ; and in the 
tyme of the sicknes we have bene retrayned many tymes 
one the workey dayes. Thes hinderances in generalle, with 
the losse of divers of thes beastes, as before the Kinge of 
Denmarke, whiche loste a goodlye beare called G-eorge Stone ; 
and at our laste beinge before your Ma"^ weare kylled iiij of 
our beaste beares, which in your kingdom are not the licke to 



Chap. LV. PETITION OF HENSLOW AND ALLEYN, 199 

be hade, all which weare in valley worth 30" ; and also our 
ordenary charges amounteth yearly unto ijC" and beatter : 
thes losses and charges are so heavey upon your pettitioners, 
that wheras formerly we cowld have leatten it forth for 1 00'" 
a yeare, now none will taeke it gratis to beare the charges, 
which is your pore servantes undoinge, unles your M'"^ of 
your gratious clemensey have consideration of us. 

"Thes cawsses do in forse us moste humblie to be come 
sewters to your Ma'"* in respecte of the premisies, and for 
that we have, ever sence your gratious enterance into this 
kingdom, done your Ma*'^ service with all dewtie and ob- 
servance, it wold please your Ma''^ in your moste rialle bowntie 
now so to releve us; as we maye be able to contenew our 
service unto your Mat"' as hereto fore we have done, and to 
that eand to grant unto us free libertie, as hath byun geaven 
us in the late queues tyme, and also in respecte of our great 
and dayle charge, to ade unto our sayd fee ij' viij*, beinge 
never as yet incresed sence the firste fowndation of the office. 

"And whereas ther ar divers vagrantes, and persones of 
losse and idell liffe, that usalley wandreth throwgh the contreyes 
with beares and bulles with owt any lycence, and for owght 
we know servinge no man, spoyllinge iand kyllinge doges for 
that game, so that your Ma"° cane not be served but by 
great charges to us, fetchinge them very fare, which is directly 
contrary to a statute made in that behallfe: — for the re- 
strayninge of suche your Ma"' wold be pleassed, in your 
moste gratious favor, to renew unto your pettitioners our 
pattyne, and to grant us and our deputies power and atoritie 
to apprehend suche vagrantes, and to convent them before 
the next Justice of pece, there to be bownd with suerties to 



THE DOG. Chap. LV. 



forfet his said beares and buUes to your Ma'"'' usse, yf he 
shalbe tacken to go a bowt with any suche game contrary 
to the lawes of this your Ma'"'" Eealme, and your pore 
servantes will dayle praye for your Ma"°^ long and hapey 
Rayne." 

The original of the above is in Henslowe's illiterate writing, 
about 1604. 

John Dorington, Esquire, was appointed Master in reversion 
of the Queen's Games of Bulls and Bears in 1573. Ealph 
Bowes was possessed of it in 1586 or 1596. Dorington's 
commission ran thus : " The room or office of Cheif Master, 
Overseer, and Ruler of all and singular our game, pastimes, 
and sports, that is to say of all and every our bears, bulls, 
and mastiff dogs, meet for the purpose. Westminster, 2* June, 
A" 15 Eliz. 1573." After his decease, Sir William Stuart, 
who was placed in the vacant post of " Master of his Majestie's 
Games of Beeres, Bulls, and Dogges,'' sold it to Henslowe and 
AUeyn " for foure hundreth and fiftye poundes." 

The patent from James I. to Henslowe and Alleyn, 
after the introduetion, proceeds, " the said officej of Cheefe 
M"'- Overseer and Ruler of our Beares, Bulls, and Mastiffe 
Dogges in any wise belonginge,"— " and full power comission 
and authoritie, not onlie to take up and kepe for our service 
pastyme and sporte any mastife dogge or dogges and mastife 
bitches, beares, bulls, and other meete and convenient for our 
said service and pastymes, or any of them, beinge within this 
our realme or other our dominions, at and for such reasonable 
prices as our said servauntes or either of them, their deputie 
or deputies, or the deputie or deputies of either of them, can 



Chap. LV. PATENT TO\HENSLOW AND ALLEYN. 201 

agree with the owner or owners of the beares and bulls ; but 
also to staye, or cause to be stayed, at theire or either of theire 
discretions, all and every such mastiffe dogges and bitches as 
the said Philip Henslow and Edward Allen, or either of them, 
or thare assignes or the assignes of either of them, shall fortune 
at any tyme hereafter to take or fynde goinge, passinge or 
conveyinge, or to be conveyed in any wise into any partes of 
beyond the seas without our special warrant and commission 
for conveyinge of the same." It then goes on to " give and 
graunt" "the office and roome of Keeper of our Bandoggs, 
Mastiffes arid Mastiffe Bitches, " and " for occupyinge and . 
exercisinge of the said office and keppinge of twentie mastiffe 
bitches, the fee and wages of tenn pence sterlinge by the 
daie." 

The masters claimed the exclusive right of sending bear- 
wards into the provinces ; they travelled through the country 
exhibiting in the towns, and sometimes stopping at the houses 
of the nobility and gentry.^ 

Shakspere had a house near the Bear Garden, and, 
judging from the numerous allusions to, and vivid descrip- 
tions of the sport, which are scattered through his writings, 
must have been a frequent spectator. 

The power granted to the Masters of the Games, and 
through them to their assistants, to seize on any dogs they 
pleased throughout the country, was probably often abused. 
They frequently met with resistance it appears ; and in the 
case of a Mr. Venables, a gentleman of Agdon in Cheshire, 



1 Slender. — " Why doe your dogs barke so ? be there beares i' the towne ? 

The Merry Wives of Windsor. 



THE DOG. Chap. LV. 



whose dog they endeaTOured to appropriate, Henslowe soli- 
cited the interference of the Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of 
Suffolk. The Earl wrote to the magistrates of the county to 
punish the offenders, but they displayed little alacrity to sup- 
port the Masters of the Games, and Mr.'' Venables, in spite of 
the Great Seal, charged them with felony in stealing his dog, 
and threatened to prosecute them at the assizes. Sir Anthony 
Cooke, also, had some correspondence with the Lord Chamber- 
lain on a similar matter, and finally declined to give up a 
particular dog. 

The foregoing proves that mastiffs were still exported from 
England to the Continent, as had been the custom in the era 
of the Romans and the Gauls. 

We now come to a very characteristic epistle to AUeyn 
from the " Bill Gibbons" of the day. 

" To mey Verey Loving frend, Mr. AUin, at the Palles ' 
Garden at London, give thes. 

" M'- AUin, mey love remembered. I understoode bey a 
man which came with too Beares from the gardeyne, that 
you have a deseyre to bey one of mey Boles. I have three 
westorne boles at thes tyme, but I have had verey ell loeck 
with them, for one of them hath lost his home to the queyck, 
that I think that bee will never bee able to feyght agayne ; 
that is mey ould star of the west : hee was a verey esey bol ; 
and my Bol, Bevis, he hath lost one of hes eyes, but I think 
if you bed him hee would do you more hurt then good, for I 
protest I think hee would other throo up your dodges in to 

' Paris. 



Chap.lv. letters to ALLEYN. 203 

the loftes,' or eles ding out theare braynes ageanst the 
grates/ so that I think hee is not for your turne. Besydes, 
I esteeme him verey hey, for my lord of Rutlandes man bad 
mee for him xx marckes. I have a bol which came out of 
the west, which standes mee in twentey nobles. If you so 
did leyck him, you shall have him of mey: faith, hee is a 
marvailous good Boole, and shuch a on as I think you have 
had but few shuch, for I aseure you that I hould him as good 
a doble bole as that which you had amee last a single, and 
one that I have played therty or fourty coursses before he 
hath bene tacken from the stacke, with the best dodges 
which halfe a dosen freyghtes had. 

"If you send a man unto mee he shall see aney of mey 
boles playe, and you shall have aney of them (def. in MS.) 
refor, if the will plesoure you. Thus biding you hartely 
farewell, I end, 

"Your louing friend, 

" William Fawnte." 

In another letter to Alleyn, which is amongst, his manu- 
scripts, mention occurs of the notable exploits of a bear 
called " Little Besse of Bromley," who fought, in one day, 
twenty-one double and single courses with the best dogs in 
the country. About 1617 King James was petitioned by 
Alleyn for money owing for bears and dogs conveyed to 
France by one Starkey in order to amuse the King in Paris 
with the sport of bear-baiting. He carried on the games to 



' Galleries of the amphitheatre. 

2 Qy. gratings to protect the spectators in the pit ? 



204 THE DOG. Chap. LV. 

the last. In his diary are the entries, " 22* May, 1621, I 
bajrted before the King at Greenwich : " " 10 June 1622. 
Baighted before the King, and my man washd my shepe: 
p*- 2*- a skore." According to a memorandum given below 
he must have sold his patent several years before. 

"What the Beae G-aeden cost for my owne paet in 
Decembee, 1594. 

" First to Mr. Bumabye 2001- 

Then for the Pattent .. 250 

Some is 450 

I held it 16 year, and Rd 601- per annum, which is .. .. 9601- 

Sonld itt to my Father, Hinchloe, in Fehruarie, 1610, for 580; " 

Dulwich College was founded with the proceeds partly 
arising from the combats of bulls, bears, and dogs, as well as 
of other animals ; nevertheless, AUeyn appears to have been 
a manly, honourable, kind-hearted, and forgiving man. 



Chap. LVI. QUEEN ELIZABETH'S AMUSEMENTS. 305 



CHAPTEE LVI. 

/^NE cannot have a better idea of the variety of Queen 
Elizabeth's elegant amusements than from the follow- 
ing passage in one of Rowland White's letters to Sir Eobert 
Sidney : — " Her Majesty is very well : — this day she appointes 
to see a Frenchman doe feates upon a rope in the Conduit- 
court; to-morrow, she hath' commanded the beares, the 
bull, and the ape, to be baited in the Tilt-yard. Upon 
Wednesday she will have solemn dawncing."^ May 12, 
1600. 

On the 8th of September, her Majesty's Court being then 
kept in the Tower of Southampton, we find the following 
instance of the Queen's displacing the Mayor of a corporate 
town ; the offence being thus stated : — " John Harford, Mayor 
of Coventry, walking in the field with a couple of grey- 
hunds, which greyhounds ran a little spaniel of William 
Heley's, an embroiderer, the said Heley, meaning to save 
his spaniel, beat the greyhounds; for which cause the said 
John Harford beat the said William Heley with his walking- 
staff, that he died of the stroke; for which cause he was 
deprived of his Mayoralty, and John Saunders served out his 
year. The said John Harford was fain to agree with Heley's 



Sidney Papers, vol. ii. p. 194. 



2o6 THE DOG. Chap. LVI. 

wife for the pardon, and also exempted the council of the 
city for ever." ' 

Abraham Ortelius, born in 1527, and who was the first 
geographer of his age^ mentions, in his description of the 
globe,^ both the ladies and the dogs of England with great 
eulogium. 

" Angleterre." " On ne trouve en nuUe autre part nuls 

plus grands, ni plus mauvais chiens." " Les femmes 

sont blanches comme neige, et d'une excellente beauts, 
qu'elles decorent avec un accoutrement fort bien seant." 

Ortelius travelled both in England and Ireland, but, 
strange to say, does not speak of the Irish wolf-dog at all, 
while he notices the people in terms not the most flattering, 
" Hibemie, ou Irlande." " lis estiment grandes deUces de 
point travailler." The translation published in London, 
1603,^ gives the foregoing passages as follows: — "The 
women" of Englande "arre moste white and of admirable 
beautie aparelled in a most comely and decent order." .... 
" It produceth also a most excellent kinde of mastiffe dogges 
of a wondertiil bignesse and admirable fiercenesse and 
strengthe." " Irlande :" speaking of the population. " In fine 
they are utterlye brute, esteeminge no manner of delightes 
to Idehies." How great the alteration since those times in the 
character of " the finest Peasantry in the Universe " ! * 

Paul Hentzner, tutor to a young German nobleman, with 
whom he travelled in England during 1598, in describing 



' Nichols' Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 1. p. 259. 

^ Theatre de rUnivers. Anvers, 1598. 

' Abraham Ortelius. His Epitome of the Theater of the Worlde. 

* See also Froissart, vol. iv. chap. 64, for the manners and customs of the Irish. 



Chap. LVI. HENTZNER' S DESCRIPTION OF LONDON: 207 

London, remarks,^ — "There is still another Place, built in 
the Form of a Theatre, which serves for the baiting of Bulls 
and Bears; they are fastened behind, and then worried by 
great English Bull-dogs; but not without great Risque to 
the Dogs, from the Horns of the one, and the Teeth of the 
other ; and it sometimes happens they are killed upon the 
Spot; fresh ones are immediately supphed in the Place of 
those that are wounded, or tired. To this Entertainment, 
there often follows that of whipping a blinded Bear, which is 
performed by five or six Men, standing circularly with Whips, 
Avhich they exercise upon him without any Mercy, as he 
cannot escape from them because of his Chain ; he defends 
himself with all his Force and Skill, throwing down all who 
come within his reach, and are not active enough to get out of 
it, and tearing the Whips out of their Hands, and breaking 
them. At these Spectacles, and every where else, the Eng- 
lish are constantly smoaking Tobacco. The general drink is 
Beer, strong, and what soon fuddles. They are good Sailors, 
and better Pirates, — above 300 are said to be hanged annually 
at London. If they see a Foreigner, very well made or 
particularly handsome, they will say, It is a Pity he is not 
an Englishman. Hawking is the general sport of the Gentry. 
The Dogs here are particularly good." 

Lady Mary Russell kept a bear in 1543, but whether for 
the purpose of baiting him or not, does not appear. The Duke 
de Najera's Secretary, on his visit to England in 1544, saw 
seven bears in London which were baited daily : and Erasmus 
mentions herds of bears kept in England- for baiting. 



' A Journey into England by Paul Hentzner in 1598. 



2o8 THE DOG. Chap. LVI. 

James I., in 1618, by his ' Book of Sports ' prohibited bear 
and bull-baitings on Sundays,^ yet bear-baiting and Divine 
service went sometimes hand-in-hand. Carleton wrote Sir 
T. Edmonds— 

" The Easter holidays were spent at Court with accus- 
tomed solemnities. The Sunday was well suited with two 
reverend Preachers, the Bishop of Bath to the Household, 
and Chichester (Ely) before the King. The Tuesday, whereof 
the afternoon was spent in bear-baiting, was as well fitted 
with a Chaplain, one Dr. Smith, Head of a House in Cam- 
bridge, who so well baited all the great ones, terming them 
suffragatares aulcei, for abusing the King's ear in preferment 
of suit. Judges for prohibitions. Patrons for impropriations 
and selling of benefices, and all sorts of Officers for corruption 
in their places, and that in so plain and broad terms that I 
know not how he escaped baiting himself" 

The Spanish Ambassador in 1623^ was regaled in like 
manner. Chamberlain wrote — 

" The Spanish Ambassador is much delighted in bear- 
baiting. He was the last week at Paris-G-arden, where they 
showed him all the pleasure they could both with bull, bear, 
and horse, besides jackanapes, and then turned a white bear 
into the Thames, where the dogs baited him swimming , which 
was the best sport of all." 



' Not in all oases a very popular measure, if it is to be judged by the conduct 
of the parishioners of Beaconsfield in 1624, of whom it was said, "People lie in 
their pews, sit with their hats on, and neither kneel at the Litany nor bow at 
the name of Jesus." — Public Record Office. 

' Nichols' Progr( 



Chap. LVII. A LION BAITED. 209 



CHAPTEE LVII. 

' rpHE Annales, or Generall Chronicle of England, begun 
first by Maister John Stow ' — the laborious and faith- 
ful antiquary, whose hard fate it was to be left by his country- 
men to beg his bread in his old age and eightieth year — 
narrates the ensuing : — 

" A lAon baited with Mastiffes in the Tower of London. — 
The King's Majesty,^ lodging in the Tower of London on 
the 13 of March, after hee had surveyed all the offices, store- 
houses, and the Mint, where both the King and the Q. 
coyned money, and gave to divers persons there present, being 
told of the Lions, he asked of their being and how they came 
thither, for that in England there were bred no such fierce 
Beasts, whereunto was answered that no mention is made in 
any record of Lions breeding here, nevertheless Abraham 
Ortelius, and other forraine writers do affirme that there are 
in Englande beasts of as great courage, as the Lion, namely 
the Mastiffe Dog. Whereupon the K. caused Edward AUen,^ 
late servant to the Lord Admirall, now sworne the Princes 
man, and master of the Beare Garden, to fetch secretly 3 of 
the fellest dogs in the Garden, which being done, the King, 



1 James I. ^ This was Alleyn, the actor, before mentioned. 

VOL. II. P 



THE DOG. Chap. LVII. 



queene and prince, with 4 or 5 Lords, went to the Lion's 
Towre, and caused the lustiest Lion to bee separated from his 
mate, and put into the Lion's den one Dog alone, who pre- 
sently flew to the face of the Lion, but the Lion suddenly 
shooke him off, and graspt him fast by the neck, drawing the 
dog up stairs and downe staires. 

" The King now perceiving the Lion greatly to exceede the 
Dog in strength, but nothing in noble heart and courage, 
caused annother Dog to bee put into the Denne, who prooved 
as hot and Lusty as his fellow and tooke the Lyon by the 
Face, but the Lyon began to deale with him as with the 
former, whereupon the King commanded the third dog to be 
put in before the second dog was spoiled, which third dogge 
more fierce and fell thaneyther of the former, and in despight 
eyther of clawes or strength, tooke the Lyon by the lip, but 
the Lyon so tore the dog by the eyes, head, and face, that he 
lost his hold, and then the Lyon tooke the Dogs necke in 
his mouth, drawing him up and downe as hee did the former, 
but being wearied, could not bite so deadly as at the first, 
now whilest the last dog was thus hand to hand with the lion 
in the upper roome, the other two Dogs were fighting together 
in the lower roome, whereupon the King caused the Lyon to 
be driven downe, thinking the lyon would have parted them, 
but when hee saw he must needs come by them, he leapt 
cleane over them both, and coutrary to the Kinges expecta- 
tion, the lyon fled into an inward den, and would not by any 
meanes endure the presence of the dogs, albeit the last dog 
pursued egerly, but could not finde the way to the Lyon. 
You shall understand the two last dogs whilest the lyon held 
them both under his pawes, did bite the lyon by the belly, 



Chap. LVII. CONTESTS VSTITH LIONS. 2H 

whereat the lyon roared so extreamely, that the earth 
shooke withall : and the uext lyou rampt and roared as if 
hee would have made rescue. The Lyon hath not any pecu- 
liar or proper kind of fight, as hath the Dog, Beare, or Bull, 
but onely a ravenous kind of surprising for prey. The two 
first dogs dyed within few dayes, but the last Dog was well 
recovered of al his hurts: and the young Prince com- 
maunded his servant E. Allen to bring the dog to him to 
S. James, where the Prince charged the said Allen to 
keepe him, and make much of him, saying, he that had 
fought with the king of beastes, should never after fight with 
any inferiour creature." 

" Tlie Kinge a Wall, and breeding place for the Lyons. — 
This spring of the yeare the Kinge builded a wall, and filled 
up with earth, all that part of the mote, or ditch, round 
about the west side of the Lions den, and appoynted a draw- 
ing partition to be made towards the south part thereof, the 
one part thereof to serve for the breeding Lionesse : when she 
shall have whelps, and the other part thereof for a walke for 
other Lions. The King caused also three trap doores to 
bee made in the wall of the Lyons den, for the Lyons to 
goe into their walke, at the pleasure of their Keeper, 
which walke, shall bee maintayned, and kept for especiall 
place, to baight the Lyons, with Dogges, Beares, Bulles, 
Bores, &c." 

"A tryall of the Lyonesse qualytie. — Munday the third of 
June, in the afternoone, his Ma,jestie, beeing accompanied, with 
the Duke of Lenox, the Earles of Worcester, Pembroke, 
Southhampton, Sufifolke, Devonshire, Salisbury, and Mount- 

p 2 



THE DOG. Chap. LVII. 



gomery, and the Lord Heskin, Captayne of his highnesse 
guarde, with many Knights, and G-entlemen of name : came 
to the Lyons Tower, and for that time was placed, over the 
platforme, of the Lyons, because as yet, the two Galleries 
were not builded, the one of them for the King and great 
Lords, and the other for speciall personages. 

" The King tryeih conclusions. — The King being placed as 
aforesaide, commanded master Ralph Gyll, keeper of the 
Lyons, that his servants should put forth into the walke, the 
male and female breeders, but the Lyons woulde not goe out, 
by any ordinary meanes that could be used, neither would they 
come neere the trap doore, untill they were forced out, with 
burning Linkes, and when they were come downe, into the 
walke, they were both amazed, and stood looking about them, 
and gazing up into the ayre, then was there two rackes ^ of 
mutton throwne unto them, which they did presently eate, 
then was there a lusty live Cocke, cast unto them, which 
they presently killed, and sucked his bloud, then was there 
another live Cocke, cast unto them, which they likewise 
killed, but suckt not his blood. 

" After that the Kinge caused a live Lambe to be easily let 
downe unto them, by a rope, and being come to the grounde, 
the Lambe lay upon his knees, and both the Lyons stoode 
in their former, places, and only beheld the Lamb ; but pre- 
sently the Lambe rose up, and went unto the Lyons, who very 
gently looked uppon him, and smelled on ' him, without signe 
of any further hurt, then the Lambe was very softly drawne 
up againe in as good pliglit as hee was let downe. 



' Necks or scrags. 



ChapLVII. contests WITH LIONS. 213 

" A Lyon bayted with Dogges. — Then they caused those 
Lyons, to be put into their denne, and another male Lyon only 
to bee put forth, and two lusty mastiffes, at a by doore, to be 
let into him, and they flew fiercely uppon him, and perceiTing 
the Lyons necke to be so defended with hayre, as there they 
could not hurt him, sought onely to bite him by the Face, and 
did so, then was there a third Dogge let in, as fierce, as the 
fiercest one of them, a brended Dogge, tooke the Lyon by 
the Face, and turned him uppon his backe, but the Lyon, 
spoyled them all, the best Dogge dyed the next day." 

" A triall of fight betweene a Lyon, a stone horse, a heare, and 
of mastife dogs. — The 23 of June, the King, Queene, and 
Prince, the Lady Elizabeth, and the Duke of Yorke, with 
divers great Lords, and manie others, came to the Tower 
to see a triall of the Lyons single valour, against a great 
fierce Beare, which had kild a chUd, that was negligently left 
in the Beare-house. This fierce Beare was brought into the 
open yard, behind the Lyons Den, which was the place for 
fight : then was the great Lyon put forth, who gazed a while, 
but never ofifred to assault or approch the Beare : then were 
two mastife Dogs put in, who past by the Beare, and boldly 
seazed upon the Lyon : then was a Stone Horse put into the 
same yard, who suddenly sented and saw both the Beare 
and Lyon, and very carelessly grazed in the middle of the 
yard between them both: and then were sixe dogs put in, 
the most whereof at the first seazed upon the Lyon, but they 
sodainly left him, and seazed uppon the Horse, and hadde 
werryed him to death, but that three stout Beare-wards, even 
as the K. wished, came boldly in, and rescued the horse, by 
taking off the Dogges one by one, whilest the Lyon and 



214 



THE DOG. Chap. LVII. 



Beare stared uppon tliem, and so went forth with their Dogs : 
then was that Lyon suffered to go into his den againe, which 
he endevoured to have done long before: And then were 
divers other Lyons put into that place, one after another, 
but they shewed no more sport nor valour than the first, and 
every of them so soone as they espied the trap doores open, 
ran hastily into their dens. Then lastly, there were put forth 
together the two young lustie Lyons, which were bred in that 
yard, and were now grown great : these at first began to 
march proudly towardes the Beare, which the Beare perceiving, 
came hastily out of a comer to meete them, and sodainely 
offred to fight with the Lyon, but both Lyon and Lionesse 
skipt up and downe, and fearefuUy fled from the Beare, and 
so" these like the former Lyons, not willing to endui-e any 
fight, sought the next way into their denne. And the fift of 
July, according to the kings commandement, this Beare was 
bayted to death upon a stage : and unto the mother of the 
murthered child was given XX* p,, out of part of that money 
which the people gave to see the Beare kild. 

" And the 20 of Aprill following, viz. 1610, Prince Henry 
with the young duke of Brounswick, being accompanied w' 
the D. of Lenox, the Earle of Arundell and others, came 
privatly to the Tower, and caused the great Lion to be put 
into the yard, and ttti. doggs at a course to be set upon him, 
and they all fought with him instantly, saving such as at their 
first comming into the yard in their fury, fell one upon 
another, because they saw none else with whom to fight, for 
the Lyon kept close to the trap doore at the further end of 
the yard : these were choise dogs, and flue ai at the Lions 
head, whereat the Lyon became enraged, and furiously bit 



Chai'. LVII. contests WITH LIONS. 215 

divers dogges by the head and throat houlding their heads 
and neckes in his mouth, as a Cat doth hould a Eat, and 
with his clawes, he tore their flesh extreamly, al which not- 
withstanding many of them would not let goe their hould, 
untill they* were utterly spoiled : after divers courses and 
spoyle of divers doggs, and great likelihood of spoile of more, 
which yet lay tugging with ye Lyon, for whose rescue there 
entered in three stout Beare-wards, and set a lustie dogge 
uppon the mouth of the Lyon : and the last dog got full 
hould of the Lions tung, puld it out of his mouth, and held it 
so fast, that the Lyon neither bitte him nor any other: 
whereupon it was generally imagined that these doggs would 
instantly spoile the Lyon, he being now out of breath and 
bard from biting: and although there were now but three 
doggs upon him, yet they vexed him sore, whereupon the 
above mentioned young lusty Lyon and Lyonesse, were both 
put out together to see if they would rescue the third, but 
they would not, but fearefuUy gazed upon the doggs, then 2 
or 3 of the worst doggs which had left the first Lion, ran 
uppon them, chased them up and downe the yard, seeking by 
all meanes to avoyd the doggs, and so scone as their trap 
dore was open they both ranne hastily into their den, and a 
dog that pursued them, ranne in with them, where they all 
three like good friends stood very peaceably without any 
manner of violence eyther to other; and then the three 
Beare-wardes came bouldly in againe, and tooke off all the 
doggs but one from the Lyon, and carried them away, the 
Lyon having fought long, and his tongue torne, lay staring 
and panting a pretie while so as al the behoulders, thought 
hee had beene utterly spoiled and spent, and upon a sodaine 



2l6 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LVII. 



gazed upon that dog which remained, and so soone as hee 
had spoiled him, espying the trap doore open ranne hastilie 
into his den, and there never ceast walking up and downe, 
to and fro, untill he hadde brought himselfe into his former 
temperature. Whilest he was hot hee would never offer to 
lie downe but walked to and fro." 




Chap. LVIII. THE ISLE OF DOGS. 217 



CHAPTEE LVIII. 

npHE Isle of Dogs derived its name, according to the state- 
ments of some writers, from the kennels of the King's 
hounds being there in consequence of the proximity of the great 
Essex Forest. Stow and Strype adduce another reason : — 

" Next is the Isle of Dogs ; being a low Marshy Ground, 
so called, as is reported, for that a Waterman carried a Man 
into this Marsh, and there murthered him. The Man haying 
a Dog with him, he would not leave his Master ; but Hunger 
forced him many times to swim over the Thames to Grreenwich ; 
which the Watermen who plied at the Bridge observing, fol- 
lowed the Dog over ; and by that, means the murthered Man 
was discovered. Soon after the Dog swimming over to Greeti- 
wich Bridge, where there was a Waterman seated, at him the 
Dog snarled, and would not be beat off; which the other 
Watermen perceiving (and knowing of the Murther), appre- 
hended this strange Waterman ; who confessed the Fact, and 
was condemned and executed." ^ 

The jolly Jorrockes of the good old times kept their hounds 
in the City ; but there were no Capel-Court stags : — 

" The Commm Hunt. — The chief Business of this Officer is 



' Stow's Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster. 1598. Strype's 
Ed. Vol. i. p. 43. 



2i8 THE DOG. Chap. LVIII. 

to take care of the Pack of Hounds belonging to the Maior 
and Citizens, and to attend them in Hunting, when they 
please. This Officer's House allowed him is in Finsbury 
Fields. Where also the Hounds are kept, in a large place fit 
for the purpose. And for keeping the Hounds, called the 
deep-mouthed Sounds, he hath a good yearly Allowance, 
besides the Perquisites. He is to attend the Lord Maior on 
set Days." 

The Irish greyhoun was still considered a choice gift to 
men of rank. The famous Shane O'Neill wrote to Lord 
Eobert Duddeley, in 1562, with a present of two horses, two 
hawks, and two greyhounds, requesting his interest with 
Queen Elizabeth. During the times of the Tudors, when the 
nomade wild tribes of Ireland, living in the open air and lying 
out in all weathers, sheltered only by a cloak, tended their 
cattle on the mountains, and, destitute of dwellings, hid what 
little grain they raised in woods and caves, the wolf-hound 
must have been a most valued ally. Murder and rapine 
rioted through the land. Indeed, such was the insecurity of 
society, that Eleanor Countess of Desmond said, in 1568, that 
few could trust father, son, or brother. It is evident from 
this, and the instances cited, that these dogs were held m high 
esteem: they protected man, and his flocks and herds, from 
the gaunt wolf, and also from the attacks of human beings not 
less ferocious, but far more treacherous. 

The dog formed part of the Pharmacopoeia of former gene- 
rations, and we have below an instance of a high prelate 
playing the leech to a sagacious and renowned statesman. 
Medical science has made great advances since the period of 



Chap. LVIII. REMEDY FOR GOUT. 219 

Elizabeth ; but we do not produce wiser statesmen than the 
honourable, wise, and far-seeing Burghley — one who was, 
indeed, a Peer of England and pillar of the state. 

In 1571 Thomas Lancaster, Archbishop of Armagh, 
wrote thus from Dublin to Burghley: — "I hear that and 
am fearful for that your honour is grieved with the gout 
from the which I before almighty god delivered you and sent 
you health. 

"And if it shall please your honour to prove a medicine 
for the same which I brought out of England and have eased 
many with I trust in god it shall also do you good, and this 
it is 

" E. ij Spaniell whelpes of ij dayes old, scald them and cause 
the entrails be taken out but wash them not. E. 4. dr. brym- 
stone — 4. dr. terpentyn. 7. dr. parmacete, a handful nettells 
and a quantity of oyle of balme, and put all the aforesayd in 
them stamped, and sowe them up and rost them, and take 
the dropes and anoynt you where your grefe is and by gods 
grace your honour shall fynd helps." ^ 

Perhaps Burghley benefited by the imaginary virtue of 
this nostrum, for on the 25th August, 1580, he wrote to 
Leicester from Theobald's, as follows. He thanks him for his 
letter concerning Her Majesty's health : " as y* only threde 
wherby my poore hart is tyed to life " — then goes on to speak 
of the excellence of a hound sent him by Leicester — " In 
dede my Lord I am so occupyed w' your hound, for which I 
hartely thank you, as she s.veth me to great purpoose for she 
maketh my huntyng very certen and spedy she hath never 



Public Eecord Office. 



THE DOG. Chap. LVIII. 



fayled me almost for every daye this weke, but brought me 
y' right way to a deare and this last weke she brought me to 
a stagg w' myself had stryckeu w' my bow, being forced to y® 
soyle, wher w' help of a gretar water spannyell y' forced hym 
out of y"" water, your good brache helped to pluck hym down. 
And thus your L. seeth what plesure you have doone me 
hereby." ^ 

Lord Hunsdon, writing to Burghley, in 1572, about the 
rebel Earl of Northumberland, who had at that time been 
treacherously sold by Marr and Morton for a sum of money to 
Queen Elizabeth, and delivered to the noble Hunsdon : — " For 
the Earl I have had no great talk with him, but truly he 
seemed to follow his old humours, readier to talk of hawks 
and hounds than anything else, very much abashed and sor- 
rowful, being in great fear of his life, and yet readier to talk 
of those vain matters than otherwise." This was the ruling 
passion strong in death, for he was very soon after executed 
at York without trial. 

Adrian de Gomiecourt, in 1573, wrote from the "faulx- 
bourgs de Eoehestre " to Burghley : — 

" Monsieur I'autre jour je n'euz le temps de vous preter les 
affectueuses Eecomandations de Monsieur le Baron de Ber- 
laymont pour la grand haste q vous auiez d'aller en Court et 
vous prier de sa pai't de luy vouloir faire recouurer une.paire 
de bons chiens de sang et de mesme vous ofrir q s'yl y a par- 
dela chose qui vous puisse estre agreable il s'eforcera de vous 
en faire part." ^ 



Public Eecord Office. 2 Ibid. 



Chap. LVIII. SIJ? PHILIP SIDNE V. 221 

Camerarius saw and conversed with Sir Philip Sidney, when 
the latter was Ambassador at the Court of the Emperor, in 
1576. The conversation turning on the absence of wolves in 
England, Sidney said, "Now, albeit that England is had in 
estimation for her dogs, which are strong and of a noble kind, 
and which being armed with their collars according to their 
custom, are not affraid of a whole herd of wolves, but do 
bravely set upon them, and if they kill them not, yet do they 
give them the chase : notwithstanding for al that ever could 
be done this treacherous beast haith sometimes done much 
hurt to flocks of sheepe, both by night and by day, as well in 
their staUes as abroad." From this we see that dogs were 
stiU necessary for guarding flocks in England against wolves. 

Both Scotch dogs and horses were esteemed in France. 
The troublesome Earl of Bothwell wrote to Archibald Douglas 
from Paris, in 1595, requesting him to give assistance to his 
people, " specially to such as shall bring my houndis and horsis 
quick as for his Majesty's own use here at his earnest 
request. " ^ 

1 Public Record Office. 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LIX. 



OHAPTEK LIX. 



rpHE learned Eaphaell Holinshed's History, contains in 
-'- the 'Description of England,' by William Harrison,^ 
these quaint remarks on our British dogs : — 

" There is no countrie that male (as I take it) compare 
with ours, in number, excellencie, and diversitie of dogs. 
And therefore if Polycrates of Samia were now alive, he 
would not send to Epyro for such merchandize : but to his 
further cost provide them out of Britaine, as an ornament to 
his countrie, and peece of husbandrie for his common wealth, 
which he furnished of set purpose with Molossian and 
Laconian dogs, as he did the same also with sheepe out 
of Attica and Miletum, gotes from Scyro and Narus, swine 
out of Sicilia, and artificers out of other places. Howbeit the 
learned doctor Gains in his Latine treatise upon Gesner 
Be canibus Anglids, bringeth them all into three sorts : that is, 
the gentle kind serving for game : the homelie kind apt for 
sundrie uses: and the currish kind meet for many toies. 
For my part I can say no more of them than he hath done 
alredie. Wherefore I will here set downe onelie a summe of 
that which he hath written of their names and natures, with 
the addition of an example or two now latelie had in 



' Edition of 1586, chap. vii. 



Chap. LIX. THE MASTIFf. 223 

experience, whereby the courages of our mastiffes shall yet 
more largelie appeare. 

TIE DOGS. 

" Wherefore! will go in hand with the mastiffe, tie dog, or 
banddog, so called bicause manie of them are tied up in 
chaines and strong bonds, in the dale time, for doing hurt 
abroad, which is an huge dog, stubborne, ouglie, eager, 
burthenous of bodie (and therefore but of little swiftnesse) 
terrible and fearful! to behold, and offentimes more fierce and 
fell than anie Archadian or Corsican cur. Our Englishmen 
to the intent that these dogs may be more cruell and fierce, 
assist nature with some art, use and custome. For although 
this kind of dog be capable of courage, violent, valiant, stout 
and bold: yet will they increase these their stomachs by 
teaching them to bait the bear, the bull, the lion, and other 
such like cruell and bloudie beasts (either brought over or 
kept up at home, for the same purpose), without anie collar to 
defend their throats, and oftentimes thereto they traine them 
up in fighting and wrestling with a man (having'for the safe- 
guard of his life either a pike staffe, club, sword, or privie coat) 
whereby they become the more fierce and cruell unto strangers- 

" Some barhe and bite not. Some bite mid barke not. — 
I sale that of mastifies, some barke onelie with fierce and 
open mouth but will not bite, some do both barke and bite, 
but the cruellest do either not barke at all, or bite before they 
barke, and therefore are more to be feared than anie of the 
other. They take also their name of the word mase and theefe 
(or master theefe if you will) because they often stound and 
put such persons to their shifts in townes and villages, and are 



224 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LIX. 



the principall causes of their apprehension and taking. The 
'force which is in them surmounteth all beleefe, and the fast 
hold which they take with their teeth exceedeth all credit: 
for three of them against a beare, fom-e against a lion are 
sufficient to trie mastries with them. King Henrie the 
Seaventh, as the report goeth, commanded all such curres 
to be hanged, bicause they durst presume to fight against the 
lion, who is their king and sovereigne. The like he did with 
an excellent falcon, as s6me saie, because he feared not hand 
to hand to match with an eagle, willing his falconers- in his 
owne presence to pluck off his head after he was taken 
downe, saeing that it was not meet for anie subject to offer 
such wrong unto his lord and superiour, wherein he had a 
further meaning. But if King Henrie the Seaventh had 
lived in our time, what would he have done to one English 
mastiffe which alone and without anie helpe at all pulled 
downe first an huge beare, then a pard, and last of all a lion, 
each after other before the French King in one dale, when 
the lord Buckhurst was ambassador unto him, and whereof if 
I should write the circumstances, that is, how he toke his 
advantage being let loose unto them, and finallie drave them 
into such exceeding feare, that they were all glad to run awaie 
when he was taken from them, I should take much paines, 
and yet reape but small credit : wherefore it shall suffice to 
have said thus much thereof. Some of our mastiffes will 
rage onelie in the night, some are to be tied up both daie 
and night. Such also as are suffered to go lose about the 
house and yard, are so gentle in the daie time, that children 
may ride on their backs, and plaie with them at their 
pleasures. Diverse of them likewise are of such gelousie 



Chap. LIX. THE MASTIFF. 225 

over their maister and whosoever of his household, that if 
a stranger do imbrace or touch anie of them, they will fall 
fiercelie upon them, unto their extreame mischeefe if their 
furie be not prevented." 

" Some of them moreover will suffer a stranger to come in 
and walke about the house or yard where him listeth, without 
giving over to follow him : but if he put forth his hand to 
touch anie thing, then will they flie upon him and kill him 
if they may. I had one my selfe once, which would not 
suffer anie man to bring in his weapon further than my 
gate : neither those that were of my house to be touched 
in his presence. Or if I had beaten anie of my children, he 
would gentlie have assaied to catch the rod in his teeth and 
take it out of my hand, or else pluck downe their clothes 
to save them from the stripes : which in my opinion is not 
unworthie to be noted. And thus much of our mastififes, 
creatures of no lesse faith and love towards their maisters 
than horsses." 

Dr. Kaye's (or Cains') description of this renowned animal 
runs thus : — 

"Mastive or Bandogge. 

"They are appoynted to watche and keepe farme places 
and country cotages sequestred from common recourse, and 
not abutting upon other houses by reason of distaunce, when 
there is any feare conceaved of theefes, robbers, spoylers, and 
night wanderers. They are serviceable against the Foxe 
and the Badger, to drive wilde and tame swyne out of 
medowes, pastures, glebelandes and places planted with fruite, 

VOL. II. Q 



226 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LIX. 



to bayte and take the bull by the eare, when occasion so 
requireth. One dogge or two at the uttermost, are sufficient 
for that purpose be the bull never so monsterous, never so 
fearce, never so furious, never so stearne, never so untameable. 
For it is a kinde of dogge capeable of courage, violent and 
valiaunt, striking could feare into the harts of men, but 
standing in feare of no man, in so much that no weapons will 
make him shrincke, nor abridge his boldnes." 

" And albeit Cicero be of this opinion, that such dogges as 
barcke in the broad day liglit shoulde have their legges 
broken, yet our countrymen, on this side the seas for their 
carelessnes of lyfe setting all at cinque and sice, are of a 
contrary judgement. For theefes roge up and down in every 
corner, no place is free from them,- no not ye princes pallace, 
nor the country mans cotage. In the day time they practice 
pilfering, picking, open robbing, and privy stealing, and what 
legerdemaine lacke they : not fearing the shamefull and 
horrible death of hangiag. The cause of which inconvenience 
doth not onely issue from nipping neede and wringing want,' 
for all y' steale, are not pinched with poverty, but some 
steale to maintaine their excessive and prodigall expences in 
apparell, their lewdness of lyfe, their hautines of hart, theyr 
wantonnes of manors, theyr wilfull ydlenes, their ambitious 
bravery, and the pryde of the sawcy Salacones fieya\o<j)povovv- 
Tcov vain glorious and arrogant in behaviour, whose delight 



' " Benighted wanderers, tlie forest o'er, 

Curs'd the sav'd candle, and unop'ning door ; 
WhUe the gaunt Mastiff growling at the gate, 
Affrights the beggar whom he longs to eat," 



Pope 



Chap. LIX. THE MASTIFF. 227 

dependeth wholly to mount nimbly on horsebacke, to make 
them leape lustely, spring and praunce, galloppe and amble, 
to runne a race, to wynde in compasse, and so forthe, living 
all together upon the fatnesse of the spoyle. Othersom 
there be which steale, being thereto provoked by penury 
and neede, lilce masterlesse men applying themselves to no 
honest trade, but raunging up and downe impudently begging, 
and complayning of bodily weakenesse where is no want of 
abilitie. In this our unhappy age, in these (I say) our 
develishe day^ nothing can scape the clawes of the spoyler, 
though it be kept never so sure within the house, albeit the 
doores bee lockt and boulted round about. 

" This Dogge in like manner is called the Dogge keeper, for 
he doth not onely keepe farmers houses, but also merchaunts 
mansions, wherein great wealth, riches, substaunce, and costly 
stuffe is reposed. No dogge can serve the* sundry uses of 
men so aptly and so conveniently as this sort of whom we 
have so largely written already. For if any be disposed to 
drawe the above-named services into a table, what more 
clearely, and with more vehemency of voyce giveth warning 
either of a wasteful} beast, or of a spoiling theefe than this ? 
Who by his barking (as good as a burning beacon) fore- 
showeth hassards at hand ? What maner of beast stronger ? 
What servant to his master more loving ? What companion 
more trustie? What watchman more vigilant? What 
revenger more constant? What messinger more speedie? 
What water-bearer more painefull ? Finally, what pack- 
horse more patient? And thus much concerning English 
Dogges." 

Harrison is very severe on the ladies of his period for the 

Q 2 



228 THE DOG. Chap. LIX. 

fondness they displayed, and the caresses they lavished on 
their canine pets : — 

" Op the delicate, neatb, and pretty kind of Dogges 

CALLED THE SpANIEL GeNTLE, OE THE COMFOETEE. 

" The third sort of dogs of the gentle kind, is the spaniell 
gentle, or comforter, or (as the common terme is) the fisting- 
hound, and those are called Melitei, of the Hand Malta, 
from whence they were brought hither. These are little and 
prettie, proper and fine, and sought out far and neere to 
satisfie the nice delicacie of daintie dames, and wanton 
womens willes ; instruments of follie to plaie and dallie 
withall, in trifling away the treasure of time, to withdraw 
their minds from more commendable exercises, and to content 
their corrupt concupiscences with vaine disport, a silHe poore 
shift to shun their irkesorae idlenes. These Sybariticall 
puppies, the smaller they be (and thereto if they have an 
hole in the foreparts of their heads) the better they are 
accepted, the more pleasure also they provoke, as meet 
plaiefellowes for minsing mistresses to beare in their bosoms, 
to keep companie withall in their chambers, to succour with 
sleepe in bed, and nourish with meat at bord, to lie in their 
laps, and licke their lips as they lie (like yong Dianaes) in 
their wagons and coches. And good reason it should be 
so, for coursenesse with finenesse hath no fellowship, but 
featnesse with neatnesse hath neighbourhood inough. That 
plausible proverbe therefore verefied sometime upon a tyrant, 
namelie, that he loved his sow better than his sonne, may 
well be applied to some of this kind of people, who delight 
more in their dogs that are deprived of all possibilitie of 



Chap. LIX. THE SPANIEL. 



229 



reason, than they do in children that are capable of wisedome 
and judgement. Yea, they oft feed them of the best, where 
the pore man's child at their dores can hardlie come by the 
worst. But the former abuse peradventure reigneth where 
there hath beene long want of issue, else where barrennesse 
is the best blossome of beautie : or finaUie, where pore 
men's children for want of their owne issue are not readie 
to be had. 

" It is thought of some that it is verie wholesome for a 
weake stomach to bears such a dog in the bosome, as it is for 
him that hath the palsie to feele the dailie smell and savour 
of a fox. But how truelie this is affirmed let the learned 
judge." 

Caius adds — " And though some suppose that such dogges 
are fyt for no service, I dare say, by their leaves, they be in a 
wrong boxe." He was of opinion that a dog carried on the 
bosom of a diseased person absorbed the disease. 

After enumerating several kinds of dogs, Harrison proceeds 
thus : — 

" Besides these also we have sholts or curs dailie brought 
out of Iseland,* and much made of among us, bicause of their 
sawcinesse and quarrelling. Moreover they bite verie sore, 
and love candles exceedinglie, as do the men and women of 
their countrie : but I may saie no more of them, bicause 
they are not bred with us. Yet this will I make report of by 
the waie, for pastime's sake,- that when a great man of those 



' Fieiol — "Pisli for thee, Island dogge ! thou prick-eared cur of Island." 

King Semry V., a. ii. s. 1. 



230 THE DOG. Chap. LIX. 

parts came of late into one of our ships which went thither 
for fish, to see the forme and fashion of the same, his wife 
apparrelled in fine sables, abiding on the decke whilest hir 
husband was under the hatches with the mariners, espied 
a pound or two of candles hanging at the mast, and being 
loth to stand there idle alone, she fell to and eat them up 
everie one, supposing hir selfe to have beene at a jolHe 
banket, and shewing verie plesant gesture when hir husband 
came up againe unto hir." 

The - Historic of Scotland,' taken by Harrison from Hector 
Boece and contained in Holinshed's Collection,^ hands down 
this tradition of remote days : — 

" Diverse yong gentlemen of the Pictish nobilitie repaired 
unto King Crathlint, to hunt and make merie with him : but 
when they should depart home wards, perceiving that the 
Scotish dogs did far excell theirs, both in fairnesse, swiftnesse, 
hardinesse, and also in long standing up and holding out, 
they got diverse both dogs and bitches of the best kinds for 
breed to be given them by the Scotish lords, and yet not so 
contented, they stale one belonging to the king from his 
keeper, being more esteemed of him than all the other which 
he had about him. The maister of the leash being informed 
hereof, pursued after them which had stolen that dog, thinking 
in deed to have taken him from them, but they not willing 
to depart with him, feU at altercation, and in the end chanced 
to strike the maister of the leash through with their bore- 
speares that he died presentlie, whereupon a noise and crie 



2 Edition of 1585. 



Chap. LIX. TRADITION OF PICTS AND SCOTS. 231 

being raised in the countrie by his servants, diverse of the 
Scots as they were going home from hunting, returned ; and 
falling upon the Picts to revenge the death of their fellow, 
there insued a shrewd bickering betwixt them, so that of the 
Scots there died threescore gentlemen, besides a great number 
of the commons, not one of them understanding (till all was 
done) what the matter ment. Of the Picts there were about 
an hufudred slaine." 

A cruel and ferocious war hence arose between these 
nations. 

In the metrical translation, by Stewart, of Boece's ' Buik 
of the Croniclis ' this passage is rendered as follows, so far as 
concerns the dog : 

" This nobill king, of quhome befoir I tald, 
Ane hound he had haith curious ' and bald,^ 
Plesand,'* but peir,"* and full of pulchritude,^ 
Suyper * and swyft, and in all game rycht gude : 
All othir houndis he did exceid als far, 
As into licht the mone dois neir ilk '^ star 
******* 

the man that had the hound in cuir.^ 
PoUowit richt fast and efter him he fuir.° 
******* 

Eicht haistelie laid handis on the hound 

In leische '" and collar quhairwith he was bound." 

Holinshed's, or rather Stanihurst's, ' Description of Ireland,' 
contains this short account of the noble wolf-dog, now un- 



' Eager, notable. ^ Bold. ' Pleasing, pleasant. 

* Equal ; or perelus, dangerous ? ^ Beauty. ^ Nimble. ' Each, 

= Care. ' Went. "> Leash. 



232 THE DOG. Chap. LIX. 

fortunately totally extinct : — " Ireland is stored of cowes, of 
excellent horses, of hawkes, of fish and of fowle. They are 
not without wolyes and greihounds to hunt them, bigger of 
bone and lim than a colt." This corresponds with the descrip- 
tion given by the Bishop of Koss in his remarks on the dogs 
of Scotland : — " Of these, the first sort is a species of hound 
exceeding in size a yearling bullock ; wherefore they use 
them only in pursuing the larger stags, or in attacking 
wolves." 

Eandle Cotgrave, under the word "jaque," gives this 
explanation : — 

" A Jacke, or coat of maUe ; and thence, a Jacke for the 
body of an Irish greyhound, &c. ; made commonly of a wild 
Boares tanned skinne, and put on him when hee is to coape 
with that violent beast." 



Chap. LX. 



CAIUS ON ENGLISH DOGS. 



233 



CHAPTER LX. 



T\E. JOHN KAYE, or Caius as he called himself, and who 
was physician to three sovereigns of England, namely, 
Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, amongst other works 
wrote one on English Dogs, which has been already quoted. 
This was translated in 1576, and the title-page runs thus : — 
" Of Englishe Dogges, by John Caius Doctor of Phisicke in 
the Universitie of Cambridge. 1576. Newly drawne into 
Englishe by Abraham Fleming Student," i..; .^ 

"Johannes Caius, a profound clerke and a rauennous 
devourer of learning, was requested by Conradus Gesnerus 
to write a treatise on the dogges of England." The list of 
these is as follows, in the rare Edition of 1570 : — 



English 
Dogs. 



Generous or 
• Thorough-bred. 



Hunde. 



Hunting. 



Hawking or 
Fowling. 



Delicate. 



Country. 



Degenerate. 



Terrare. 

Harier. 

Bludhunde. 

Gasehunde. 

Grehunde. 

Leuiner, or Lyemmer. 

Tumbler. 

Spainel. 
Setter. 

Waterspainel, or , 
Fynder. 

Spainel gentle, or 
Comforter. 

Shepherdes dogge. 
Mastive, or Bande- 
dogge. 

Wappe. 

Tumespete. 

Danser. 



234 THE DOG. Chap. LX. 

" The Harrier is described as having long, large, and bagg- 
ing lippes, and hanging eares. Some hunted the Hare, others 
the Foxe, others the "Wolfe, others the Harte, the Bucke, 
Badger, Otter,. Polcat, Lobster, Weasell, Conny, &c. In 
addition to the dogs before enumerated, Caius likewise 
mentions the Theuishe Dog, or Stealer, that is, a poach- 
ing dog: the Butcher's Dogge: the Dogge messinger, or 
Carrier : the Mooner : the Water Drawer : the Tyncker's 
Curre, or defending Dogge : and the Fencer. These last six 
are comprised in the Shepherd's Dogge, and the Mastive, 
or Bandogge. The Wappe, or Warner; Turnespet; and 
Daunser are called Curres of the Mungrell and rascall sort. 
The Shepherd's dogge, is likewise named the Shepherd's 
hounde ; and the Mastive, or Bandogge, the Dogge keeper, or 
watchman, or Tydogge. The Spaniell is so named from 
Spaine, whence they came. The most part of their Skynnes 
are white, and if they be marcked with any spottes, they are 
commonly red ; but the Water Spaniell or Finder is some- 
what bigge, having long, rough, and curled heare. The 
Setter is used in netting birds ; and the Spaniell gentle or the 
Comforter is also called A chamber companion, A pleasaunt 
playfellow, A pretty worme. 

" Of the Dogge called a BLouDHOiEsroE. 
" The greater sort which serve to hunt, having lippes of a 
large syze, and eares of no small length, doo, not onely chase 
the beast whiles it liveth, but beyng dead also by any manor 
of casualtie, make recourse to the place where it lyeth, having 
in this poynt an assured and infallible guyde, namely, the 
sent and savour of the bloud sprinckled heere and there upon 



Chap. LX. CAIUS ON ENGLISH DOGS. 235 

the ground." — " These kinde of dogges pursue the deede 
dooers, through long lanes, crooked reaches, and weary wayes, 
without wandring awry out of the limites of the land whereon 
these desperate purloyners prepared their speedy passage. 
Yea, the natures of these Dogges is such, and so effectuall is 
their foresight, that they can bewray, seperate, and pycke 
them out from among an infinite multitude and an innu- 
merable company, creepe they never so farre into the thickest 
thronge, they will finde him out notwithstandyng he lye 
hidden in wylde woods, in close and overgrowen groves, and, 
lurcke in hollow holes apte to harbour such ungracious 
guestes. Moreover, although they should passe over the 
water, thinking thereby to avoyde the pursute of the houndes, 
yet will not these Dogges give over their attempt, but pre- 
suming to swym through the streame, persever in their 
pursute, and when they be arrived and gotten the further 
bancke, they hunt up and downe, to and fro runne they, 
from place to place shift they, untill they have attained to 
that plot of grounde where they passed over. And this is 
their practise, if perdie they cannot at ye first time smelling 
finde out the way which the deede dooers tooke to escape. 
For they will not pause or breath from their pursute 
untill such tyme as they bee apprehended and taken which 
committed the facte. The owners of such houndes used to 
keepe them in close and darke channeUs in the day time, and 
let them lose at liberty in the night season, to th' intent that 
they myght with more courage and boldnesse practise to 
follow the fellon in the evening and solitarie houres of darke- 
nesse, when such yll disposed varlots are principally purposed- 
to play theyr impudent pageants, and imprudent pranckes. 



236 THE DOG. Chap. LX. 



These houndes, when they are to follow such fellowes as we 
have before rehersed, use not that liberty to raunge at wil, 
wliich they have otherwise when they are in game (except 
upon necessary occasion whereon dependeth an urgent an 
effectuall perswasion when such purloyners make speedy way 
in flight), but beyng restrained and drawne backe from run- 
ning at random with the leasse, the end whereof the owner 
holding in his hand is led, guyded, and directed with such 
swiftnesse and slowness© (whether he go on foote, or whether 
he ryde on horsebacke) as he himselfe in hart woulde wishe 
for the more easie apprehension of these venturous varlots. 
In the borders of England and Scotland (the often and accus- 
tomed stealing of cattell so procuring), these kinde of Dogges 
are very much used, and they are taught and trayned up first 
of all to hunt cattell as well of the smaller as of the greater 
growth and afterwardes (that qualitie relinquished and lefte) 
they are learned to pursue such pestUent persons as plant 
theyr pleasure in such practises of purloyning as we have 
already declared. 

"Of the Dogge called a Teebae. 
" Another sorte there is which hunteth the Foxe and the 
Badger or Greye onely, whom we call Terrars, because they 
(after the manner and custome of ferrets in searching for 
Connyes) creepe into the grounde, and by that meanes make 
afrayde, nyppe, and byte the Foxe and the Badger in such 
sort, that eyther they teare them in peeces with theyr teeth 
beyng in the bosome of the earth, or else hayle and pull 
them perforce out of their lurking angles, darke dongeons, 
and close caves, or at the least through conceaved feare, drive 



CHAf. LX. CAIUS ON ENGLISH DOGS. 237 

them out of their hollow harbours, in so much that they are 
compelled to prepare speedy flight, and being desirous of the 
next (albeit not the safest) refuge, are otherwise taken and 
intrapped with snares and nettes layde over holes to the 
same purpose. But these be the least in that kynde called 
Sagax} 

"Of the Dogge called the Gasehounde. 

" This kind of Dogge which pursueth by the eye, pre- 
vayleth little, or neyer a whit, by any benefite of the nose, 
that is by smelling, but excelletb in perspicuite and 
sharpenesse of sight altogether, by the vertue whereof, 
being singular and notable, it hunteth the Foxe and the 
Haro. 

" Thys Dogge will choose and seperate any beast from 
among a great flocke or hearde, and such a one will it take 
by election as is not lancke, leane and hollow, but well spred, 
smoothe, full, fatte, and round ; it foUowes by the direction 
of the eyesight, which indeed is cleere, constant, and not 
uncertaine ; if a beast be wounded and gone astray this Dogge 
seeketh after it by the stedfastness of the eye, if it chaunce 
peradventure to returne and bee mingled with the residue of 
the flocke, this Dogge spyeth it out by the vertue of his eye, 
leaving the rest of the cattell untouched, and after he hath 
set sure sight upon it he seperateth it from among the com- 



' Lesley says of the Scotch Terrier, " There is also another kind of scenting 
dogs, of low height, indeed, but of bulkier body ; which, creeping into sub- 
terraneous burrows, routs out foxes, badgers, martins, and wild-oats from their 
lurking places and dens. He, if he 'at any time finds the passage too narrow, 
opens himself a way with his feet, and that with so great labour that he fre- 
quently perishes through his own exertions." 



238 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LX. 



pany, and having so done never ceaseth untill he have 
wearyed the Eeast to death. 

" Our countrymen call this dogge a Gasehounde because 
the beanies of his sight are so stedfastly settled and unmove- 
ably fastened. These Dogges are much and usually occupyed 
in the Northern partes of England more than in the Southern 
parts, and in the fealdy landes rather than in bushy and 
wooddy places, horsemen use them more than footemen to 
th' intent that they might provoke their horses to a swift 
galloppe (wherewith they are more delighted then with the 
pray it selfe) and that they might accustome theyr horse to 
leape over hedges and ditches, without stoppe or stumble, 
without harme or hassard, without doubt or dannger, and so 
escape with safegard of lyfe. And to the ende that the 
ryders themselves when necessitie so constrained, and the 
feare of further mischiefe inforced, might save themselves 
undamnifyed, and prevent each perilous tempest by preparing 
speedy flight, or else by swift pursute made upon theyr 
enimyes, myght both overtake them, encounter with them, 
and make a slaughter of them accordingly. But if it fortune 
so at any time that this Dogge take a wrong way, the master 
making some usuall signe and familiar token, he returneth 
forthwith, and taketh the right and ready trace, beginning 
his chase afresh, and with a cleare voyce, and a swift foote 
foUoweth the game with as much courage and nimblenesse as 
he did at the first. 



"Of the Dogge called the Geehounde. 

" There is another kinde of Dogge which for his incredible 
swiftnesse is called a Grehounde, because the principall ser- 



Chap. LX. CAIUS ON ENGLISH DOGS. 



239 



vice of them dependeth and cousisteth in starting and hunting 
the hare, which Dogges like wyse are indued with no lesse 
strength then lightnes in maintenance of the game, in serving 
the chase, in taking the Bucke, the Harts, the Dowe, and the 
Foxe, and other beastes of semblable kinde ordained for the 
game of hunting. But more or lesse, each one according 
to the measure and proportion of theyr desire, and as might 
and habilitie of theyr bodyes will permit and suffer. For it 
is a spare and bare kinde of Dogge (of fleshe but not of bone) 
some are of a greater sorte, and some of a lesser, some are 
smooth skynned, and some are curled, the bigger therefore 
are appoynted to hunt the bigger beasts, and the smaller 
serve to hunt the smaller accordingly, &c. 

"Of the Dogge called the Leuinee, oe Lyemmee. 

"Another sort of Dogges there be here, in smelling sin- 
guler, and in swiftnesse incomparable. This is (as it were) 
a myddle kinde betwixt the Harier and the Grehounde, 
as well for his kinde, as for the frame of his body. 
And it is called in latine Leuinarius, a Leuitate of lyght- 
nesse, and therefore may well be called a lyghthounde. 
It is also called by this worde Lorarius, a Loro, wherewith 
it is led. This Dogge for the excellency of his conditions, 
namely smelling and swift running, doth foUowe the game 
with more eagernes, and taketh the pray with a jolly 
quicknes.' 



' It is plain from these, and some other remarks of Oaius, that with all his 
learning, he knew little of dogs, or the chase. The Limier was a slow hound. 



240 TBE DOG. Chap. LX. 



" Of the Dogge called a Tumbler. 

" This sorte of Dogges, which compasseth all by craftes, 
fraudes, subtelties and deceiptes, we Englishe men call Tum- 
blers, because in hunting they turne and tumble, winding 
their bodyes about in circle wise, and then fearcely and vio- 
lently venturing upon the beast, doth soddenly gripe it, at 
the very entrance and mouth of their receptacles, or closets, 
before they can recover meanes to save and succour them- 
selves. 

" This dogge useth another craft and subteltie, namely, when 
he runneth into a warren, or fetteh a course about a conny 
burrough, he huntes not after them, he frayes them not by 
barcking, he makes no countenance or shadow of hatred 
against them, but dissembling friendship, and pretending 
favour, passeth by with silence and quietnesse, marking and 
noting their holes diligently, wherein (I warrant you) he will 
not be overshot nor deceaved. 

" When he commeth to the place where Connyes be, of a cer- 
taintie, he cowcheth downe close with his belly to the ground, 
Provided alwayes by his skill and polisie, that the winde bee 
never with him but against him in such an enterprise. And 
that the Connyes spie him not where he lurcketh. By which 
meanes he obtaineth the sent and savour of the Connyes, 
carryed towardes.him with the wind and the ayre, either 
going to their holes, or coming put, eyther passing this way, 
or running that way, and so provideth by his circumspection, 
that the selly simple Conny is debarred quite from his hole 
(which is the haven of their hope and the harbour of their 
health) and fraudulently circumvented and taken, before they 



Chap. LX. CAIUS ON ENGLISH DOGS. 241 



can get the advantage of their hole. Thus having caught 
his pray he carryeth it speedily to his Master, wayting 
his Dogges returne in some convenient lurcking corner. 
These Dogges are somewhat lesser than the houndes, and 
they be lancker and leaner, beside that they be somewhat 
prick eared. A man that shall marke the forme and fashion 
of their bodyes, may well call them mungrell Grehoundes if 
they were somwhat bigger. But notwithstanding they coun- 
tervaile not the Grehounde in greatnes, yet will he take in 
one dayes space as many Connyes as shall arise to as bigge a 
burthen, and as heavy a loade as a horse can carry, for deceipt 
and guile is the instrument whereby he maketh this spoyle, 
which pernicious properties supply the places of more com- 
mendable qualities. 

"A Tyncker's Cue. 
" Because with marvellous pacience they beare bigge 
budgettes fraught with Tincker's tooles, and mettall meete to 
mend kettels, porige pottes, skellets,' and chafers, and other 
such like trumpery requisite for their occupacion and loyter- 
ing trade, easing him of a great burthen which otherwise he 
himselfe should carry upon his shoulders, which condition 
hath challenged unto them the foresaid name. Besides the 
qualities which we have already recounted, this kind of dogges 
hath this principall property ingrafted in them, that they 
love their masters liberally, and hate straungers despight- 
fully, wherupon it followeth that they are to their masters in 
travelling a singular safgard, defending them forceably from 
the invasion of villous and theefes, preserving their lyfes from 



' A small vessel with feet for boiling. — Bailey. 
VOL. II. 



242 



THE DUG. 



Chap. LX. 



losse, and their health from hassard, theyr fleshe from hack- 
ing and hewing with such like desperate daungers. For 
which consideration they are meritoriously termed, defending 
dogges. 

" If it chaunce that the master bee oppressed, either by a 
multitude, or by the greater violence, and so be beaten downe 
that he lye grovelling on the gi-ounde (it is proved true by 
experience), that this Dogge forsaketh not his Master, no not 
when he is starcke deade : But induring the force of famish- 
ment and the outragious tempestes of the weather, most 
vigilantly watcheth and carefully keepeth the deade carkasse 
many dayes, indevouring, furthermore, to kil the murtherer 
of his master, if he may get any advantage. Or else by 
barcking, by howling, by furious jarring, snarring, and such 
like meanes betrayeth the malefactour as desirous to have the 
death of his aforesayde, Master rigoi-ouslye revenged. 

" In fyers also which fortune in the silence and dead time 
of the night, or in stormy weather of the sayde season, the 
older dogges barcke, baU, howle, and yell (yea notwith- 
standyng they bee roughly rated) neyther will they stay their 
tounges till the housholde servauntes awake, ryse, searche, 
and see the burning of the fyre, which beyng perceaved 
they use voluntary silence, and cease from yelping. This 
hath bene, and is founde true by tryall, in sundry partes of 
England. There was no faynting faith in that Dogge, which 
when his master by a mischance in hunting stumbled and fell 
toppling downe a deepe dytche beyng unable to recover of 
himselfe, the Dogge signifying his master's mishappe, reskue 
came, and he was hayled up by a rope, whom the Dogge 
seeyng almost drawne up to the edge of the dytche, cheere- 



-M-M-M-M-M 



Chap. LX. CAIUS ON ENGLISH DOGS. 243 

fully saluted, leaping and skipping upon his master as though 
he woulde have imbraced hym, beyng glad of his presence, 
whose longer absence he was lothe to lacke. Some Dogges 
there be, which will not suffer fyery coales to lie skattered 
about the hearthe, but with their pawes will rake up the 
burnyng coales, musyng and studying fyrst with themselves 
howe it myght conveniently be done. And if so bee that the 
coales cast so great a heate then will they buyry them in ashes 
and so remove them forwarde to a fyt place with theyr 
noses." 

And then in reference to Iseland Dogges : — 

" These Curres, forsoothe, because they are so straunge are 
greatly set by, esteemed, taken up, and made of many times 
in the roome of the Spaniell gentle or Comforter. The 
natures of men is so moved, nay rather marryed to novelties 
without all reason, wyt, judgement or perseveraunce. Which 
fault remaineth not in us concerning dogges only, but for 
artificers also. And why ? It is to manyfest that wee 
disdayne and contempne our owne workmen, be they never 
so skilfull, be they never so cunning, be they never so excel- 
lent. A beggarly beast brought out of barbarous borders, 
from the uttermost countryes Northward, &c. we stare at, we 
gase at, we muse, we marvaile at, like an asse of Cumanum, 
like Thales with the brasen shancks, like the man in the 
Moone.' The which default Hippocrates marcked when he 
was alyve, and we in our worcke entituled 'De Ephemera 



' Trincvlo. — " Were I in England now "...." there, would this Monster 
make a man : any strange beast there, makes a man : when they will not giue 
a doit to rolieue a lame Beggar, they will lay out ton to see a dead Indian.'' — • 
The Tempest, a. ii., s. 2. 

R 2 



244 THE DOG. Chap. LX. 

Britannica,' to the people of England have more plentifully 
expressed. In this kinde looke which is most blocklishe, and 
yet most waspishe, the same is most esteemed, and not amonge 
Citizens onely and jolly gentlemen, but among lustie Lordes 
also, and noble men, and daintie courtiers ruffling in their 
ryotous ragges." 

Speaking of "a newe kinde of dogge brought out of 
Fraimce," he says, "for we Englishe men are marvailous 
greedy gaping gluttons after novelties, and covetous corvo- 
rauntes of things that be seldom, rare, straunge, and hard 
to get." 



Chap. LXI. TURBERVILE' S ' BOOK OF FAULCONRIE.' 245 



CHAPTEK LXI. 

npHE ' Book of Faulconrie,' by George Turbervile, who was 
Secretary to the^Embassy to Muscovy, was published in 
1575. It has on the title-page a print of a gentlelaan engaged 
in hawking, accompanied by four spaniels: they are large, - 
brown and white, and with long heads and ears. In hunting 
they gave tongue, for Turbervile speaks of the " calling Spanel's 
quest." Another illustration, representing Queen Elizabeth 
pursuing the same sport, has two greyhounds, very like those 
of our time, but rather small. The author gives a treatise 
on Spaniels from the Italian of Vicentino. It commences : 
" Howe necessary a thing a Spanell is to Ealconrie, and for 
those that use that pastime, keping Hawkes for their pleasure 
and recreation, I deeme no man doubteth, as well to spring 
and retrive a fowle being flowen to the marke, as also divers 
other wayes to assiste and ayde Falcons and Goshawkes." . . 
" Spanells, without the which a Falconer (specially using to 
flee the fielde) cannot be, without mayme of his pastime, and 
impayre of his gallant glee." Speaking of their diseases he 
says : " Among all whiche, I place the maugie firste, as the 
capitall enimie to the quiete and beautie of a brave Spanell, 
wherewith they poore dogges are oftentymes greately plagued, 
bothe to the infection of their fellowes, and the no slender 
griefe of their masters. When a Spanel is hurte, as long as 



246 



THE DOG. Chap. LXI. 



he can come to licfe the wounde with his tongue, he needes 
no other remedie. His tongue is his Surgeon." 

Worming is recommended ; but the author did not believe 
in its eflScacy against madness, though he says it will make 
the dog fairer and fatter. 

" Thus muche," he concludes, " I thought good to write of 
Spanels, and their diseases and cures, for that they are super- 
intendantes, and necessarie servantes, both for the Hawke and 
the Falconer, without whome, the sporte woulde bee but colde, 
and the toyle farre more than it is to the man. Wherfore it 
shall not be amisse for a good Falconer, always to breede and 
keepe of the beste kynde of Spanels that he may come by, 
and so to respect them, as they heate not at any tyme : Or if 
they doe by misfortune or negligence of your lackey boye, 
then to regarde their cure, which may be done in manner as 
I have heere sette downe : And withall to use due correction 
to the boy. For a good Spanell is a great jewel : and a good 
Spanell maketh a good Hawke, and a curst maister, a carefuU 
footeman. Farewell." 

' The Noble Arte of Venerie or Hunting,' by the same 
author, has in the title-page an engraving of two men — one 
blowing a horn, the other coupling two hounds. Eight dogs 
are represented, some coming from the kennel; these resemble 
the Blood or Southern-Hound, having deep flews, long flap- 
ping ears broad at the bottom, and tails long and tapering. 
The work is dedicated to " Sir Henry Clinton, Knight, Lord 
Clinton and Saye, Maister of the Hart Houndes to the Queene's 
most excellente Maiestie." It opens with George Gascoigne's 
good verses in commendation of the noble art of Venerie. 



Chap. LXI. TURBERVILE'S 'ARTE OF VENERIS: 247 

Turbervile gives it as his opinion that the race of white dogs 
is derived from those called Baux of Barbary. These he also 
calls Grreffiers, and the drawing represents a hound like 
those in the title-page. It appears that great importance was 
placed on the colour of these dogs, as determining their value 
— those all white being considered the best of a litter ; the 
black, and those spotted with red, next ; but the others were 
thought of little value. He also describes Fallow Hounds 
and Dun Hounds. Black Hounds anciently come from St. 
Hubert's Abbey, in Ardennes. The drawings of these dogs 
are all very much alike, and, most likely, mere copies from 
Dv Fovillovx. It was believed that dogs born under Gemini 
or Aquarius were not subject to madness, and that the first 
lining of a bitch had an influence on all succeeding litters. 
Turbervile describes how a kennel should be situated and 
built; hounds entered and hunted. A great portion of his 
work, however, is only a translation of that of Jaqves dv 
Fovillovx, dedicated to Charles IX. of France — the very 
Christian King who arranged so grand a battue of his Pro- 
testant subjects ! The manner of finding and tracking a deer 
with the limehound, till he was marked down or harboured in 
his lair, and the return of the huntsman to the company to 
direct them to the spot where to lay on the hounds, is well 
described in verse : — 

"THE BLAZON PEONOUNCED BY THE HUNTSMAN. 

" I am the Hunte, which rathe ' and earely ryse, 
(My bottell filde, with wine in any wise) 
Twoo draughts I drinke, to stay my steppes withall, 
For eohe foote one, hicause I would not fall. 

' Soon. 



248 THE DOG. Chap. LXI. 



Then take my Hownde, in liam me behinde, 

The stately Harte, in fryth or fell to finde. 

And whiles I seeke his slotte where he hath fedde, 

The sweete hyrdes sing, to cheare my drowsie hedde. 

And when my Hounde doth streyne upon good vent, 

I must confesse, the same dothe me content. 

But when I have, my coverts walkt aboute. 

And harbred fast, the Harte for commyng out : 

Then I returne, to make a grave reporte. 

Whereas I finde, th' assembly doth resorte. 

And lowe I crouche, before the Lordiugs all, 

Out of my Home, the fewmets ^ lette I fall, 

And others signes, and tokens do I teU, 

To make them hope, the Harte may like them well. 

Then they commaunde, that I the wine should taste. 

So biddes mine Arte : and so my throte I baste. 

The dinner done, I go streightwayes agayne, 

Unto my markes, and shew my Master playne. 

Then put my Hounde, upon the view to drawe. 

And rowse the Harte, out of his layre by lawe. 

gamsters all, a little by your leave ; 

Can you such ioyes in triflyng games conceave ?" 

The original from Dv Fovillovx is given below, and is ex- 
planatory, when compared with the translation, of some of the 
hunting terms of the time : — 

"LB BLASON DV VENEVE. 

" Je sais Veneur, qui me leue au matin, 
Prens ma bouteille et I'emplis de bon vin, 
Beuuant deux coups en toute diligence. 
Pour cheminer en plus grande asseurance. 
Mettant le traict au col de mon Limier, 
Pour aux forests le Cerf aller cercher : 
Et en questant aux cemes de gaignages ^ 
Souuent entends des oiseaux les ramages. 



' Deer's dung. 2 Oom-grounda, and gardens, wherein ai-e no trees. 



CHAF..LXI. TURBERVILE^S 'ARTE OF VENERIS: 249 

Tenant mon cMen ie prens fort grand plaisir, 
Quand ie cognois que du Oerf a desir. 
Bt puis trouuant la iillette en I'enceinte, 
Mon art permet la besongner sans feinte. 

Apres qu' auray trois coups fait Ie deuoir, 
Et destourne Ie Cerf a mon pouuoir, 
A I'assemblde alors faut retourner, 
Pour mon rapport froidement racompter 
Donnant salut aux Princes et grands Seigneurs, 
Et les fumees monstrant aux cognoisseurs : 
Lors de bon vin soudain on me presente ; 
Car cest Ie droit de I'art qui Ie commande. 

Apres disner m'enouy inoontinant 
A ma bris^e, mon maistre entretenant, 
Puis sur les voyes mon chien se fait entendre, 
AUant lancer Ie Cerf liors de sa chambre. 

Done ne desplaise-aux Pauconniers verreux, 
Leur estat n'est approohant des Veneurs." 

The Bloodhound, as Turbervile calls the Limier, was only 
employed to find and harbour the stag, and did not run with 
the pack. It is said that, in rewarding the hounds, the 
"bloudhound" must be first, and when he hath done, then 
the rest. Hyke a Talbot, and Hyke a JBewmont, Hyke Hyke, 
to him, to him, there he goeth, that's he, that's he, to him, 
to him, were some of the cries used at that period. 

The French stiU use a heavy slow Norman hound, as a 
limier or finder, in boar-hunting. This is a very large, 
powerful breed, with big heads, long ears, and dewlaps ; they 
are marked like fox-hounds, their powers of scent are great, 
and cry sonorous. Over-night the huntsmen go out, each 
with a slow-hound in a leash, and, when they find the scent 
becoming warm, they mark the place, and leave the game tiU 
next morning; they then take the hound again, find the 
traces, and run the boar up to his lair. Another writer 



1"' 



250 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LXI. 



describes their manner of proceeding as follows, and wliicli 
agrees exactly with Jacques du FoiiiUoiix, except as to the 
appearance of the dog, which in the work of that author, and 
also in the one of Gaston Phoebus, is similar to the Norman 
hound above mentioned : — 

" The garde de chasse goes out at daybreak, leading with 
him a limier, or finder. I have generally seen them use for 
this purpose a small, ugly, wire-haired dog, not unlike the 
Scotch terrier. This species is remarkable for the acuteness 
of their sense of smell ; and it is a weU-established fact, that 
they have been seen to run the boar twenty-four hours after 
he had passed. When the garde has got to his ground, he 
begins by looking out for the print of the boars' feet, where 
they may have crossed the avenues during the night. In this 
he is assisted by his dog, who gives him immediate intimation 
upon crossing their track. As soon as he has found one, he 
proceeds all round the enceinte (so they term any particular 
part of the forest, which is generally surrounded on all sides 
by avenues) : if it does not appear that the animal has quitted 
this spot, his labour is over for the present. If, on the con- 
trary, he can trace him across any of the other avenues, he 
proceeds in the same manner, until he has found the precise 
enceinte in which the boar has chosen his place of repose for 
the day, and he very rarely changes his quarters afterwards. 
When the sportsmen arrive, the garde is thus enabled to take 
them at once to their game. The fineness of nose of the limier, 
used by the gardes, is so great as to be nearly incredible ; but 
the fact of their running the boar twenty-four hours after he 
has passed is perfectly notorious." ■" 

' Sporting Magazine. 



Chap. LXI, TURBERVILE'S 'ARTE OF VENERIE: 251 

' The Noble Arte of Yenerie ' has this description : — 

" Of the huntinCtE op the Poxe and Badgekd. 

" Now to speake of Fox houndes and Terry ers/ and how you 
should enter them to take the Foxe, the Badgerd, and suche 
like vermine : you muste understand that there are sundrie 
sortes of Terriers, whereof wee hold opinion that one sorte 
came out of Plaunders or the low Countries, as Artoys and 
thereabouts, and they have crooked legges, and are shorte 
beared moste commonly. Another sorte there is which are 
shagged and streight legged : those with the crooked legges 
will take earth better than the other, and are better for the 
Badgerd, bycause they will lye longer at a vermine : but the 
others with streyght legges do serve for twoo purposes, for 
they wyll Hunte above the grounde as well as other houndes, 
and enter the earthe with more furie than the others : but 
they will not abide so long, bycause they are too eagre in 
fight, and therefore are constreyned to come out to take the 
ayre : there are both good and badde of bothe sortes. And 
bycause it is good pastime, and brave fight, without great 
payne or travayle to the huntesman, therefore I have thought 
good to set downe here some preceptes for the entryng of 
Terriers, and for the better fleshyng and encouragyng of 
them. 

" You shall beginne to enter them assoone as they be eyght 
or tenne moneths old : for if you enter not a Terrier before he 
be a yeare old, you shall hardly ever make him take the earth. 
And you must take good heede that you encourage them, and 



1 Bassetz, Du Pouilloux. 



252 THE DOG. Chap. LXI. 

rebuke them not at the firste : nor that the Foxe or Badgerd 
do hurt them within the earth, for then they will never love 
the earth agayne. And therefore never enter a yong Terryer 
in an earth where there is an olde Foxe or Badgerd : But 
first lette them be well entred, and be a yeare olde full or 
more. You shall do well also to put in an old Terryer before 
them which may abide and endure the furie of the Fox or 
Badgerd. You may enter them and fleshe them sundrie 
wayes. First when Foxes and Badgerds have yong cubbes, 
take all your olde Terryers and put them into the grounde : 
and when they beginne to baye (which in the earth is called 
yearnyng), you muste holde your yong Terryers every one of 
them at a sundrie hole of some angle or mouth of the earth, 
that they may herken and heare theyr fellowes yearne. And 
when you have taken the old Foxes or Badgerdes, and that 
there is nothing left in the earth but the yong Cubbes, take 
out then all your old Terryers, and couple them up : then put 
in your yong Terryers and encourage them, crying, To Mm, 
To Mm, To Mm ; and if they take any yong Cubbe, lette 
them take theyr pleasure of him, and kill him within the 
grounde : and beware that the earth fall not downe upon 
them and smoother them. That done, take all the rest of the 
Cubbes and Badgerds pigges home with you, and frie theyr 
livers and theyr bloud with cheese, and some of theyr owne 
greace, and thereof make your Terryers a rewarde, shewyng 
them al wayes the heads and skinnes to encourage them. 
When they have bene rewarded or rather before, washe them 
with Sope and warme water to get out the clay which shall 
be clodded in theyr heare : for els they will soone become 
mangie : and that would be harde to be cured. 



Chap. LXI. TURBERVILE'S 'ARTE OF VENERIE: 253 

" He that will be present at such pastimes, may do well to 
be booted : For I have lent a Foxe or a Badgerd ere nowe, a 
piece of my hose, and the skyn and fleshe for companie, which 
he never restored agayne. 

*' Let these fewe precepts suffise for the hunting of Foxes 
and Badgerds." 

Turbervile gives a capital description of the Wolf (taken 
from Du Fouilloux and Jean De Glamorgan), and in con- 
clusion remarks : — " It is harde or almoste impossible to keepe 
or bryng up a Wolfe so yong, or so fast tied in subjection, 
or so corrected and kept in awe, but that it will do some 
mischiefs at any time that it get libertie and flnde meane to 
do so : and the tamest that ever was yet, woulde (if it were 
ledde abrode) looke this way and that way, to espie somewhat 
that it might be doyng withall." 

He speaks much of madness, enumerating seven sorts, and 
regarding the two first as incurable and infectious. He gives 
the following as 

" A CHAEME OF WOEDES, TO PEESEEVE DOGS FEOM MaDNESSE. 

"A Gentleman of Brittaine taught the Author (for the 
Translatour wil learne no suche devices) to make two little 
roUes wherein were vrritten but two lynes, and those he put 
in an egshell, and so put them downe a dogges throate, 
which was bitten with a madde dogge. And the wryting 
contayned but this, Y Ean Qui Ean, cafram cafratrem cafra- 
trosque. This he sayde would preserve a dogge from being 
madde : believe it he that list, for I do not." 

Turbervile gives this explanation of the terms leash and 



254 THE DOG. Chap. LXI. 

lyam : — " The string wherewith wee leade a Greyhounde is 
called a Lease, and for a Hounde a Lyame." His book con- 
tains a short treatise on coursing with greyhounds in regard 
to deer, hare, and fox. At the end are the musical notes 
for blowing the various calls for the chase. There are also 
several addresses by different animals, in verse, to their 
hunter, man; not at all complimentary to him. The work 
is in part a compilation from many foreign authors besides 
Du Fouilloux, namely, M. Francesco Sforzino da Carcano, 
Vicentino, M. Federigo Giorgi — Italians ; and the following 
French — Tardiffe, Martin, Malopin, Mychelyn, Arne Carsyon, 
and Artelouche, who was chamberlain to the King of Sicily. 



Chap. LXII. SIR J. HARINGTON'S DOG. 255 



CHAPTEE LXII. 

aiE JOHN HARING-TON, the poet, the translator of 
Ariosto, a soldier, knighted on the field by Essex, and 
godson of Queen Ehzabeth, thus described, in 1608, his dog 
to Prince Henry: — 

" May it please your Highnesse to accepte in good sorte 
what I now offer, as hath been done aforetyme ; and I may 
saie, 1 pede fausto ; but havinge goode reason to thiuke your 
Highnesse had goode will and likinge to reade what others 
have tolde of my rare Dogge, I will even give a brief historie 
of his good deedes and straunge feats ; and herein will I not 
plaie the curr myselfe, but in good soothe relate what is no 
more nor lesse than bare veritie. Although I mean not to 
disparage the deedes of Alexander's Horse, I wiU match my 
Dogge (Bungey) against him for good carriage ; for, if he did 
not bear a great JPrince on his backe, I am bold to saie he did 
often bear the sweet wordes of a greater Princesse on his 
necke. 

" I did once relate to your Highnesse after what sorte his 
tackUnge was, wherewithe he did sojourn from my house at 
the Bathe (Bath, Somersetshire) to Greenwich Palace, and 
deliver up to the Cowrte there such matters as were entrusted 
to his care. This he hathe often done, and come safe to the 



WfPi 



256 TUB DOG. Chap. LXII. 

Bathe, or my house here at Kelstone, with goodly returnes 
from such Nobilitie as were pleased to emploie him ; nor was 
it ever told our Ladie Queene that this Messenger did ever 
blab ought concerninge his highe truste, as others have done 
in more special matters. Neither must it be forgotten as how 
he once was sente with two charges of sack wine from the 
Bathe to my house by my man Combe ; and on his way the 
cordage did slacken, but my trustie bearer did now bear him- 
selfe so wisely as to covertly hide one flasket in the rushes, 
and take the other in his teethe to the howse ; after whiche 
he wente forthe and returnede with the other parte of his 
burden to dinner. Hereat your Hignesse may perchance 
marvell and doubte ; but we have livinge testimonie of those 
who wroughte in the fieldes, and espiede his worke, and nowe 
live to tell they did muche longe to plaie the dogge, and give 
stowage to the wine themselves; but they did refraine, and 
watchede the passinge of this whole businesse. 

" I neede not saie how muche I did once grieve at missinge 
this Dogge ; for, on my journie towards Londonne, some idle 
pastimers did diverte themselves with huntinge mallards in a 
ponde, and eonveyd him to the Spanish Ambassador's ; where 
(in a happie houre) after sixe weekes I did heare of him ; but 
suche was the coiirte he did pay to the Don, that he was no 
lesse in good likinge there than at home. Nor did the house- 
holde listen to any claim or challenge, till I rested my suite on 
the Dogge's own proofes, and made him performe such feats 
before the Nobles assembled as put it past doubt that I was his 
master. I did send him to the hall in the time of dinner, 
and made him bring thence a pheasant out of the dish, which 
created much mirthe; but much more, when he. returned at 



Chap. LXII. S/H y. HARINGTOlsrs DOG. 257 

my commandment to the table and put it again in the same 
cover. Herewith the companie was well content to allow me 
my claim, and we bothe were well content to accepte it, and 
came homewardes. I could dwell more on this matter ; but 
■juies renovare dolorem. I will now saie in what manner he 
died. As we traveled towardes the Bathe, he leapede on my 
horse's necke, and was more eameste in fawninge and court- 
inge my notice, than what I had observed for time backe ; 
and, after my chidinge his disturbinge my passinge forwardes, 
he gave me some glances of such affection as moved me to 
cajole him ; but alas ! he crept suddenly into a thorny brake 
and died in a short time. 

" Thus I have strove to rehearse such of his deedes as may 
suggest much more to your Highnesse' thought of this Dogge. 
But, havinge saide so much of him in prose, I will say some- 
what to you in verse, as you may finde hereafter at the close 
of this historie. Now let Ulysses praise his Dogge Argus, or 
Tobit be led by that Dogge whose name doth not appear ; yet 
coud I say such things of my Bungey (for so was he styled), 
as might shame them both, either for good faith, clear wit, or 
wonderful deedes; to say no more than I have said, of his 
bearing letters to London and Greenwich, more than an 
hundred miles. As I doubt not but your Highnesse would 
love my Dogge, if not myselfe, I have been thus tedious in 
his storie ; and again saie, that of all the Dogges near your 
father's Courte, not one hathe more love, more diligence to 
please, or less paye for pleasinge, than him I write of; for 
verily a bone would contente my servante, when some expecte 
greater matters, or will knavishly find oute a bone of conten- 

VOL. II. s 



258 THE DOG. Chap. LXII. 

tion. I now reste your Highnesse' friend in all service that 

may suite him, 

" John Haeington. 

" P.S. The verses above spoken of are in my Book of Epi- 
grams, in praise of my Dogge Bungey to Momus, And I 
have an excellente picture, curiously limned, to remaine in 
my posteritie. 

" Kelstone,' June 14, 1608." 

The epigram alluded to by Sir John is this : — 

AGAINST MOMUS, IN PRAISE OP HIS DOG BUNGEY. 
" Because a witty writer of this time 
Doth make some mention in a pleasant rime, 
Of Lepidus and of his famous Dog, 
Thou, Momus, that doth love to scoffe and cog, 
Prat'st amongst base companions, and giv'st out, 
That imto me herein is meant some flout. 
Hate makes thee blind, Momus, I dare be sworn, 
He meant to me his love, to thee his scorn. 
Put on thy envious spectacles, and see 
Whom doth he scorn therein .? the Dog or me ? 
The Dog is grac'd, compared with gray Banks, 
Both beasts right famous for their pretty pi-anks ; 
Although in this I grant, the Dog was worse. 
He only fed my pleasures, not my purse ; 
Yet that same Dog, I may say this and boast it, 
He found my purse with gold when I have lost it. 
Now for myself, some fooles (like thee) may judge. 
That at the name of Lepidus I grudge ; 
No, sure ; so far I think it from disgrace, 
I wish it cleare to me and to my race, 
Lepus or Lepos, I in both have part. 
That in my name I beare, this in mine heart ; 



' Kelston, near Bath, was Harington's birthplace. Perchance one of my 
readers can oblige me by information as to where the picture of the poet's dog 
is now to be seen. 



Chap. LXII. SIR y. HARINGTON'S DOG. 259 



But, Momus, I perswade myself that no man 
Will deigne thee such a name, English or Homan. 
He wage a But of Sack, the test in Bristo, 
Who calls me Lepid, I will call him Tristo." 



TO HIS WIFE, FOE STEIKING HEE DOG. 

" Tour little Dog that hark'd as I came by, 
I strake by hap so hard, I made him cry, 
And straight you put your finger in your eye 
And low'ring sate, I ask'd the reason why. 
' Love me and love my Dog,' thou didst reply : 
' Love, as both should be lov'd.' ' I will,' said I, 
And seal'd it with a kisse. Then by and by 
Clear'd were the clouds of thy faire frowning skie ; 
Thus small events great masteries may try. 
Tor I by this do at their meaning guesse. 
That beat a whelpe afore a lyonesse ! " ' 

The title-page of Harington's folio edition of ' Orlando 
Furioso,' published in 1591, has his portrait, and that of his 
dog, which is a large spaniel, or setter, shaggy in front, and 
shorn behind, like the poodles of the present day. He is 
collared and chained, and between him and his master, on a 
scroll, is the motto, Mn che vegna. The annotation of the 
XLi. Book has: — "In the devises or impreises of Orlando and 
Olivero, may be noted the decorum they used, for Orlando 
being a knowne and approved warriour, gives a more terrible 
devise, yet referring the honor to God, in most Christian 
maner, of striking down and confounding his enemies with 
lightening. Olivero, whose devise is the spaniell or lyam 



1 " Buen so as one would beate his ofienoelesse dogge, to affright an Im- 
perious Lyon." — OtheUo, a. ii. s. 3. 

s 2 



26o 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LXIl. 



hound couching, with the word, fin che vegna, doth "with great 
modestie shew thereby, that as the Spanidll or hound that is 
at commaundement, waiteth till the fowle or deare be stricken, 
and then boldly leapeth into the water, or draweth after it by 
land : so he being yet a yoimg man, waited for an occasion 
to shew his value, which being come, he would no longer 
couch, but shew the same. 

" In this kind we have had many in our time, as the happie 
17 day of November can witnesse, that have excelled for 
excellencie of devise : of which if I should speake at large, it 
would aske a volume by it selfe. My selfe, have chosen this 
of Olivero for mine owne, partly Kking the modestie thereof, 
partly (for I am not ashamed to confesse it) because I fancie 
the Spaniell so much, whose picture is in the devise, and if 
anie make merie at it (as I doubt not but some will), I shall 
not be sorie for it : for one end of my travell in this worke, is 
to make my frends merie, and besides I can alleage many 
examples of wise men, and some verie great men, that have 
not onely taken pictures, but built cities in remembrance of 
serviceable beasts. And as for dogges, Doctor Caynes. a 
learned Phisition and a good man, wrote a treatise in praise 
of them, and the Scriptm-e it selfe hath voutchsafed to com- 
mend Tobias dogge," 

In Harington's translation of ' The Orlando Furioso ' are 
some spirited descriptions of dogs : — 

"But to the damssU gently he doth go, 
In humble manner, and in lowly sort. 
A spaniell after absence fauneth so, 
And seekes to make his master play, and sport." 

Harington's Orlando Furioso, B. 1, v. 75. 



Chap. LXII. HARINGTON" S ' ORLANDO FURIOSO: 261 



" Like as two mastiue dogges with huugrie maws, 
Mou'd first to hate, from hate to raging ire, 
Approoh with giinaing teeth, and greesly iaws, 
With staring eyes, as red as flaming fire. 
At last they hite, and scratch with teeth and claws, 
Tearing themselues, and tumbling in the mire." 

B. 2, V. 5. 

" And as the hound that men the tumbler name. 
When he a hare or cunnie doth espie, 
Seemeth another way his course to frame. 
As though he meant not to approoh more nie 
But yet he meeteth at the last his game. 
And shaketh it vntill he make it die." 

B. 8, V. 28. 

" So have I seen e'er this a silUe flye, 
Withinastiue dog in sommers heat to play, 
Sometime to sting him in his nose or eye. 
Sometime about his grisly iawes to stay. 
And buzzing round about his eares to flye. 
He snaps in vaine, for still she whips away. 
And oft so long she dallies in this sort, 
TiU one snap comes, and marreth all her sport. " 

B. 10, V. 91. 

" As little cun-es that barke at greatest beare. 
Yet cannot cause him once his way to shunne.'' 

B. 11, V. 39. 

" Eu'n as the hunters that desirous are. 
Some present pastime for their hounds to see, 
In stubble fields do seeke the fearful! hare. 
By eu'rie bush and vnder eu'rie tree.'' 

B. 12, V. 66. 

" Buen as a fox, with dogges and hunters chast. 
That to come backe vnto her hole did ween, 
Is vtterly discourag'd and agast. 
When in her wale she nets and dogs hath seen." 

B. 22, V. 57. 



■^n- "^^ 



262 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LXII. 



" Looke how a grewad that Andes a sturdie bore, 
Amid the field, far straying from the heard, 
Eunneth ahout, behind him and before, 
Because of his sharpe tusks he is affeard." 

B. 23, V. 52. 

" Euen as a grewnd, which hunters hold in slip, 
Striuing to hreake the string, and slide the collar, 
(Seeing the fearfull Deare, before him skip. 
Hunted belike with some Actseons schoUer) 
And when he sees he can by no meanes shp, 
Howletb, and whines, and bites the string for choler." 

B. 39, V. 10. 

" He seeks to loose himselfe with sudden pangs : 
He that hath scene a bull with mastiues chast, 
That in his eares have iixt their cruell fangs, . 
How he doth runne, and rore, and with him bears, 
The eager dogges, that still hold fast his ears." 

B. 39, V. 50. 

" As a fell Mastiue, whom a Grewnd more fell. 
Hath tyrde, and in his throate now fastned hath 
His cruell fangs, yet doth in vaine rebell. 
Though vnder him, and seekes to do some skath : 
For still the Grewnd preuailes, and doth exoell 
In force of breath, though not in rage and wrath : 
So doth the cruell Pagan striue and straine. 
To get from vnder him, but all in vaine.'' 

B. 46, V. 121. 



The above is thus rendered by W. S. Eose : — 

" As Mastiff that below the deerhound lies, 
Fixed by the gullet fast, with holding bite. 
Sorely bestirs himself and vainly tries, 
With lips besmeared with foam, and eyes alight, 
And cannot from beneath the conquei'or rise. 
Who foils his foe by force, and not despite." 



Chap. LXIII. SPENSER' S 'FA ERY QUEENE: 263 



CHAPTER LXIII. 

T7DMUND SPENSEE has frequently used the dog as a 
simile in the ' Faery Queene,' but does not mention 
many of the breeds of the animal ; and it is remarkable that 
though so much in Ireland, he never speaks of the great Irish 
wolf-dog at all. The races he does make allusion to are the 
mastiff, bandog, hound, limehound, spaniel, " sheapheardes 
curre," and cur. The use of the spaniel in hawking, as de- 
scribed by Turbervile, is corroborated by Spenser : — 

" Herselfe not saved yet from daunger dredd 
She thought, chatmg'd from one to other feare : 
Like as a fearefuU partridge, that is fledd 
From the sharps hauke which her attacked neare, 
And falls to ground to seeke for succor theare, 
Whereas the hungry spaniells she does spye ; 
With greedy iawes her ready for to teare ; 
In such distreose and sad perplexity 
Was Plorimell, when Proteus, she did see thereby." 

B. 3, c. 8, s. 33. 

" Like to a spaniel wayting carefully, 
Least any should betray his lady treacherously." 

B. 5, c. 6, s. 26. 

" A rated spaniell takes his burden up for feare." 

B. 5, c. 1, s. 29. 

" And drawing both their swords with rage extreme, 
Like two mad mastiffes, each on other flew.'' 

B. 4, c. 2, s. 17. 



264 THE DOG. Chap. LXIII. 

" As when an eager mastiffe once doth prove, 
The taste of blond of some engored ^ beast, 
No words may rate, nor rigour him remove, 
Prom greedy hold of that his blouddy feast." 

B. 4, c. 9, s. 31. 

" With that all mad and furious he grew. 
Like a fell mastiffe through enraging heat." 

B. 5, c. 11, s. 12. 



■ as sure as hound 



The stricken deare, doth chaleng by the bleeding wound." 

B. 2, c. 1, s. 12. 

" AVho from them fled, as light-foot hare from vew 
Of hunters swifte, and sent of howndes trew." 

B. 3, c. 4, s. 46. 

" Long they her sought, yet nowhere could they finde her, 
That sure they ween'd she was escapt away ; 
But Talus, that could like a lime-hound winde her, 
And all things secrete wisely could bewray. 
At length found out whereas she hidden lay." 

B. 5, c. 2, s. 25, 

" Streight gan he him revyle, and bitter rate. 
As sheepheardes curre, that in darke eveninges shade 
Has tracted forth some salvage beastes trade.^ " 

B. 2, c. 6, s. 39. 

" They both arose, and at him loudly cryde, 
As it had bene two shepheards cun-es had scryde ^ 
A ravenous wolfe amongst the scattered flookes;" 

B. 5, c. 12, s. 38. 



' Gory. 2 Trace. ' Descried. 



Chap. LXIII. SPENSER' S ' FAERY QUEENE: 265 



" Hdbbinol. — But tlie fewer wolves (the sootii to sain ') 
The more been the foxes that here remain. 

Diggon Davie. — ^Yes, but they gang in more secret wise, 

And with sheep's clothing doen hem disguise. 
They talk not widely as they were woont, 
Por fear of raungers and the great hoont, 
But privily proUing to and fro, 
Bnaunter ^ they mought be inly know. 

Hobbinol. — Or privy or pert if any bin, 

We have great bandogs will tear their slsin. 

Diggon Davie. — Indeed thy Ball is a bold big cur. 

And could make a jolly hole in their fur : 
But not good dogs him needeth to chase, 
But heedy shepherds to discern their face ; 
For all their craft is in their countenance 
They been so grave " 

" Like dastard curres, that having at a bay 
The salvage beast embost ' in wearie chace, 
Dare not adventure on the stubhorne prey, 
Ne byte before, but rome from place to place. 
To get a snatch when turned is his face." 

D, 3, (/'. 1, s. 22. 

" Like as a curre doth felly bite and teare 
The stone which passed straunger at him threw ; 
So she them seeing past the reach of care, 
Against the stones and trees did rayle anew. 
Till she had duld the sting, which in her tong's end grew.'' 

B. 4, u. 8, s. 36. 



' Truth to tell. ^ Lest that. 

" Hard run, wearied out ; or foaming at the mouth. 



266 THE DOG. Chap, LXIV. 



CHAPTER LXIV. 

OHAKSPERE has in his immortal works — the pride of 
Nature — made very frequent mention of the faithful 
servant, humble companion, and devoted friend of man. 

The various kinds of dogs, of which some notice occurs 
in the Plays and Poems of Shakspere, are the greyhound, 
bloodhound, lym, hound, braoh, beagle, spaniel, water-spaniel, 
setter, mastiff, bandog, shough, water-rug, tike, trundle-tail, 
cur, mongrell, and curtall-dog. Nothing whatever is said 
of the alaunt, bulldog, terrier, and many other species. Two 
of the most comprehensive passages are in Macbeth and Lear, 
When the murderer says 

" We are men, my Liege," 

the usurper answers — 

" Ay, in the catalogue ye goe for men ; 

As Hounds, and Greyhounds, Mungrels, Spaniels, Curres, 

Showghes, Water-Eugs, and Demy-Wolues, are 'clept 

All by the name of Dogges : the valued file 

Distinguishes the swift, the slow, the subtle, 

The Housekeeper, the Hunter, euery one. 

According to the gift which bounteous Nature 

Hath in him clos'd ; whereby he doth reoeiue 

Particular addition from the Bill 

That writes them all alike ; and so of men." 

The thought that the dogs themselves had turned against 



Chap. LXIV. SHAKSPERE. 267 

him was one of the maddening drops, in the cup of the selfish 
old king : — 

" Lem. — The little dogges, and all ; 

Tray, Blanch, and Sweet-heart ; see, they barke at me. 

Edgar. — Tom will throw his head at them ; — 
Auaunt, you curres ! " 

" Be thy mouth or black or white, 
Tooth that poysons if it bite ; 
Mastiffe, Greyhound, mongrill grim, 
Hound, or Spaniell, Brache, or Lym ; 
Or Bob-taile tike, or trundle-taile ; 
Tom will make them weepe and waile : 
For, with throwing thus my head. 
Dogs leap the hatch and all are fled." 

By this it is evident that the blackness of the roof of a 
dog's mouth was considered then, as is the case now, a sign 
of purity of race. By " Tooth that poisons if it bite," hydro- 
phobia is doubtless aUuded to ; and the expression, " Tom 
will throw his head at them," is explained by the accom- 
panying anecdote : — 

"In the ingenious Dr. Sampson's MSS.," says Thoresby, 
" is an account of Oliver Cromwell's being set upon when at 
Cambridge by two mastiffs, whereupon he set his back against 
a tree, and taking his head with both his hands, as if he would 
have flung it at them, frighted them away." 

The " lym " is the limehound, or limier. 

The great poet has, in ' Henry the Fifth,' borne the strongest 
testimony to the indomitable valour of our mastiffs, for which 
England had been so long renowned. It is to be regretted 
that this matchless creature, which we can never recover if it 
passes away, is now nearly extinct amongst us. The prizes 



268 THE DOG. Chap. LXIV. 

offered at our dog shows for the most perfect specimens of 
this noble race — whose progenitors watched and defended 
the forest-encircled home of the ancient Briton; the often 
remote and solitary homestead of the farmer and yeoman of 
the middle ages, to whom their honest voice bayed deep- 
mouthed welcome as they drew near home ; and in the Eoman 
Amphitheatre conquered the world-famous and truculent 
Molossian of Epirus — is inadequate and unworthy. A cup of 
twenty-five pounds in value, or that sum of money, is given 
for the best foxhound — an animal only used for amusement ; 
while the distinction awarded to the finest existing specimen 
of the Eoyal British Mastiff, is the pitiful premium of ten 
pounds ! 

" Bambwres. — That Island of England breedes very valiant Creatures ; 
their Mastiffes are of vnmatohable courage. 

Orleans. — Foolish ourrfe that runne winking, into the mouth of a Russian 
Beare, and have their heads crusht like rotten Apples : you may as well 
say — that's a valiant Flea that dare eate his breakefast on the Lippe of a 
Lyon. 

Constable. — Just, just ; and the men doe sympathize with the Mastiffes 
in robustious and rough oomming on, leaning their Wits with their Wiues ; 
and then giue them great Meales of Beefe, and Iron and Steele, they will 
eate like Wolues, and fight like Deuils." 

These are again mentioned in the 'First part of King 
Henry the Sixth,' where the renowned Talbot says : — 

" They call'd vs, for our fiercenesse, English dogges. 
Now, like to Whelpes, we crying run away. 
Hearke, Countrymen ! eyther renew the fight. 
Or tears the Lyons out of England's Coat ; 
Renounce your Soylo' " 

Nestor, in ' Troilus and Cressida,' is made to compare 
Achilles and Ajax to mastiffs : — 



Chap. LXIV. SHAKSPERE. 269 



" The Curres shal tame each, other ; Pride alone 
Must tarre the Mastiffes on, as 'twere their hone.'' 

More than one illustration is taken from the sports of the 
Bear Garden, which place Shakspere very likely frequented, 
particularly as he was well acquainted with AUeyne, the 
proprietor, and his own house was in the neighbourhood: — 

" York. — Call hither to the stake my two braue Beares, 
That, with the very shaking; of their Chaines, 
They may astonish these fell lurking Curres, 
Bid Salisbury and Warwicke come to me. 

{Ent&r Warwicke and Salisbury.] 

Clifford. — Are these thy Beares ? we'll halt thy Beares to death, 
And manacle the Bear-ward in their Chaines, 
If thou dar'st bring them to the bayting-place. 

Eicliard. — Oft have I seen a hot o'erweening Curre, 

Eim backe and bite, because he was withheld ; 
Who being suffer'd with the Beare's fell paw. 
Hath clapt his taile betweene his legges and cry'd." 

Second Part of King Henry VL, act v. so. 1. 

" Or as a Beare, encompass'd round with Dogges ; 
Who having pinoht a few, and ma,de them cry, 
The rest stand all aloofe, and barke at him." 

_ Hiird Part of King Henry VI., net ii.'sc. 1. 

" Now bull ! now dogge ! 'Loo, Paris, 'loo ! " " The bull has the 

game : — ware homes, ho ! " 

Troilus and Cressida, act v. sc. 8. 

In the cruel and base amusements of the dog-pit, the native 
courage of the dog has been often, and is still, abused, by the 
ruflSan owner who probably has not a tithe of the virtues pos- 
sessed by the animal he wrongs, and thinks immeasurably his 



270 THE DOG. Chap. LXIV. 

inferior. Amongst these people it is considered indicative 
of a dog's staunchness when he only attacks the head of 
his antagonist. Shakspere was aware of this, for in ' Titus 
Andronicus ' the sanguinary Moor says, in self-commenda- 
tion : — 

" Aa/r<m. — That bloody minde, I thinke, they leam'd of me, 
As true a Dog as euer fought at head." 

It was during the reign of Elizabeth that the oldest known 
Laws of Coursing were established, and signed by the Duke 
of Norfolk and others. The Bard of Avon,. if the tales of his 
early wildness are true, was fond of sport, and, it may be, 
saw the fallow dog outrun. From the time of Edmund de 
Langley to our own, fallow, red, and black, have been con- 
sidered the best colours for greyhounds. The affected depre- 
ciation of his own dog by the vain Master Page is charming. 
It must be remembered, however, that the word cur was not 
applied then exactly as it is now ; at that time it was applied 
to the mastiff, shepherd's-dog, and others : — 

" Slender.— Row does your fallow Greyhound, Sir ? I heard say he was 
outrun on Cotsall.' 

Master Page. — It could not he judg'd Sir. 

Slenckr. — You'll not oonfesse, you'll not confesse. 

SJuiUow. — That he will not ; 'tis your fault, 'tis your fault : 'Tis 

a good dogge. 

Master Page. — A Cur, Sir. 

Shallow. — Sir, he's a good dog, and a faire dog, can there be more said ? 
he is good, and faire." 

Merry Wives of Windsor, act i. so. 1. 

The martial monarch cries to his men before Harfleur : — 



Ootswold. 



Chap. LXIV. SHAKSPERE. 271 

" I see you stand like Greyliounds in the slips, 
Straining vptfn the start. The Game's afoot." 

Kimg Henry V., act iii. so. 1. 



■ like a brace of Greyhounds 



Having the fearful! flying Hare in sight, 
With fiery eyes, sparkling for very wrath." 

Third Part King Henry VI., act ii. so. 5, 

" Eueu like a fawning Greyhounde in the Leash 
To let him slip at will." 

Coriolanus, act i. sc. 6. 

" Why, what a candy deal of courtesy 
This fawning Grey-hound then did proffer me 1 " 

First Part of King Henry IV., act i. sc. 3. 

" 1st Mem. — Say, thou wilt course ; thy gray-hounds are as swift 
As breathed Stags, ay, fleeter than the Eoe." 

Taming of the Shrew, Induction, sc. 2. 

The shape, and make, speed, and harmonious cry of a pack 
of hounds of Shakspere's period, are accurately represented 
in the next passage. Particular attention and care was paid 
formerly to the cry of the hounds. This will be seen by 
reference to Markham : — 

" Theseus. — Goe, one of you, flnde out the Forrester ; — 
For now our obseruation is perform'd ; 
And since we have the vaward of the day, 
My Love shall heare the musicke of my hounds. — 
Vncouple in the Westerne valley ; goe : 
Despatch, I say, and flnde the Forrester. — 
We will, faire Queene, vp to the Mountaine's top, 
And marke the musicall confusion 
Of hounds and echo in conjunction. 

Hip;polyta.—l was .with Hercules, and Cadmus, once. 

When in a wood of Crete they bay'd the Beare 



272 THE DOG. Chap. LXIV. 

With hounds of Sparta, — neuer did I heare 
Such, gallant chiding ; for, besides the groues, 
The skies, the fountaines, euery region neere, 
Seem'd all one mutuall cry : I neuer heard 
So musicall a discord, Such sweet thunder. 

I%eseus. — My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kinde, 
So ilew'd, so sanded ; and their heads are hung 
With eares that sweeps away the morning dew ; 
Orooke-knee'd, and dew-lapt like Thessalian Bulls ; 
Slow in pursuit, but match'd in mouth like bells, 
Each vnder each. A cry • more tuneable 
Was neuer hallowed to, nor cheer'd with home. 
In Crete, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly : 
Judge, when you heare." 

A, passage in the 'Taming of the Shrew' proves that the 
word " brach " was applied sometimes to a dog, though it 
generally means a bitch-hound : Blome, in ' The Gentle- 
man's Eecreation,' calKng it " a mannerly name for all hound- 
bitches," and Hotspur says, in the ' First Part of Henry TV./ 
" I had rather heare Lady, my Brach, howle in Irish." In 
' Lear,' also, is the keen sarcasm of the Fool : " Truth's a 
dog must to kennell ; hee must bee whipt out, when the Lady 
Brach may stand by the fire and stinke." The high value at 
which a good hound was estimated is shown here : — 

" Lord. — Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds : 
Brach Merriman, — the poor Curre is imbost. 
And couple Clowder with the deepe-mouth'd brach. 
Saw'st thou not, boy, how Siluer made it good 
At the hedge comer, in the coldest fault ? 
I would not lose the dogge for twentie pound. 



^ A " cry of hounds," or " a cry of dogs," means, in Devonshire, a pack of 
hounds : and see Ooriolanus, Act iii. sc. 3, " You common cry of ours." Also 
Milton, Paradise Lost, " A cry of Hell-hounds never ceasing bark'd." And 
Addisou, Bpectator, " Followed by the full cry in view." 



Chap. LXIV. SHAKSPESE. ZTi 

\st Huntsman. — Why, Belman is as good as he, my Lord ; 
He cried vpon it at the raeerest losse, 
And twice to-day pick'd out the dullest scent : 
Trust me, I take him for the hetter dogge. 
Lord. — Thou art a Foole ; if Echo were as fleete, 
I would esteeme him worth a dozen such. 
But sup them well, and look vnto them all ; 
To-morrow I int«nd to hunt againe." 

Taming of the Shrew, 

" A hound that runs counter, and yet draws dry foot well." i 

Comedy of Errors, act iv. sc. 2. 

" He will spend his mouth, and promise, like Brabler the Hound ; but 
when he performes, Astronomers foretell it." 

Troihis and Cressida, act v. so. 1. 

" 1 do follow heere in the Chace, not like a Hound that hunts, but one 
that filles vp the Ciie." 

Othello, act ii. sc. 3. 

The beagle is mentioned twice, and both times iu the 
feminine gender : — 

" She's a beagle, true bred," 

says the admirable Sir Toby of Maria ; and in ' Timon ' the 
misanthrope says to Alcibiades of Phrynia and Timandra — 
" Get thee away, 



And take thy Beagles with thee." 

The most affectionate and much-abused nature of the 

spaniel is strongly noted, and the ingratitude it too frequently 

encounters : — 

" Demetrius. — Do I entice you ? Do I speake you faire ? 
Or, rather, doe I not in plainest truth 
Tell you— I doe not, nor I cannot, loue you ? 



' Applied to a sheriiFs ofBoer. 
VOL. 11. 



274 THE DOG. Chap. LXIV. 



" Helena. — And euen for that doo I loue you the more, 
I am your spaniell ; and, Demetrius, 
The more you beat me, I will fa-wne on you. 
Vse me but as your spaniell, spume me, strike me. 
Neglect me, lose me ; onley giue me leaue 
(Vnworthy as I am) to follow you. 
What worser place can I beg in your loue 
(And yet a place of high respect with me). 
Than to be vsed as you use your dogge ? " 

Midsummer Night's Dream. 

" Yet, (Spaniel-like,) the more she spumes my loue. 
The more it growes, and fawneth on her still." 

Two OentUmen of Verona, act iv. so. 2. 

" you play the Spaniell, 



And thinke with wagging of your tongue to win me." 

King Henry VIII., act v. sc. 2. 

" With that which melteth Fooles ; I meane, sweet words. 
Low-crooked curt'sies, and base Spaniell fawning. 

I spume thee like a Ourre out of my way." 

Julius Gcesar, act iii. sc. 1. 

" The hearts, 

That spaniell'd me at heeles;" 

Antony and Cleopatra, act iv. so. 10. 

The above, thougli proverbial, is in the highest degree 
unjust; for no love is more unselfish, more constant, and 
more devoted than that of this humble and too often despised 
creature. Were the followers and so-called friends of the 
prosperous and the great as stedfast and as firm in adversity 
as this gentle creature, man would not, as he does, so often 
brand his fellow-man, with the charge of the vile vice of 
ingratitude. 

ShaJsspere mentions the Water-spaniel, and the species must 



Chap. LXIV. SHAKSPERE. 



275 



then, as now, have been distinguished among its fellows for 
sagacity. A quotation, given elsewhere, from Eowley, shows 
how generally this dog was kept by the citizens of London. ' 

" Launce. — She hath, more qualities than a Water-Spaniell, — which is 
much in a bare Christian." 

Two Oentlemen of Verona, act iii. so. 1. 

Dogs were castrated, as has been already shown, in the 
time of Henry VIII. This seems to have been done also in 
Shakspere's time, for in ' Pericles ', is the expression " gelded 
like a spaniell." Hudibras proves this was also a practice at 
a later period. , 

The bandog is mentioned but once by Shakspere, and 
from that and other parages it is plain that the howling of a 
dog was an ill omen :— 

" The time when Screech-owles cry, and Bandogs howle, 
And spirits walke, and Ghosts breake vp their graues." 

Second Part of King Henry VI., act i. so. 4. 

" The Owle shriek'd at thy birth; an euil signe : 
The Night-Crow cryde, aboding' liloklesse time ; 
Dogs howl'd, and hideous Tempest shook down TreeK, 

Third Part of King Henry VI., act v. so. 7. 

" An he had been a dog that should have howl'd thus, they would have 
hang'd hirn : and, I pray God, his bad voyce bode no mischiefe." 

Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. so. 3. 

The only remark on the bloodhound is this : — 
" Yes, come you starued Blood-hound." 

Second Part of King Eenry IV., act v. so. 4. 

Curtail-dog, or Curtall-dog, means both a shepherd's-dog 
and a turnspit. It was applied to either horse or dog with a 

T 2 



276 THE DOG. Chap. LXIV. 

cropped tail. Also as in curtal-friar, curtal-axe: a shorn 
friar, a short axe : — 

" My curtail dog that wont to have play'd. 
Plays not at all, but seems afraid." 

Passionate Pilgrim. 

"She had transformed me to a curtall-dog, and made me turn i' the 
wheele.'' 

Comedy of Errors, act iii. sc. 2. 

" Hope is a curtall-dog in some affaires." 

Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 1. 

In the next passage is meant every dog, from a curtail or 
cur-dog, up to a greyhound, as a simile of poor and rich : — 

" Come cut and long-taile, vnder the degree of a Squire." 

Merry Wives of Windsor, act iii. sc. 4. 

The yelping and snappish character of the village cur is 
exhibited in the comparison : — 

" You are not to be taught 



That you haue many enemies, that know not 
Why they are so ; but like to Village Curres, 
Barke when their fellowes doe." 

King Henry VIII., act ii. so. 4. 

The pert tyranny of the vain little petted lap-dog is seen 
in — 

" He '11 be as full of quarrell and offence 
As my young Mistress' dogge." 

Othello, act ii. sc. 3. 

Poachers' dogs are intended in the line — 

" When night dogges run, all sorts of Deere are chac'd." 

Merry Wives of Windsor, act v. sc. 5. 



Chap. LXIV. SHAKSPERE. 277 

The firm and unalterable affection of the dog, which often 
survives so many human friendships, is forcibly expressed : — 

" Apemantiis. — ^What man didst thou euer know vnthrift, that was 
beloued after his meanes ? 

Timon. — Who, without those meanes thou talk'st of, didst thou euer 
know belou'd ? 

Apemantus. — Myselfe. 

l%ncm. — I vnderstand thee ; thou hads't some meanes to keepe a 

Dogge." 

Timon of Athens, act iv. so. 3. 

The reward the virtue of the animal too frequently 
receives from his master — the abuse heaped on him — is amply 
exhibited : — 

" Page. — Thou wast whelpt a Dogge, and thou shalt fjimish,— a Dogges 

death." 

Timon of AtMns. 

'■ Sir Andrew. — I'd beate him like a dogge." 

Twelfth Night. 

" Shi/lock.—Aai foote me, as you spume a stranger curre 

Ouer your threshold. " 

" another time 

You eall'd me — dog." 

Merchant of Venice. 

" Pistol— Let Gallowes gape for dogge — let man goe free." 

King Henry V. 

" Charles. What men have I ? 

Dogges ! Cowards ! Dastards ! " 

First Pa/rt of King Henry VI. 

" Gloster.—-A Staffe is quickly found to beat a Dogge." 

Second Pa/rt of King Henry VI. 

" CTeqpa«ro.— Slaue, Soule-lesse Villain, Dog ! 

0, rarely base ! " • 

Antony and Cleopatra. 



278 THE DOG. Chap. LXIV. 

"Kent. — Why, Madam, if I were your Father's dog, 
You should not vse me so. " 

" Kent. — To his dog-hearted daughters." 

" Lear. — They flatter'd me like like a dogge.'' 

Lear. 

" Luciui. — Away, inhuman Dogge ! Vnhallow'd Slaue ! " 

Titus Andronicus. 

" Gorneliua. — In killing Creatures vile, as Cats and Dogges.'' 

Gymbeline, 

Quotations of this nature might be added in great number 
from the pages of the great analyst of the human heart. 
What more forcibly demonstrates the debasement of humanity 
than the proverbial, conventional, and general cruelty of lan- 
guage made use of towards a creature whom the Mighty and 
Beneficent Creator of all things brought into being to be the 
friend and companion of mankind, and whose unswerving 
fidelity, intense affection, and unselfiish character, courage, 
gentleness, and a host of virtues claim the utmost tenderness 
and gratitude from man ? We say of a miscreant who has 
died by the hands of the common hangman, and perhaps 
deserved again and again the most ignominious death, that 
"he was hanged like a dog." We speak of our poor as 
" lying about our streets like dogs." A wretch who starves 
and abuses his apprentice or child with dire cruelty, says in 
his defence he " would not treat a dog so." Such remarks 
are not only in the mouths of the basest of the human race, 
they also too often issue from the lips of those whom education 
should have taught better ; 

" But in the lowest and most darksome depths 
Yawns e'en a lower and a gloomier deep." 



Chap. LXIV. AERIAL DOGS. 279 

The viyisector, who " from his practice but makes hard his 
heart," and, while seeking his own aggrandisement, fame, 
interest, or curiosity, shrouds his vice beneath the specious 
excuse of "Necessity, the tyrant's plea," deliberately and 
unrelentingly inflicts on this innocent, noble, and most 
sensitive creature hideous and lengthened tortures which 
our law|,does not and never did ^award to the vilest felon that 
ever took a fiend's delight in crime. "What is a dog that he 
should meet with less consideration than his owner ? Has he 
less sensitiveness or less virtue ? Neither. In the former he 
is on a level at least with his master, Man ; in the latter, how 
far beyond compare his superior ! 

" Arid. — Harke, harke ! 

Bowgli — wowgh. 

The watch-dogges barke : 

Bowgh — wowgh." 

Tempest, act i. so. 2. 

" CwM Anwn, or Anwn's Dogs; or, the Coiteiees of the Air. 

" These supposed aerial dogs were thought to foretell death, 
by nocturnal cries. Anwn is translated by Owen, unknown ; 
but it is rather, as poor plodding Eichard has it, anwfn, bot- 
tomless, and the prince of this country, who is personified in 
the Mabinogion, may be called the king of immeasurable 
darkness, of that boundless void or space in which the universe 
floats, or is suspended. This being, say the gossips, is the 
enemy of mankind, and his dogs are frequently heard hunting 
in the air, some time previous to the dissolution of a wicked 
person : they are described in the beautiful romance to which 
I have referred, to be of a clear shining white colour with red 



28o THE DOG. Chap. LXIV. 

ears. No one with us pretends to have seen them, but the 
general idea is that they are jet black. 

" To these dogs I conceive Shakspere alludes in his ' Tem- 
pest ' when he talks of the noise of hunters heard in the air 
and spirits in the shapes of hounds, and not to Peter de Loier, 
who says, according to Malone, in a. note, ' Hecate did use to 
send dogges unto men to fear and terrify them, as the Greeks 
afBrmed.' The Prince of Anwn and Hecate are man and wife, 
and both are the parents of this fable. For this and many 
other peculiarities relative to Wales, Shakspere was probably 
indebted to Sir John Price the Antiquary, a native of Brecon- 
shire, who lived much in the English Court in the reign of 
Henry VIII. and his daughter Elizabeth." — Jones's History of 
Brecknockshire} 



' Southey's Common-Place Book, 



Chap. LXV. DRAYTON'S ' POLYOLBION: 281 



CHAPTEK LXV. 

11/riCHAEL Drayton, in his lines on Wiltshire, in the 

' Polyolbion,' finished in 1622, thus describes our 

hounds : — 

" A horse of greater speed, nor yet a righter hound, 
Not any where 'twixt Kent and Caledon is found. 
Nor yet the level south can show a smoother race, 
Whereas the hallow nag outstrips the winds in chase ; 
As famous in the west for matches yearly try'd. 
As Garterley,' possest of all the northern pride ; 
And on his match as much the Western horseman lays, 
As the rank riding Scots upon their Galloways. 

And as the western soil as sound a horse doth hreed. 
As doth the land that lies betwixt the Trent and Tweed : 
No hunter, so, hut finds the breeding of the west 
The only kind of hounds for mouth, and nostril best ; 
That cold doth seldom fi-et, nor heat doth over-hail ; 
As standing in the flight, as pleasant on the trail ; 
Free hunting, eas'ly check'd, and loving every chase ; 
Straight running, hard and tough, of reasonable pace : 
Not heavy, as that hound which Lancashire doth breed ; 
Nor as the northern kind, so light and hot of speed, 
Upon the clearer chase, or on the foiled train. 
Doth make the sweetest cry, in woodland or on plain.'' 

Drayton describes also coursing in Northamptonshire : — 

" Tlie greyhounds forth are brought, for coursing then in case. 
And choicely in the slip, one leading forth a brace ; 
The finder puts her up, and gives her courser's law, 
And whilst the eager dogs upon the start do draw. 



' A famous Yorkshire horse-race ; probably the same as Gatherley Common, 
near Eiohmond. 



282 THE DOG. Chap. LXV. 

She riseth. from her seat, as though on earth she flew, 
Forced by some yelping cute to give the greyhounds view.'' 

This word cute is rare, and means, apparently, a cur. In 

the author's tenth Eclogue occur these pathetic lines on a 

Shepherd and his dog : — 

" He call'd his dog (that sometime had the praise), 
Whitefoot, well known to all that keep the plain, 
That many a wolf had worried in his days, 
A better cur there never followed swain ; 
Which, though as he his master's sorrows knew, 
Wagg'd his cut tail, Ms wretched plight to rue. 

' Poor cur,' quoth he, and him therewith did stroke ; 
' Go to our cote, and there thyself repose. 
Thou with thine age, my heart with sorrow broke. 
Be gone, ere death my restless eyes do close. 
The time is come thou must thy master leave. 
Whom the vile world shall never more deceive.' " 

Cur and Curtail, or curtail Dog, appear almost synonymous ; 
besides the former instances, in Drayton is also found : — 

" Then Ball my cut-tail'd cur and I begin to play, 
He o'er my sheephook leaps, now th' one, now th' other way, 
Then on his hinder feet he doth himself advance, 
I tune, and to my note, my lively dog doth dance." 

" Whistles Cut-tail from his play.'' 

Dog-killing was an old custom in the month of August. 
In the time of James I. the killer might be known by his 
habit.' Lord Bacon states in his ' Sylva Sylvarum,' " It is a 
common experience that dogs know the dog- killer ; when as 
in times of infection some petty fellow is sent out to kill the 
dogs ; and that though they have never seene him before, 
yet they will all come forth and barke and ilie at him." Sir 



' Ben Jonson, vol. iv. p. 402. 



Chap. LXV. BLACK DOGGE OF NEWGATE. 283 

Kenelme Digby corroborates this, — " We daily see, that dogs 
will have an aversion from glovers, that make their ware of 
dogs' skins : they will bark at and be churlish to them, and 
not endure to come near them : though they never saw them 
before." ^ In Shakspere, in the Second Part of ' King Henry 
the Sixth,' Jack Cade's men say — 

" John. — I see them ! I see them ! There's Best's Sonne, the Tanner of 
Wingham — 

George. — He shall haue the skinnes of our enemies, to make Dogges 
Leather of." 

And Butler, in ' Hudibras,' Canto 9, shows that dogs know 
their foes of another kind : — 

" For which they scorn and hate them, worse 
Than Dogs and Cats do Sow-gelders." 

' The Black Dogge of Newgate,' a black letter work pub- 
lished by Lnke Hutton, about 1600, and dedicated to Lord 
Chief Justice Popham, describes the horrors of that place, 
and the abuses of justice perpetrated within by its officials. 
A spirit was supposed to be about that prison in the likeness 
of a black dog. The title-page represents the gaol, with a 
large black spaniel on his hind legs caressed by a turnkey. 
His head Is crowned with serpents, and a spiked collar on his 
neck is attached to a heavy chain. One foot is cloven, and 
his claws are preternaturally long. This supernatural dog is 
aUuded to in the ' Witch of Edmonton,' by Kowley and 
others. 



• Treatise on the Nature of Bodies, 0. xxviii. fol. 419. 



284 THE DOG. Chap. LXVI. 



CHAPTEK LXVI. 

"I AMES I. was much addicted to the chase. " I dare 
^ boldly say," says Osborn, " that one man in his reign 
might with more safety have killed another than a rascal ' 
deer." 

Knollys remarked to Walsyngham in 1585. The King 
loves hunting better than Church. 

In 1598 George Nicolson wrote to Sir Eobert Cecill and 
mentioned the King hunting in November and sending 
Buck-hounds as a present to the King of France. Many 
allusions are to be found in the State Papers of the time, to 
James's fondness for hunting the buck. He had his Buck- 
hounds, Harriers, Otter-hounds, G-reyhounds, Lyam-hounds. 
In 1603, Sir Thomas Tyringham was Master of the Buck- 
hounds, and Patrick Hume, Keeper or Master of the Privy 
Harriers, and Master of the Hawks. The latter had a grant 
under the Privy Seal, with a commission for taking up such 
hounds and greyhounds as his office required. He received 
201?. per annum for himself, and had four horses, and one 
footman. Three men were paid 3Z. each a month, and 
66?. 13s. 4d. for keeping twenty couple of hounds. 

Eicbard Lazomby was Master of the King's Crossbows and 

Lyam-hounds, at the same period, and had 40?. a year. " A 

-— • 

' Lean. 



Chap. LXVI. TAKING UP HOUNDS. 28S 

Kennell of Hownde" were sent to the King of France by- 
James in this year ; a passport being made for Mr. Pott to 
convey " the said hownde," with three servants, and a horse 
or nag; and all necessary carriage and shipping to be pro- 
vided. In 1604, Silvester Dodsworth, Serjeant of the Buck- 
hounds received a Commission to take up hounds in the north 
parts for the King's hunting, and to hunt with them in the 
King's Parks or those of any of his subjects. In the same 
year one was also given to John Parry, Master of the Otter- 
hounds, to take up dogs for the King's diversion ; all millers 
being commanded to stay their water-courses at the time of 
hunting the otter. He received a grant for keeping them 
during his life; and in 1610 a similar commission as the 
above, and to destroy dogs offensive to the game. 

During 1605 a Proclamation was made at Hampton Court 
for the annihilation of commissions formerly granted for 
taking up hounds. It runs thus : — 

" A PkOCLAMATION foe the ANNimLATING OF COMMISSIONS 
FORMERLY GRANTED FOR TAKING UP OF HoUNDS, &C. 

" Where upon our first comming to the succession of this 
kingdome, at the sute of divers persons, who had or pre- 
tended to have from the Queene of famous memory our 
sister deceased, Commissions as annexed of course to several 
Offices which they held, for the taking up of Hounds, 
Greyhounds, Spaniels, and dogges of other sorts — accustomed 
for Venery, Faulconry, or other sports of Princes, Wee did 
renew unto them their said Commissions, and grant the like 
to some others who had no offices, upon divers suggestions 
made unto us, which Commissions we have since bene in- 



286 THE DOG. Chap. LXVI. 

formed from divers parts of our Eealme, that inferiour Officers 
who have bene trusted with them, have abused and do dayly 
abuse, contrary to the meaning of the same, which was to be 
executed no further foorth then the necessity of our service 
should require: And forasmuch also as we have had good 
proofe that Gentlemen and others, who delight in the like 
pastime of hunting and hauking, have and will be ready at 
all times of their owne good will and respect to our recrea- 
tions, to furnish us of sufficient number of dogges of all sorts, 
which we shall have cause to use, when they shall be informed 
that we have need of them : We have therefore found it 
unnecessary to continue the execution of any our Commissions 
heretofore given for that purpose, And Do hereby notifie the 
same to all our Subjects, and expresly charge and command 
all those, who have any such Commissions or Warrants from 
us under our great Scale, or any other our Scales, that they 
doe not only forbeare to put the same in execution from 
henceforth, but also do bring in and deliver up the said Com- 
missions and Warrants, into our Chancery, or any other Office, 
where they have bene Sealed, within the space of Twentie 
dayes after the publishing hereof, as they will answere the 
contrary at their perill. Willing also and commanding 
our Attourney generall, and all other of our Counsell 
learned, that whensoever they shall receive information, 
that any person, who hath had such Commission from 
us, shall after the time above limited execute the same, 
that they do prosecute their offence therein as in case 
of contempt by all such wayes and meanes, as in like case is 
usuall. 

" Given at our Honour of Hampton Court the 27 day of 



Chap. LXVI. UNLA WFUL HUNTING. 287 

September, in the third yeere of our Eeigne of Great Britaine, 
France, and Ireland. 

"Anno Domini, 1605." 1 

James likewise issued a Proclamation about three years 
previous, against Unlawfull Hunting, killing Deere, and 
destroying the game of Pheasants, Partridges, Hearne, Mal- 
lard, and such like. Also the having any Deere hayes, 
Buekstals,^ Dogs, Gunnes, Crossebowes, Nettes and other 
Engines. Threatening to diligently execute the existing 
penalties of death, and exile, against any of what degree 
soever who might wilfully contemne and disobey his Com- 
mandement Koyall. 

He found it necessary nevertheless to fulminate another in 
the seventh year of his reign, " against Hunters, stealers, and 
killers of deare within any the King's Maiesties Forests, 
Chases, or Parkes." It commences, " We had hoped, seeing 
it is notorious to all our Subiects, how greatly we delight in 
the exercise of Hunting, as well for our recreation, as for the 
necessary preseruation of our health, that no man in whom 
was either reurence to our person, or feare of our Lawes, 
would have offered us offence in those our sports," &c. Like 
the former it threatened the extremest penalties against 
offenders : and in addition, that Parliament should provide 
further remedies if the laws in force were too weak. 

In 1603 a warrant was issued to the Keepers of the Eoyal 
Forests and Chaces " for the Lord Compton to hunt for 
trayning up the kinges howndes." The Thomas Pott before 



A Booke of Proclamations, &o., 1609, "^ A toil or net. 



288 THE DOG. Chap. LXVI. 

mentioned, was appointed in 1605 to take charge and over- 
sight of all such hounds, greyhounds, and dogs, as shall be 
fit for the recreation and disport of the Prince at a fee of 
3s. \.d. per day. In 1606 he was appointed to take charge of 
the dogs called " Slughoundes," at an allowance paid quar- 
terly of 2s. per day. He had these dogs of the King still in 
his keeping in 1612, for in February he received 9Z. 2s. %d. 
for his pay ; their name is there written " Slugghounds." 
The word may be a corruption of Sleuth, Slough, or Slow- 
hounds. This same Mr. Pott bred and trained the royal 
hounds, and, as we have seen, conveyed them abroad when ' 
any were sent as presents. During 1609 he carried over six 
horses to Monsieur de Vitri, Captain of the Guard to the 
King of France ; and in 1610 he was sent again to the 
continent, as is proved by the succeeding entry in the' Issue 
Koll. 

" Thomas Pott, gentleman, sent to the Duke of Lorraine 
with twenty couple of hunting dogs, four brace of dogs called 
' Greyhounds,' and six ' Canibus aquaticis, called water 
Spaniells,' in ready money towards his expences in the same 
journey, by brief given the 7 day of April, 1610, 66?. 13s. Ic?." ' 

In January, 1612, he received 153/. 12s. 5c?. for keeping 
twenty-four Irish dogs, and for the diet and entertainment o 
two servants to look to them, by direction of the late Prince 
Henry. -He also had 50?. for hunting them with Prince 
Henry of Nassau. Other payments occur as — 

'Friday, 16 October, 1612. — Thomas Pott, servant of the 
Prince, called " the Master of the Hunt," for his fee at 4s. 



Issue Eoll, Public Record Office. 



Chap. LXVI. PA YMENTS TO HUNTSMEN. 289 

per day for himself, for three valets " les prickers " each one 
2s. per day, and for one " Gromett " 12c?. per day, and 50Z. 
per annum for the keep of twenty couple of dogs, for a 
quarter of a year, &c., 62Z. 13s. ^d. 

Robert Eaine, one " valect lez prickers de lez privie 
harriers," received 9?. for his quarter's salary at the same 
time. Sir Patrick Howme, or Home, Master " de lez 
harriers " of the King, received for his own salary and the 
keep of one footman, or runner, and four horses, 120Z. per 
annum ; also for the maintenance of twenty couple of dogs 
lOOZ. per annum. He was paid quarterly. 

Eobert Eayne, Serjeant of the Buckhounds or "Bouck- 
houndes," received a Commission in 1609 to hunt in any 
grounds, parks, forests, and chaces belonging to the King or 
his subjects, in order to train the dogs. There is a warrant 
to pay 12c?. a day to each of the thirteen yeomen of the 
Buckhounds, and 6c?. a day to each of the four Grooms and 
to one Wagoner. A yeoman pricker of the Privy Buck- 
hounds received 20c?. per day wages, and 20s. per annum for 
his livery. The Huntsmen appear to have frequently had 
presents from the King. Besides Yeomen Prickers, and 
Grooms of the Privy Buckhounds ; men called " lymiers " 
attended them, who, no doubt, had charge of, and led the 
limiers or Lyam-hounds. Wagoners also accompanied them, 
and the pack was carried to the meet. A warrant exists for 
paying Eichard Little, Yeoman wagoner, and keeper of the 
wagons of the Privy Buckhounds and Harriers 20?. per annum 
for wages ; afterwards altered to 20c?. per diem for life. This 
was in 1604, at which period the Earl of Huntingdon was 
Master of the Hart Hounds, and paid by " French Warrant '" 

VOL. II. tj 



290 THE DOG. Chap. LXVI. 

to the Sheriffs of Somerset and Dorset. Sir Thomas Tyring- 
ham had authority to take sixteen beds, and provision for 
thirty horses as well as for the King's hounds in all places 
adjacent to the Court at the reasonable prices therein set 
down. 

Henry Mynours, who succeeded Parry as Master of the 
Otterhounds, had a licence to take hounds, beagles, spaniels, 
and mongrels for his Majesty's disport. Also to seize such 
hounds as might be offensive to the King's game. This 
document is as follows. 

" James by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, 
France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all 
Justices of Peace, Mayors, Sheriffs, Bailifs, Headbbroughs, 
Constables, and to all other our Officers, Ministers, and loving 
Subjects these our laws hearing or seeing greeting : Know 
you that we have licensed and do by these presents Kcense 
and authorize our welbeloved servant Henry Mynors, Esq., 
Master of our Otterhounds and his assigns, to take for us and 
in our name in all places within this our Realm of England 
and the dominions of the same as well within franchises and 
liberties, as without, such and so many Hounds, Beagles, 
Spaniells, and Mongrells, as well Dogs as Bitches fit for 
hunting the Otter as the said Henry Mynors shall think 
meet and convenient for our disport and recreation from time 
to time and at all seasons. And also we do hereby authorize 
the said Henry Mynors to seize and take away all such 
Hounds, Beagles, and other Dogs as are or may be offetisive 
unto our Game and disport. Wherefore we will and command 
you and every of you that unto the said Henry Mynors and 
his said assigns the bearer hereof in the due execution of this 



Chap. LXVI. HOUNDS SENT FROM SCOTLAND. 291 

our license amd authority ye be aiding helping and supp6rting 
when and as often as need shall require, without any your 
molestation let or contradiction, as ye and every of you tends 
our pleasure, and will answer for the contrary at your perill. 

" In witness whereof, &c. Witness, &c. 

"James E." 

[Indorsed.] 

" 14tli July, 1616. — This is made agreeable 
to the like Commission formerly granted 
by yoiir Majesty to John Parry." 

Richard Hooper Groom of the Otter Houndes received 13d 
a day for wages, and 20s. a year for his livery. The keepers 
of the King's Spaniels received 6c?. a day. In 1617 Sir 
Thomas Compton was made Master of the Privy Harriers for 
life. Sir Patrick Hume had then 30?. per month and 10s. per 
day for life. 

Hounds were sent to James from Scotland : in 1608 a 
Robert CarKsle, Kiag's Huntsman of Broadkirk in Scotland, 
received 100?. for hounds, &c. brought thence for his Majesty's 
recreation. Again in 1622, Herbert Carlisle was paid the 
sum of lOOZ. of his Majesty's free gift, for his charges and 
reward for certain choice hounds by him provided and brought 
from the northern parts for his Majesty's recreation in hunt- 
ting, the said sum to be taken without accompt, imprest, or 
other charge to be set upon him for the same. 

The next year Robert Carlill, or Carlisle, received a similar 
sum of his Majesty's free gift, and princely reward for certain 
hounds from out of the realm of Scotland, fit for his Majesty's 
service, to be employed for his Majesty's disport and recre- 
ation. About this time Mr. Pott had a warrant to carry 

Lr 2 



292 THE DOG. Chap. LXVI. 

a 

over six horses, a wagon with four horses for it, 20 couple of 
hounds, and 6 Irish greyhounds, as a present to the French 
King ; as well as 6 horses for his own use. 

James must have kept up a very great, and costly hunting 
establishment ; he also maintained 24 Falconers, and 30 cast 
of hawks with dogs. He hawked the crow, and magpie, as 
well as the heron, partridge and other game. The Falconers 
received 50Z. a year each. Besides other establishments for 
Horses, there was a Hobby Stable, the Master of which was 
probably under the Master of the Horse. Among other 
hunting appointments were the Yeomen and " Children of 
the Leash." He followed the chase nearly to the last — till 
the mighty Hunter whose prey is man as well as beast gripped 
him in his rigid clutch^for we iind that in 1624, the year 
before his death, he went to the Earl of Arundel's at High- 
gate to hunt the stag in St. John's Wood. Deer were kept at 
that period in Marylebone. The Master of the Toils and 
the Keeper of Hyde Park had orders to take three brace of 
bucks there and convey them to Marylebone Park to supply 
•the scarcity caused in the latter by the great rain. 

" Solomon the Second," as has been shown already, was 
very tenacious of his royal rights of the chace. He was very 
particular, Conway said in a letter to the Surrey Justices, to 
have justice done in cases of deer-stealing and he desired 
them to put the laws into execution as far as possible against 
one Taddy FarnwaU, who had killed a red deer in Windsor 
Forest. His own sporting must have been both vexatious 
and oppressive to his people. Mr. Edmund Lascelles wrote 
in these words to the Earl of Shrewsbury : — 

« 7 Nov. — There was one of the King's speciall hounds 



Chap. LXVI. PLOUGHING OF LAND. 293 

called Jowler, missing one day. The King was much dis- 
pleased that he was wanted ; notwithstanding went a-hunting. 
* The next day, when they wears on the feild, Jowler came in 
amongst the rest of the hounds ; the King was told of him, 
and was very glad, and, loMhg on him, spied a paper about 
his neck, and in the paper was written : ' Good Mr. Jowler, 
we pray you speake to the kiag ( for he hears you every day, 
and so doth he not us) that it wiU please his Majestic to go 
back to London, for els the country wUbe undoon; all our 
provition is spent already, and we are not able to intertayne 
him longer.' It was taken for a jeast, and so pas'd over, for 
his Majestic entends to ly thear yet a fortnet." ' It was a 
jest to the King and courtiers no doubt; but perhaps the 
country people and peasantry could not find the wit to see it. 
LasceUes himself had to learn the truth of the advice of the 
shepherd-king, and warrior-poet of Israel, not to put his trust 
in Princes or in any child of Man. 

In 1617, Thomas WUson wrote to the constables of 
Sandon, Kelshall, and other towns in Hertfordshire. The 
King's express command is that they give notice to occupants 
of arable land not to plough their lands in narrow ridges, nor 
to suffer swine to go abroad unringed and root holes, &c., to 
the endangering of His Majesty and the Prince in hawking 
and hunting; they are also to take down the high bounds 
between lands, which hinder His Majesty's ready passage. 
It is plain from this that James, fond as he was of the chase, 
was also careful of the safety of his royal person, and by no 



Nichols' Progresses of James I., vol. 1. p. 464. 



294 THE DOG. Chap. LXVI. 

means a hard rider, unless perhaps with the sole exception 
of his journey to London to take possession of the throne. 

He likewise wanted gates put up in Tottenham Woods to 
make his riding more easy, and to avoid having to break 
down the fences. To these gates he desired to possess a key 
for his own exclusive use. On one occasion having killed a 
buck in Eltham Park he bathed his bare legs and feet in the 
blood as a cure for the gout. The following incident is a 
much more pleasing anecdote of James than most which are 
told of him, and shows considerable tenderness of feeling 
towards his Consort. John Chamberlain wrote to Carleton 
from Ware Park in 1613, and said, "You can looke for no 
newes from hence but such as wilbe stale before y* come at 
you. The K. is in progresse and the quene gon or going 
after: at theyre last being at Tiball's (Theobald's) w*" was 
about a fortnight since, the Q. shooting at a deere, mistooke 
her marke and killed iewell, the Ks. most principall and 
speciall hound, at w"'' he stormed excedingly a while, but 
after he knew who did y', he was sone pacified, and w"^ much 
kiudnes wisht her not to be troubled w"» y', for he shold 
love her never the worse, and the next day sent her a diamond 
worth 2000? as a legacie from his dead dogge : love and 
kindnes increases dayly between them, and y' is thought 
they were never in better termes." When the Archbishop 
of Canterbury shot Lord Zouch's keeper at BramshiU, James 
sent word to that prelate "not to discomfort himself," "as 
such an accident might befall any man," and " his Queen in 
like sort killed him the best brache that ever he had." 
Before his accession to the English throne he wrote to James 
Hudson begging him to assist in the transport of twelve tons 



Chap. LXVI. WELL MA TCHED HO UNDS. 295 

of double London Beer, as his, (the King's,) dearest Spouse 
was daily accustomed to drink of the same. Curiosity is 
excited to know how long this twelve tons held out. Maybe 
James gave so large an order in the expectation of living in 
London ere there was occasion for a second supply. He 
had his share, no doubt. In his hunting establishment was 
" His Majesty's bottle horse," which cost 15Z. 

The next letter, written by the King himself to his favourite 
the Duke of Buckingham, shows how well his hounds were 
matched in speed. 

" Sweete hairte blessing blessing blessing on my sweete tome 
badgers^ hairte rootes and all his, for breiding me so fyne a 
kennell of yong howndes, some of thaime so faire and well 
shaped, and some of thaime so fine prettie litle ones as thaye 
are worthie to lye on Steenie' and Kates ^ bedde; and all of 
thaime runne together in a lumpe, both at sente and uewe, 
and God thanke the maister of the horse, for provyding me 
such a numbre of faire usefuU horsis, fitte for my hande ; in a 
worde I protests I was never maister of suche horses and 
howndes; the bearare will tell you quhat fyne running we 
hadde yesterdaye. Remember now to take the aire discreitlie 
and peece and peece, and for Gods saike and myne, keepe 
thyselfe verrie warme, especiallie thy heade and thy showlders, 
putte thy parke of Bewlie to an ende, and love me still and 
"still, and so God blesse thee and my sweete daughter and god- 
daughter, to the comforte of thy deare dade. 

" James E. 



' Tom Badger and Steenie were the King's favourite names for the Duke,] 
2 The Duchess of Buokingham. 



296 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LXVI. 



" (P.S.) — Thy olde purveyoure sent thee yesternight six 
partridges and two levrettis. I ame now going to hawke the 
pheasant." ' 

Amongst monarchical epistles, the above is hard to rival 
for quaintness. 



1 T. Parks' and II. Hariugtou's Nugaj Aiitiqua3, vol. i. p. 394. 




Chap. LXVII. HUNTING THE WILD BOAR. 297 



CHAPTEK LXVII. 

T>ESIDES the various sports of the field already spoken of, 
James also hunted the boar, a more dangerous amuse- 
ment than it was likely he could find any pleasure in ; but 
he, no doubt, did little more than look on. Adam Newton 
wrote: — "The King and Prince after their coming from 
Theobalds this day s'ennight, went to Windsor to the 
hunting of the wild boar, and come back on Saturday."' 
He likewise had an officer who was named the "Keeper 
of the King's Cormorants" — that is, of the birds of that 
kind; not the courtiers — warrants are extant for pay- 
ments to Kobert and John Wood for providing haggards 
and Cormorants for the King's disport in fishing. They 
were procured from the northern parts of the kingdom. 
Illustrative of this amusement, and of the sentiments of 
liberty entertained by Englishmen, is the accompanying 
document. 

« Afril, 1619. Eobert Maxwell to the Council. 
" Mat it please touk honours. 

" Upon the 4th day of Aprill last paste being the Saboath 
day, wee being at dinner in the Sergeant at Armes Chamber 



Nichols' Progresses of James I. 



298 THE DOG. Chap. LXVII. 

in Whitehall ; our company then faUing into a discourse con- 
cerning one Mr. Wood who is the keeper of the King's Cor- 
morants, and the authoritie that he hath from the King that 
he might fishe with them in any brooke or Eiver ; Whereby 
they might be made the more fitt for the King's use, and 
that by the King's Prerogative; To which purpose wee 
weere speaking, That the said Cormorant keeper, had (not 
long sithence) some occasion with the right honourable 
the Lord of Suffolke being then at his house at Audlie end, 
and did there take to the number of 20 or 30 Trouts, Sergeant 
Cotton did then answere to our discourse. That the said Wood 
who keepeth the King's Cormorants was a very Villaine for 
taking so many Trouts, for the destroying of any Lord's 
Eivers, and yf that my Lord of Suffolke had knowne it, 
he would have laid him by the heeles, wee answered him 
that hee might have taken soe many Trouts, having such 
authoritie from the King, as hee hath being under the 
great seale, and not lyen by the heeles. Cotton suddenly 
swore by God, that yee durst aU as well be hanged as to 
speake half soe much yf my Lord were in his prosperitie, 
I answered him, I thought he was mad or a foole to say 
that wee weere better be hanged then speake in the King's 
behalfe, Sergeant Cotton itterating againe said that yee 
durst all as well be hanged as have spoke those words then, 
and perticularly then spake unto me useing this scornefuU 
fraise ; Sir Petronell Plashe you know not the lawes of 
England. I say this that every Lord of a soile or of a manner 
is a King of himselfe, or within himselfe ; I presently upon 
this speech called those that were by, for witnesses, and 
tould him that I thought he spoke Treason, and bad him 



Chap. LXVII. THE KING'S COMORANTS. 299 

take heede what hee had said, for I would call him to 
account ; Cotton answered me againe by the same scornefull 
terme, Sir Petronell, this which I have said I will answere 
before any man you dare call me, And moreover saith hee 
I say likewise that yf any man in England had but a mole 
hill he is a Kiag of that ; And for the better confirmation of 
this his presumptious speech I meeting him on the morrow 
ia the same Chamber, I said Sergeant Cotton I think you 
were drunk the last day when you made soe many Kings ;. 
he answered, giving the lye, that hee was then no more 
drunk than I was at that time, and would answere what 
he had said in any place where I durst complaine, but onely 
altered in these words that every Lord of a soile or of a 
mannor was Lord or King of the same, To which speeches 
I required Sergeant Friend and Sergeant Owen to beare 
witnes being then present. 

" Thus humblie leaveing the substance heereof to youre 
honoures consideration desireing to discharge my conscience 
to my Saviour through my loyaltie to my Soveraigne. 

" KOBEET MaXWALL." ^ 

Maxwell then posted off to Mr. Justice Doubleday, "to 
certifie him thereof, and hee, (upon hearing and admiring 
whoe could bee soe bould,) advised mee to make it knowne 
to some of His Majesties Privie Councell, which I did, with 
as much convenience as I could." 

This sneaking pick-thank succeeded, to all appearance, 
in after-life, as indeed most of his species do. We find him 



Public Keeord Office. 



300 THE DOG. Chap. LXVII. 

soon interested in the charter of tobacco-pipe makers, and 
leased of some parsonages; the King writing in his behalf 
to the Dean and Canons of Windsor. 

Sir Oliver Cromwell, uncle, godfather, and namesake of 
the great Protector, presented James with " flete and deepe 
mouthed houndes," horses, and hawks, &c. The King of 
France also sent him hawks, horses, and ten or twelve 
" setting dogs ; " and received " six geldings, six greyhounds, 
and twelve couple of beagles " from James's Queen. 

Conway sent this letter in Dec. 1624, from Newmarket to 
Lord Clifford at Londesbrough. 

" Eight Honorable, 

" I have received commandement from his Ma"^ : to give 
your Lordship knowledge that he is informed you have 
lately bought a verie fleete hound. His Ma"^: desires 
you to send him that hound. This peradventure wilbe no 
acceptable service to your lordship. But by this you may 
see his Ma'^ freedom with you. And to me the opportunity 
is welcome to present you my duety, and to kiss the hands 
of your noble lady, &c. 

" 2 Decemb. To the Ir. Clifford." 

The following is Lord Clifford's answer. 

" Noble and WOETHY S''., Londesburrow, this 9th of Decern. 

"Your packet dated the 2 of this moneth came to my 
handes the 6' late at night after I was corned from a sore 
dayes huntinge. To avoide the trouble a longe huntinge 
worded letter might bringe you I have heere sent my 
servant whoe can very faithefuUy assure your honor how 



Chap. LXVII. TERMS OF ENDEARMENT. 301 

unfitt the hounde is for present use and what answere I 
gave lately to one that sayde he was my L'^ Dukes servant 
and woulde have had the hounde from me. I have written 
unto his Grace about it and I am most assured he restes 
well satisfyed w"' my wareness in the delivery of hir. She 
hathe hitherto made but ill proofe for moste of my houndes 
have the better of hir w"* I attribute to hir late havinge of 
whelpes this summer, to hir allteration of the ground or 
ayer or else she is bursten or beaten in hir shoulders : If 
I shoulde sende hir up now in this harde wether she weare 
irrecoverably lost ere as his Ma^^" beeinge now at London 
may give me time to recover hir . against his next iorney 
to Newmarket wher I will not fayle to attende him w"' 
hir and som others that are much before hir at the day 
you shall please to assigne me by this bearer. My wife 
and I returne your honor many cordiall thankes for your 
remembrance of us in the ende of your letter. She assures 
you that she will remaine your constant M" and I your 
faithefuU frende and servant. 

" F. Cliffoede. 

"To my Hon"" and worthy frende S'. Ed. 
Conwey one of his Ma'?*^' Principall Secre- 
taryes of State at Courte."' 

James frequently used the name of Beagle as a term of 
endearment. He constantly addressed Eobert Cecil Earl 
of Salisbury, as, '"my little Beagill;" and his Queen as his 
deare littil Beagle. Buckingham was his "dog Steenie." 
Lord Oranborne was called the King's Beagle. 



Public Eecord Office. 



1 ^ 



302 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LXVII. 



James, in writing his instructions to his dearest Son Henry 
the Prince, termed "the hunting with running houndes as 
the most honourable and noblest sort thereof." 

Besides Mr. Potts, Prince Henry had a Nicholas Drake 
in his service, who was Bowe Bearer and Master of the Lime 
Hounds in 1610. 

James was also fond of possessing wild animals. In 1609, 
the Company's officers and servants in the East Indies 
received orders, " for reserving of all strange fowls and beasts, 
&c. for the King and Council." Hawks appear to have 
been imported from Newfoundland about the same time, 
but no mention has been observed of any dogs from thence. 
The King of Spain presented him with an elephant and five 
camels, and by these he set great store. No person was to 
be allowed to see the former on pain of the " uttermost 
peril." The charge of the elephant and four keepers yearly 
was 27,5Z. 12s., besides a gallon of wine daily from September 
till April, "when his keepers say he must drink no water." 
The Lord Treasurer, it was stated, will be little in love with 
presents which cost the King as much to maintain as a 
garrison.' 



Public Kccord Office. 






Chap. LXVIII. THIEVES THROWN TO DOGS. 303 



CHAPTEE LXVIII. 

TT^NGLISH dogs were frequently sent abroad at this time. 
In the Court Minutes of the East India Company, 
amongst other things considered fit to be sent as presents to 
the East, are two mastiffs, little "island doggs," and grey- 
hounds. By " island dogs " are doubtless meant Iceland dogs, 
though they could hardly, one would suppose, endure the 
climate. 

Sir Thomas Eoe, Ambassador to the Great Mogul, " Jehan 
Guire the Mighty Emperor of India," says in his Journal that 
the King told him he was pleased extremely with the Mastiff 
Dogs, and that he " must needs help him to one of our large 
Horses, to a Brace of Irish Greyhounds, Dog and Bitch, and 
other Dogs of all Sorts, for Game : which if I would procure 
him, he protested on the Word of a Prince he would gratify 
me, and grant me more Privileges than I should think of 
asking." Malefactors in India were at that period thrown to 
dogs. Eoe records an instance : — " The 9*^" a hundred Thieves 
were brought chain'd before the Mogul with their Accusation : 
Without further Ceremony, as in all such Cases is the Custom, 
he ordered them to be carried away, the Chief of them to be 
torn in Pieces by Dogs, and the rest put to Death : This was 
all the Process and Form. The Prisoners were divided into 
several Quarters of the Town, and executed in the Streets, as 



304 THE DOG, Chap. LXVIII. 

in one by my House, where twelve Dogs tore the Chief of them 
in Pieces." ' 

William Edwardes, writing to the East India Company 
from Ajmere, in 1615, remarked, concerning the King and 
the honourable entertainment he gave the English merchants 
at their arudience, when James's letter and presents were laid 
before him : — 

" The mastifes that were sent had him much esteemed if 
they had come to hand, but dyed by the way, except one 
yong dogg, which I presented to the king, and he highly 
esteemeth, for that the same day I presented him, the king 
caused him to fight with a tyger, which he presently killd, 
and for the same, the king hath given him unto the charge of 
a gentleman of great worth, to keepe, and often sendeth for 
him to looke upon. Sum more of the same, with some great 
curld water spaniells, according to my former, would be vallued 
of the king, beyond things of greater worth, but a charg must 
be given to the master or commaunders of youre shipps for 
theire good usadge, for some of theise were neglected." ^ 

Thomas Keridge wrote the same year from Ajmere to the 
Company : — 

" Mr. Edwardes presented the kinge a mastife, and speak- 
inge of the Dogs courage the king caused a younge leopard to 
be brought, to make tryall, wherewith the Dog so pincht thatt 
(after) few houres Hfe the leopard dyed ; since, the kinge of 
Persia with a present sent hither haulfe a dozen dogges, the 
kinge caused Boares to be brought to fight with them putting 



' Entertaining Account of all the Countries of the Known World. 1752. 
2 Public Record Office. 



Chap. LXVIII. MASTIFFS COVETED ABROAD. ' 305 

2 or 3 dogs to a Boare yett none of them seased and remem- 
bringe his owns Dog sentt for him, who presently fastened on 
the Boare, so disgraced the Persian Dogs whereby the king 
was exceedingly pleased. 2 or 3 fierce mastyfes a couple of 
Irishe Grayhoundes and a couple of well-bred water spanyells 
would give him greate content! 

"Tho: Kee." 

Jonham ben Doulat, King of Acheen and other parts of 
Sumatra, in a letter he sent to James, in 1616, asked for " 10 
mastiff dogs, and 10 bitches, with a great gun wherein a man 
may sit upright." And it was likewise said of him : — " Also 
he takes great delyte in doges, and hearinge there was 2 abord 
of the Hector, was verie desyrous of them, the one an Island 
curre of our master, the other a shepherdes curre ; thise 2 
beinge given the kinge, was dayly as he went abrode lede 
after him with 2 sunderey slaves ; it is said he gladly would 
have a water spaniell : and also a cask of whot ' drincke were 
a fitt present for him for he delytes greatly in drinckinge and 
to mack men druncke : the kinge of Jore which is now there, 
havinge married his syster, although he be his prisoner doe 
often drinck drunck to gether." — But our 'own people were 
not backward either in that way, for while at Acheen twenty- 
four men died of drinking " Eacke." ^ 

Prestwick Eaton wrote from St. Sebastian to Greorge Wel- 
lingham, in St. Swithen's Lane, London, in 1631 and 1632, 
for several things ; amongst which he wanted " a good mastive 
dogge," his case of bottles " replenyshed with the best lickour," 



' Hot. 2 Public Record Office. 

VOL. II. 



3o6 _ THE DOG. Chap. LXVIII. 

and " pray," said he, " procuer mee two good BuUdoggs and 
lett them bee sent by y^ first shipp." Writing again he says, 
"the dogg was a brave curr and to good for him thatt had 
him," &c ; and that " if these bad times better not it will be 
better to bee a turnspitt then a factor." A couple of pounds 
of good tobacco and some good pipes were also desired, as he 
could not pass a night without smoking. 

Eaton, another time, thanks his correspondent for another 
dog ; wishes for a couple more. " Let them," says he " be 
good at the Bull and cost what they will, but let them be fair 
and good curs : they are not for myself, but for friends, that I 
must rely upon, if occasion shoftld offer : for his part, he has 
other employments, therefore, good brother, procm-e them at 
the Bear Garden — they are better esteemed and go farther 
than a greater present." ^ 

With the single exception, previously given, of Hentzner, 
and that is only from a translation, the above is the first 
instance known by the author of the occurrence of the name 
of Bulldog. Eaton also mentions the mastiff at the same 
time, so the breeds were distinct. One would much like to 
be able to look back and see this Englishman, " most potent 
in potting," with his bottle of "best lickour," his good tobacco, 
pipes, and " brave curr " amongst the staid Dons ! 

" King Stephen was a worthy peer." 

Some enactments were made about this time relating to 
dogs. An Act passed in the 23rd Elizabeth for the preserva- 
tion of " Fesauntes and Partridges," stated, that no one " shall 



Public Record Oifice. 



Chap. LXVm. ENACTMENTS RELATING TO DOGS. 307 

hawke or with his Spaniels hunt in any ground where corne 
or other graine shalbe standing," &c., under a penalty of forty 
shillings to the owner of the corn or graine.^ 

By the 1 James I.,^ " For the better preservation of Deare, 
Hares," &c., it was enacted that any person having or keeping 
any greyhound or setting dogge, without lOZ. per annum 
Freehold, or 200Z. Personalty, or being the son and heir of an 
Esquire or son of a Knight, or superior person, incurred a 
penalty of imprisonment or fine of 40 shillings to the poor of 
the parish. Also by the 3 James I., no person, unless possess- 
ing 40?., per annum or goods worth 200/. could keep any Conny 
Dogges or park for deer or connyes ; and they who did so, 
were liable to have the dogs taken from them by any person 
possessing lOOZ. per annum. 

In the 7th of his reign, it was enacted that constables, under 
warrant of two justices of the peace, could search any house 
" suspected to have any Setting Dogges or Netts for the taking 
of Fesants or Partridges," and destroy such dogs or nets ; and 
the same year was passed an Act to prevent the spoil of Corne 
by untimely Hawking, and to preserve Pheasants and Part- 
ridges : in this mention is made of " Hawkes Dogges." The 
22 and 23 Charles II., laid down that no persons not having 
property amounting to 100?. per annum, or for life ; or having 
leases of ninety-nine years or above of 150?. per annum ; or 
not being son and heir of an Esquire, or sou of a person of 
higher degree ; or not being owners, &c., of any forest, park, 
chase, or warren, stocked with deer or conies, could keep " any 
guns, bowes, grey-hounds, setting-dogs, ferretts, cony-doggs. 



Statutes of the Eealm, vol. iv. p. i. p. 672. ^ Statutes of the Realm. 

X 2 



3o8 THE DOG. Chap. LXVIII. 

lurchers, hayes, netts, lowbells,^ hare-pipes,^ ginns, snares, or 
other engines." The 4 William and Mary also saw an Act 
on the matter, premising that the game of the kingdom had 
been very much destroyed by many idle persons who after- 
wards betook themselves to robberies, burglaries, or other like 
offences, and neglected their lawful employment. A just and 
accurate description of the professed poachers of our own time. 
By the 6 Anne, any unqualified person convicted of having 
any greyhounds, setting-dogs, or lurchers, was liable to a 
penalty of five pounds, or three months imprisonment for the 
first offence. 

It appears that water-spaniels were commonly kept by the 
shop-keepers of London about James's reign. In the ' Witch 
of Edmonton,' the joint production of Eowley, Dekker, and 
others, we find — "A citizen's water-Spaiiiel, enticing his 
master to go a-ducking twice or thrice a week, whilst his wife 
makes ducks and drakes at home." The ' Paris-garden Ban- 
dog ' also occurs ; and the black dog of Newgate, elsewhere 
mentioned. The ladies' lapdogs Holinshed is so severe about, 
are alluded to in the line — 

" A lady's arming puppy, there you might lick sweet lips." 



' Bird-nets used with a light and bell. ^ Snares for hares. 



Chap. LXIX. HOUNDS CARRIED TO THE MEET. 309 



CHAPTEE LXIX. 

/^HAELES I. kept Buckhounds, Limehounds, Harriers, 
^ and Otterhounds. His Queen had, as we find by the 
Eegulations for her Household in 1627, the undermen- 
tioned officers among her establishment — " The Master of the 
Bows and String Hounds ; The Keepers of the Hounds ; The 
Yeomen of the Bowes ; The Groome ; The Yeomen of the 
Leish; and Two Yeomen Harriers." Whether the bows, 
meant long-bows or cross-bows, seems doubtful, or whether she 
had both. The King appears to have given up the Privy 
Buckhounds, as there is a warrant for the payment of the 
allowances of the Serjeant, Yeomen, and Grooms during life ; 
but stating that as they died no more were to be admitted. 
Sir Timothy Tirrell was Master of them and received an 
annuity of 10.0?. per annum for life. 

It is plain that the hounds were carried to the meet, for a 
warrant exists, dated 1625, to take up horses, harnesses, and 
other necessaries for drawing the waggon with his Majesty's 
hounds : furthermore, in 1628, a commission was issued to all 
Mayors, Sheriffs, and Justices of the Peace, &c., to provide a 
team of oxen and horses for removing the King's Buckhounds. 
Charles was fond of sportitig. ■ Lord Conway wrote Secretary 
Coke that he had been unable to move him about a certain 
business, as the King was continually either on his sport 
abroad, or at tennis. In 1629 he issued . a warrant to Sir 
Francis Cottington and Justices to punish any person de- 



310 THE DOG. Chap. LXIX. 

stroying or disturbing his " Games of hares, partridges, phea- 
sants, heronshow, or duck and mallard, that shall breed or 
abide within " certain limits in and around Hampton Court. 
No guns or "peeces," water-spaniells, greyhounds, setting- 
dogs, or mungrells, &c., were to be carried into the fields, 
commons, or inclosures ; neither was any one to hunt, hawk, 
or course on Hounslow Heath, or fish or lay books, &c., in the 
waters of the honour and liberties of Hampton Court. Many 
other warrants were made for preserving the Eoyal Game in 
the numerous Crown forests, parks, and chaces in Derbyshire ; 
at Eaby, Galtres, and other parts north of the Trent; at 
Malvern, Winchester, and in Dorsetshire ; also within seven 
miles compass of Hinchinbrooke, the same distance round 
Godmanchester on the Ouse, in Kqnt, Suffolk, Bearwood Chase 
in Berkshire, Wiltshire, &c. These documents mention the 
moorcocks, moorhens, moorpoults, hares, heron, partridge, 
duck, mallard, pheasant, &c. The forest privileges of the 
Grown, still very great, must have been a fertile source of 
discontent, and given birth to many collisions. A Groom of 
the Bedchamber received a licence to take partridges for the 
King in any place within England; and in 1628 was issued a 
commission to the Lord Compton, Master of His Majesty's 
Leash, and his assigns to take within his dominions such grey- 
hounds and other doggs for His Majesty's disport and recrea- 
tion as his predecessors in that place have done either in 
the time of King Henry 8th, King Edward the 6th, Queene 
Elizabeth, or his late Majesty. And also to take away and 
seize all greyhounds or beagles that may be anyway offen- 
sive to His Majesty's game and disport.' 



' Public Record Office. 



Chap. LXIX. EXPORTATION OF DOGS. 311 

The King wrote in 1630 to Attorney-Greneral Heath to pre- 
pare the annexed warrant : — 

" LicENTiA Thome Badger Militi et aliis pro Bxportatione 
Cantjm.' 

An. 7, Car. 1.— 1631. 
" Chaeles, b^ the Grace of G-od, &c. 

" To all to whome these Presents shall come, Greeting. 
" Know yee that Wee, for divers good causes and con- 
siderations us hereunto moveing, of our especiall grace, certaine 
knowledge, and meer motion, have given and graunted and 
by theis Presents, for us, our Heires and Successors, doe give 
and graunt unto our trustie and welbeloved servants Sir 
Thomas Badger, Knight, Master of Ould Harriers, Sir 
Tymothie Tyrrell, Knight, Master of our Buckhounds, and 
Thomas Potts, Esquire, Master of our Privie Harriers, and 
every of them, for and during such tyme, and for soe long 
tyme as they and every of them respectively shall bee and 
continue in their said Office or Offices, Place or Places, by 
themselves or any of them, their or any of their Deputies, 
Servants or Assignes, to carry over, convey and transport or 
cause to be carried over, conveyed and transported out of this 
our Eealme of England or the Dominion of Wales or either of 
them; or any place or places in them or any of them, into 
any the parts beyond the Seas, such and soe many Hounds, 
Beagles, or Hunting Doggs, of what sorte or kinde soever they 
or any of them be or shall be called or knowne, as to the said 
Sir Thomas Badger, Sir Tymothie Tyrrell and Thomas Potts 
or any of them shall seem meet and convenient: and the 



1 Eymer's Foedera, tome viii. p. 180. 



312 THE DOG. Chap. LXIX. 

same Hounds, Beagles or Hunting Doggs, being soe trans- 
ported to give away, sell or otherwise dispose of, at their or 
any of their Wills and Pleasure, without accompt or any other 
thing therefore to us, our Heires or Successors to be rendred 
or given, and without paying of any Custom or other Dutie for 
or in respect of such Transportation in any manner of wise. 

" And further Wee doe hereby straightly charge, prohibit 
and forbid, that noe person or persons whatsoever Englishmen, 
Denizens or Straungers of what degree or condition soever, 
other than the said Sir Thomas Badger, Sir Tymothie Tyrrell 
and Thomas Potts or some or one of them, or their or some 
or one of their Deputies, Servants or Assignes, doe at any 
time or tymes hereafter carry over, convey and transport, or 
cause to be carried over, conveyed or transported out of this 
our Eealme of England or the Dominion of Wales, or any 
place or places in them or either of them, any Hounds, 
Beagles or other kind of hunting Doggs of what sort or kind 
soever, without the licence and consent of the said Sir Thomas 
Badger, Sir Tymothie Tyrrell and Thomas Potts or some or 
one of them, their or some or one of their Deputies or Assignes, 
under their or some or one of their Hands and Scales in 
writing, thereunto first had and obteyned, upon pain of our 
high Indignation and displeasure, and such Paines, Penalties, 
Punishments and Imprisonments, as by the Lawes and 
Statutes of this Eealme, can or may be inflicted upon the 
OfTendors for contempt of our royall commaund." 

The Act then proceeds to give directions concerning, to the 
Officers of the Customs. 

" Witnes our selfe at Westminster, the eight day of May. 
" Per Breve de Private Sigillo." 



Chap. LXIX. SCARCITY OF HOUNDS. 313 

In the French of the third edition of Eymer's ' Fcedera,' by 
Holmes, 1743 ; harriers is translated levriers, and beagles 
bassets. 

By the succeeding portion of a letter from the Earl of 
Strafford, it would appear that hounds were becoming scarce 
in the north. Being of a Yorkshire family himself, and 
married in the first instance to one of the Cliffords, he must 
have been well acquainted with the hunting establishments 
in Yorkshire and the adjacent counties ; but it seems strange 
that dogs for the chase should, amongst the nobUity and 
gentry, have been rare at that time. Thomas Viscount 
Wentworth wrote to James Earl of Carlisle, from York, 
30th November 1632 :— 

" My veet good Loed. 

" I understand from my Cousin Wandesford how you are 

pleased still to lay your favours upon me ; as if you had of 

malice forthought resolved to break my back with theni, &c." 

.... "It was of your favour to enjoyn me by my Cousin 

Wandesforde to furnish your Lordship with some couples of 

fleet hounds, it is grown a very rare commodity in these parts, 

all men as they tell me having given over breeding that kinde 

of Cattle ; yet I shall I trust furnish you with some and those 

good, as falls out above my own belief, they shall be with you 

before Christmas, &c. 

" Wentwoeth." 



314 THE DOG. Chap. LXX. 



CHAPTEE LXX. 

rpHE partiality of Charles I. for the canine race, as also 
somewhat of his own character, is indicated in the 
following painful record of neglect, contumely, and in- 
gratitude, set forth in all the bitterness of heart of hope 
long deferred. It was addressed to Secretary Conway about 
1626, by William Belou. 

" May it please youe Loedship. 

"According to your direction, I have essayed to pen a 
Petition, but findes nather mater nor raison for it. I 
have bene wors used then a Naturall foole witnes Tom 
Duri who for ocht that I know is better used according 
to his estate and qualitie, then anie servant the late Queene 
left behind her, at leist a great deale better then I. I have 
bene worse used then a counterfeit, witnes Artchi Armstrahg 
who showes me, that the King has given so speciall direction 
for payment of his intertainement, that he is better then 
he was in the late king his tyme, where I, having a Pension, 
for witch I have served, toiled, and travelled, the space 
of 37 yeres, kan not recave one pennie, till I have spent 
thre in seking of it. I have bene wors used then a 
Turk witnes a Turkisck Ambassadour, whome I have sene 
get audience of the late king, who had his despatch in 
thre weekes, where I, in three winters atendence, can not 



Chap. LXX. NEGLECT BY CHARLES L 



315 



obtaJDe means, nor leve, to returne to my native Countrie, 
but am constrained, to forget, and expose, my wif, and onlie 
dochter, to rapt and desolation. That bloudie Inquisition 
armie of Wallenstein being with-in thre or fower dayes 
march of a Countri hous where I left them. Al this I 
have indured patientlie, or at leist with a forced, and 
seeming senslesnesse. But now my honorabell lord, I ame 
wors used than a dogue, for having moved a pour, humble 
Petition, to the king verballie at Hamton Court, that if 
his Ma'": wold give me no moni, he wold late me have a 
Pas or a warrand, that I micht go out, to put my wif and 
dochter in some surer place, he went away seilentlie, with 
out one word speking. And I ame shure he will speake 
to his dogues. Sens then my lord I am fallen beneth the 
degre of a dogue, I can Petition no more, for feare I 
fall a howUng, when I wold complaine. Wherefore I have 
inclosed within this letter, the copies of two Petitions given 
to his Ma'^: here to fore, I beseke your lordship to peruse 
them igane, and to consider what I kan offer more or demand 
les, then I have done in the said two Petitions : and onlie 
by procuring me his Ma'"' pas save me from this last of 
evels, that it be not sadled on my bak as a hedshef of niy 
other wronges endured, that I have slipped away like a 
knotles thrid, with-out his Ma*'^ knowlege. If I can obtaine 
this, I rest 

" Yours, to serve your lordship, with the best 
thochtes of my hart, and the best report 
my hard fortune kan bring forth, 

" WiLLIAME BeLOU." ' 
1 Public Kecord Office. 



3i6 THE DOG. Chap. LXX. 

Belou says in his Petitions, "that being a child of tenn 
years old, he was by the king of Denmarke putt to the 
service of yo° Ma'^ Mother of happy memory and so con- 
tynued servaunt and Pensioner to her, till it pleased God 
to translate her to a better kingdome." 

This old servant also served the King's Uncle; and he 
refers to an order by James the First for his payment, 
requesting it may be executed. 

Charles, like his father, witnessed bear-baiting. In 1632 
Grabriel Marsh, Marshal of the Admiralty and Master of 
the Bears, received 10?. for baiting them before the King 
and Queen at Whitsuntide. He was also pleased with wild 
animals. In 1637 directions were given to carry over toils 
to Virginia to catch deer alive for him: these were most 
likely the great Elk of America. 

Charles also bred horses for the turfj about 1628 he 
kept race mares in Cole and West Parks. Ships at this 
period were not unfrequently named after dogs; such was 
the Waterhound of Flushing, the Greyhound, Spaniel, &c. 

The next letter is a sign of the times. 

" Eight Honoueable, 

" My humble respecte and duty premised. Whereas yo® 
Lordsp. p.cured me commission for y® p.servation of his 
Ma*"'" game within his mannore of Fordington in oure County 
of Dorset, and within the compasse of six miles adiacent. 
I (according to the tenor therof, and for my dutyfuU care 
and watch, for faire preserveing the same against all dis- 
ordered persons that use any meanes or inginns prohibited 
by the lawes of this Eealme for the destroying thereof) did 



Chap. LXX. 



A SIGN OF THE TIMES. 



317 



apprehend a dilinquent in that kind, one Henry Maber a 
mechaniek, and took from him his peece, when some few 
dayes after upon his submission, and dissembled sorrow 
for his offence, and faythlesse promise never to reinforce 
the same did forgive him and redelivered his peece; the 
same partie sithence, forgetting his former offence, neglect- 
inge his Ma"*^ command, and contemning my commission 
with my selfe, did sporte himselfe w"* his Grayhounde w* 
in the aforesaid precincts by his ma"^ inhibited, as yf he 
had had no kinge to command him, or himselfe had beene 
exempted from the obedience of a subiect, which is a 
damnable opinion of a puritane; I tooke from him his 
Grrayhounde, and my man leading the same w* in the 
towne of Dorchester; the partie being a townes man and 
a Cunstable (though unknowne to my servant) assaulted 
him, offered him violence, contrary to his oath and place, 
and by force did take the dog from him, and he in his 
owne defence, and to save himselfe did strike him, for 
w"" he was apprehended and committed to prison, and could 
not be released untill I came my selfe and an other gent, 
and gave them bayle for his appearance at their owne 
Towne Sessions next to be holden ; and in the meane time 
have bound him to the peace. Now yf one subiect shall 
so severely and against law and iustice punish another for 
defending his Ma"^^ right and himselfe : what punishment 
doth he deserve that shall dare (against the expresse com- 
mand of his sovraign) to offend not once, or twice, and 
in a hostile and seditious manner to maintaine the same 
both by himselfe, and by the absolutely insolent his ma"^' 
Bayliffs of Dorchesterj who have executed the rigor of the 



3i8 THE DOG. Chap. LXX. 

law w"> extreame iniustice against him. Now my good 
Lord my humble petition is, that youre honours would be 
pleased to take into your serious consideration this foule 
and insolent abuse to his ma"°, and that speedy course 
may be taken to curbe the rebellious and turbulent dareing 
spirits of these Dorchestrians who faxiously contemne all 
law and iustice that is w^'out their owne precincts: Yf 
so foule contempt and riotte shall passe unpunished, yt 
will be an incouragment to others to doe the like: his 
ma"^ sports and game wiU be quite destroyed, youre honoure 
sleighted, my commission of no validity, and my care and 
travaile but lost labour. The prevention of aU w* 31 <^o™' 
mend to your iudicious care, and this common and exorbitant 
offender to what punishment youre honoure's iudgment shall 
deeme iitinge, w"'' 31 presume cannot be lesse then that 
w* hath beene inflicted upon my servante being innocent. 
And so dayly praying for youre increase in honoure and 
grace w* his ma"", 31 take leave and live by youre honoure 
to be commanded. 

" The humblest of those that serve you, 

" John : Williams. 

" Hen-iugstoa, June^xv. 1629.; 

" To the right honourable Theophilua Lord 
Waldon Earle of Suffolke att Suffolke house 
these." ' 



1 Public Record Office. 



Chap. LXXI. EXPLANATION OF THE TERM DOG. 319 



CHAPTEK LXXI. 

TN Eandle Cotgrave's French-Englisli Dictionary, a valuable 
and excellent, as well as exquisitely quaint, racy, and 
very original work (termed by himself a ' Bundle of Words ' 
and 'Verball Creature'), published in 1632, we have the 
following, among many other similiar explanations : — 

" CMen. — Adogge ; also a base, filthie, or shamelesse fellow. 

^aire le chien couchant. — To play the coward, or base 
fellow; to humble, or deiect himselfe too much in the 
presence of another. 

Chiens publiqices. — So were in old time those called, who 
had the letting, and setting of the subsidies granted, and 
taxes due, vnto the King. 

Appetit de chien. — A most vnsatiate appetite: a stomacke 
which, though it lay in unto vomiting, still would haue more. 

Ohose de chien. — A paultrie thing ; a matter of no value, 
or consequence ; a trifle, trash, trumperie. 

Dent de chien. — Grudge, repining, ill meaning, &c. 

Mis de chien. — A disloyall, or treacherous, ieering ; a 
laughing on him whose throat he wishes cut. 

Ohien-dent. — A noble stinker; a loose, dissolute, or idle 
good fellow. 

Chien-Uet. — A beastly companion, filthie scoundrell, stink- 
ing iacke, scuruie mate, &o." 



320 THE DOG. Chap. LXXI. 

Several proverbs are also in the book, some being equally 
contemptuous ; but a few doing more justice, as " Oster les 
cMens pour venir d hunt du troupeau. The watchfull dog 
to kill, that he the flocke may spill. — Vn vieil chien iamais 
ne jappe en vain. The old dog neuer barketh (aged ex- 
perience neuer aduiseth) in vaine. — Qui aime Bertrand aime 
son chien. Loue me, loue my dog; (say we). — Quand vn chien 
se noye chascun luy offte a loire. When a dog's a drowning 
euerie one offers him drinke. — A vn hem chien nieschent 
onques hon as. The honest man hath still the worst lucke. — 
Souvent a mauvais chien tomie vn os en gueule. The verier 
knaue the better lucke ; or an vnworthie fellow oft lights 
on worthie fortunes. — Oncques mastin, n'aima levrier. Neuer 
did clowne affect a Gentleman." 

Under the head of Caignard, we have — "A lazie vaga- 
bond, lowsie hedge-creeper, slothfull scowndrell ; tattered, or 
beggarly, rogue." And "Caignarder: To play the idle rogue ; 
or (like a nastie and slothfull beggar) lye, and lowse himselfe, 
vnder a hedge or, in the Sunne." Then succeeds "Canaille: 
Dogges ; a kennell, or companie of dogs, a knot of curres ; 
also, a base crue, roguish troupe, rascall company of scoun- 
drells ; the dreggs, or offalls, of the people ; persons of no 
worth, value, nor vertue." A young wanton fellow that (as 
a young Greyhound) minds nothing but pleasure, is called 
a Levron. " Ha Levrier ! (a voice of incouragement, or exci- 
tation) ; hoo, now now, hoe dog, hoe well done dog ! " Also 
(a voice of incensing such as be readie to fall together by 
tlie eares). "Now lads, to it boyes, cuffe or cudgell one 
another and spare not." 

" Levrier d' attache. — An Irish Greyhound, a great Greyhound 



Chap. LXXI. FRENCH TERMS FOR DOGS. 321 

Limier. — A Bloud-hound, or Lime-hound. 

Espagneul. — ^Espagnol, A Spaniel!. 

Mastin. — A mastiue, or Ban-dog ; a great (countrey) curre ; 
also, a rude, filthie, currish, or cruell feUow. It is, in Sher- 
wood's Dictionary, appended to Cotgrave, also called an alan, 
or allan. 

Mastine. — A Mastiue, or Curre-bitch ; also, a fell queane. 

Ghien de damoiselle. — A pupsie, little dogge, fisting curre. 

Basset. — A terrier, or earthing beagle ; also, a low stoole, a 
dwari'e, or very low man. 

Cfhien d'Ariois. — A Terrier. An auger was also called a 
terrier. 

Ghim de S'Evhert.— K kind of strong, short legd, and 
deepe-mouthed hound, vsed most for hunting of the Fox, 
Badger, Otter, &c. 

CMens muts. — The Hart-hounds, Bauds, tearmed so, because 
being crossed by a change, they neuer open till they light on 
their first game." These Bauds are also called Greffiers ; a 
kind of white hounds. 

A bandogge is described as a Mastin, or cJden de metairie ; 
but there is no mention made of the bull-dog. Nothing is 
said of either setter or pointer. 

The greyhound's name some suppose may have originated 
in the colour; he is here in Sherwood called Graie-hound, 
and graie is translated gris, griais. 



VOL. u. 



322 THE DOG. Chap. LXXII. 



CHAPTEE LXXII. 

/CAPTAIN Gervase Markham in his ' Countrey Content- 
^^ments, or, the Husbandman's Eecreations, containing the 
Wholesome Experience, in which any ought to Eecreate 
himself, after the toyl of more Serious Business. As namely, 
Hunting, Hawking, Coursing with Grey-Hounds, and the 
Laws of Leash, Shooting in the Long-Bow or Gross-Bow, 
Bowling, Tennis, Baloon ; the whole Art of Angling ; And 
the use of the Fighting Cock,' ^ has left us a record of the 
manner of Hunting and the breeds of Hounds in use at 
that epoch. This book was first published in, or about, 1651. 
"Now of these hounds," says the gallant and literary 
soldier, "there are divers kinds, as the slow hound, which 
is a large, great dog, tall and heavy, and are bred for the 
most part in the West Counties of this Land, as also in 
Cheshire and Lancashire, and most woodland and mountainous 
Countries ; then the middle-siz'd dog, which is more fit for 
the Chase, being of a more nimble composure, and are bred 
in Worcestershire, Bedfordshire, and many other well mixt 
soyls, where the Champain and Covert are of equal largeness ; 
then the Ught, nimble, swift, slender Dog, which is bred in 



' A Way to get Wealth. 13th Edition. Printed by B. H., for George 
Sawbridge, at the Bible on Ludgate-Hill. 1676. 



Chap. LXXII. HOUNDS OF DIVERS COLOURS. 323 

the North parts of this Land as Yarlcshire, Cumberland, 
Northumberland, and many other plain Champion Countries : 
and lastly, the little Beagle, which may be carried in a mans 
glove, and are bred in many Countries for delight only, 
being of curious scents and passing cunning in their hunting ; 
for the most part tyring, (but seldome killing) the prey, 
except at some strange advantage. 

" These Hounds are of divers colours, and according to 
their colours, so we elect them for the chase : as thus for 
example: The white Hound, or the white with black spots, 
or the white with some few liver spots, are the most princi- 
pal, both to compose your Kennel of, and will indeed hunt 
any chase exceeding well, especially the Hare, Stag, Buck, 
Eoe, or Otter; for they will well endure both woods and 
waters: yet if you demand which is the best and most 
beautiful of all colours, for the general Kennel, then I 
answer, the white with the black ears, and a black spot at 
the setting on of the tayl, and are ever found both of good 
scent, and good condition. The black hound, the black 
tann'd, or he that is aU liver hew'd, or the milk white, 
which is the true Talbots, are best for the string or line, for 
they do delight most in blood, and have a natural inclination 
to hunt dry foot ; ' and of these the largest is ever best, and 
most comely. The grissel'd which are ever most commonly 
shag-hair'd or any other colour, whether it be mixt or un- 
mixt, so it be shag-hair'd are the best verminers, and therefore 
are chosen to hunt the Fox, Badger, or any other hot scents : 
they are exceeding good and cunning finders : and therefore 



' Qy. cold scent ; dry-foot not hot-foot ? 

Y 2. 



324 THE DOG. Chap. LXXII. 



have Huntsmen thought not amiss to have one, or a couple 
in every Kennel. 

" For the shape of your Hound, it must be according to 
the Climate where he is bred, and according to the natural 
composition of his body, as thus : If you would chuse a 
large, heavy, slow, true, Talbot-like Hound, you must chuse 
him which hath a round, big, thick head, with a short nose 
uprising, and large open nostrils, which shews that he is of 
a good and quick scent, his ears exceeding large, thin, and 
down-hanging, much lower than his chaps, and the flews 
of his upper-lips almost two inches lower than his nether 
chaps, which shews a merry deep mouth, and a loud ringer, 
his back strong, and streight, yet rather rising, than inwardly 
yielding, which shews much toughness and indurance; his 
fillets will be thick and great, which approves a quick gathering 
up of his legs without pain, his huckle-bones round and hidden, 
which shews he will not tire, his Thighs round, and his Hams 
streight, which shews swiftness ; his Tail long, and rush grown, 
that is big at the setting on, and small downward, which 
shews a perfect strong chine, and a good wind ; the hair under 
his belly hard and stiff, which shews willingness and ability 
to endure labour in all weathers, and in all places; his Legs 
large and lean, which shews nimbleness in leaping or climb- 
ing ; his Foot round, high knukled and well claw'd, and a 
dry hard sole, which shews he will never surbait; and the 
general composure of his Body so just and even, that no 
level may distinguish whether his hinder or fore-part be the 
higher : aU which shew him of much ability, and that in his 
labour he will seldom find any annoyance. But if you will 
clmse a swift light Hound, then must his head be more 



Chap. LXXII. THE COMPOSITION OF KENNELS. 325 

slender, and his nose more long, his ears and flews more 
shallow, his back broad, his belly gaunt, his tail small, his 
joynts long, his foot round, and his general composure much 
more slender, and Gray-hound-like: and thus in the gene- 
rality for the most part, are all your Yorle-shire Hounds, 
whose Tertues I can praise no farther than for scent and 
swiftness: for to speak of their mouths they have only a 
little sharp sweetness like Gig, ^ but no depth or ground 
like more solemn musick. 

" Now to speak of the composition of Kennels, though there 
is a most certain known better-hood, yet it is to men like 
beauty, each allowing best of that which agrees with his 
own affection ; therefore when you intend to set up a Kennel 
of Hounds, examine your fancie what be the best pleasures 
you take in Hounds, whether it be cunning in hunting, 
sweetness, loudness, or deepness of cry ; whether it be for 
the training of your Horse, or else but meerly for the exercise 
of your own body, being otherwise subject to grossness and 
infirmity : If it be for cunning hunting, you shall breed your 
dogs from the slowest and largest of the Northern Hounds, 
and the swiftest and slendrest of the West-country Hounds, 
being both Male and Female, approved to be staunch, fair, 
and even-running, of perfect fine scent, and not given to lie 
off, or look for advantages. These Hounds will neither be 
so exceeding slow, that you will waste many days without 
some Fruit. of your labor, or so unnimble, that you shall 
need men to help them over every hedge, as I have many 
times seen to my much wonder; but having both strength 



' Qy. from jig, a light or lively tune ? 



326 THE DOG. Chap. LXXII. 



and nimbleness, will hold you in continual delight and 
exercise; for tbese middle siz'd dogs are neither so swift 
that they will far out-run the scent, and let it grow cold by 
their own laziness, but being ever and anon upon it, bring 
Chase to such a narrow exigent, that the poor Beast shall be 
forc'd to try all the skill, nature or strength hath lent it, to 
preserve life : and the Hounds on the other side, all their 
pains and the Huntsman's cunning, to undo intricate doubles. 
Skips, Squats and windings with which they shall be per- 
plexed ; and in this mediocrity of hunting, shall your eye (if 
the covert be not to extream thick) take a perfect view of 
all the art and cunning in every passage ; so that I conclude 
the middle sized Hound, of good strength, sound mouth, and 
reasonable speed, which will make a Horse gallop fast, and 
not run, is the best for the true Art and use of hunting. 

" If you would have your Kennel for sweetness of cry, then 
you must compound it of some large dogs, that have deep 
solemn Mouths, and are swift in spending, which must as 
it were bear the base in the consort ; then a double number 
of roaring, and loud-ringing Mouthes, which must bear the 
counter-tenor ; then some hollow plain sweet Mouths, which 
must bear the mean or middle part ; and so with these three 
parts of Musick, you shall ever make your cry perfect: 
and herein you shall observe, that these Hounds thus mixt, 
do run just and even together, and not hang loose off from 
one another, which is the vilest sight that may be ; and you 
shall understand, that this composition is best to be made of 
the swiftest and largest deep-mouthed dog, the slowest and 
middle-siz'd dog, and the shortest-legg'd slender dog, amongst 
these you may cast in a couple or two small single Beagles, 



Chap. LXXII. THE COMPOSITION OF KENNELS. 327 

which as small trebles may warble amongst them: the cry 
will be a great deal more sweet. 

"If you would have your Kennel for loudness of Mouth, you 
shall not then choose the hollow deep Mouth, but the loud 
clanging Mouth, which spendeth freely and sharply, and as 
it were redoubleth in utterance : and if you mix with them 
the Mouth that roareth, and the mouth that whineth, the cry 
will be both the louder and the smarter ; and these Hounds 
are for the most part of the middle size, neither extream 
tall, nor extream deep flewed, such as for the most part 
your Shrop-sMre, and pure Worcester-shire dogs are, and the 
more equally you compound these mouths, having as many 
Eoarers as Spenders, and as many Whiners, as of either of 
the other, the lowder and pleasanter your cry will be, es- 
pecially if it be in sounding tall woods, or under the echo 
of Eocks. 

" If you would have your Kennel for depth of mouth, then 
you shall compound it of the largest dogs which have the 
greatest mouths and deepest flews, such as your West-Gountrey, 
Cheshire, and Lancashire dogs are, and to five or six base 
couple of mouths, shall not add above two couple of Counter- 
tenors, as many means, and not above one couple of Eoarers, 
which being heard but now and then, as at the opening or 
hitting of a scent, will give much sweetness to the solemness, 
and graveness of the cry, and the Musick thereof will be 
much more delightful to the ears of every beholder." 

"And now to return to my purpose; your Kennel thus 
composed of the swiftest Hounds, you shall as nigh as you 
can, sort their mouths into three equal parts of Musick, 
that is to say, Base, Counter-tenor, and Mean ; the Base are 



328 THE DOG. Chap. LXXII. 

those mouths which are most deep and solemn, and are spent 
out plain and freely, without redoubling : the Counter-tenor 
are those which are most loud and ringing, whose sharp sounds 
pass so swift, that they seem to dole and make division ; and 
the mean are those which are soft sweet mouths, that though 
plain, and a little hollow, yet are spent smooth and freely; 
yet so distinctly that a man may count the notes as they 
open. Of these three sorts of mouths, if your Kennel be (as 
near as you can) equally compounded, you shall find it most 
perfect and delectable : for though they have not the thunder 
and loudness of the great dogs, which may be compared to 
the high wind-instruments, yet they wiU have the tunable 
sweetness of the best compounded consorts ; and sure a man 
may find as much Art and delight in a Lute, as in an Organ." 
" You shall understand that these swift Hounds are, as 
is before said, out of their haste, nimbleness and mettal, more 
subject to make defaults than other Hounds, yet full as 
curious and good of scent as any other, as you shall percieve 
by the quick knowledge and apprehension of their own errors, 
casting about of themselves, and recovering the scent, and 
so going away with the same, before any Huntsman can 
come in to help them : yet I would wish every Gentleman-like 
Husband-man, in the composition of this Kennel, to have 
some staunch old dogs amongst them, which running more 
soberly, yet close with them, may sit upon the scent, when 
they overshoot it, and so call them back, and give them 
their loss without more trouble. Also I would have both 
iu this Kennel, and every other, a couple at least of good 
finders, being dogs staunch of mouth, and not able to open, 
except they lie upon a certain trayl ; for these will be great 



Chap. LXXII. THE COMPOSITION OF KENNELS. 329 

furtlierers of your sport, and make your younger dogs a 
great deal more mute and painful.' 

" You shall also in this, and all other Kennels, have at least 
a couple of good high-way dogs, that is to say. Hounds of 
such cunning and perfect scent, that they wUl hunt as well 
upon a dry, hard, high- way (where you cannot pick forth 
passage of your Chase) as upon the freshest mould, or will 
hunt as truly through Flocks of Sheep or herds of Beasts, 
as upon the grounds where few or no beasts come, these are 
called Hounds for the high- way, or guides of the Kennel, 
and are exceeding necessary, and fit for all mens pleasure ; 
for they take from the Huntsman, both sence of pain, 
and anger.. 

" Lastly if you would compose a Kennel only for the exercise 
of your own body, or maintenance of health, you shall first 
draw into consideration your own ability, as whether you will 
make your exercise on foot, or Horse-back. If your delight 
and ability draw you to hunt on foot, then I would wish 
you to compose your Kennel of the biggest and slowest 
Dogs you can get, respecting only cunning hunting, and 
depth of Mouth ; and this Kennel that you make so staunch 
and obedient to your command, that when they are upon 
the hottest scent, or in the earnestness of the chase, to step 
before them, and cast your hunting pole but before their 
eyes, they shall suddenly stop, and hunt after you in full 
cry, with no more speed then it shall please you to lead 
them ; and then when you please, to let them go before you 
again, to pass away with the scent roundly, and without stay. 



Laborious. 



330 THE DOG. Chap. LXXII. 

" This manner of hunting will carry with it a twofold 
delight, the one of enjoying the musick of their voices, the 
other the cunning of their Noses ; each striving to go before, 
yet none presuming without leave." 

"But some will answer me, That albeit they have infirmi- 
ties, which detain them from running afoot, or labouring 
like Lackies or Drudges, yet they can endure ordinary and 
orderly walking, such as shall be fit for any moderate exercise; 
and therefore would hunt on foot: yet the great Hound they 
like not for two causes ; first he is chargeable and troublesome 
in keeping, and next his noisomeness and pestering company 
in a house that is but streight, and of no more than necessary 
use. To these I answer, that it is good for them to keep 
the little small Mitten-Beagle which may be companion for 
a Ladies Kirtle, and in the field will hunt as cunningly as 
any Hound whatsoever, only their Musick is very small, 
like reeds, and their pace like their body, only for exercise, 
and not for slaughter." 

The kinds of Chase held in highest estimation according to 
Markham, were the Stagg and the Hare. The first he terms 
"the most Princely and Eoyal Chase of all Chases:" and the 
hunting of the second, "every honest Mans, and good Mans 
chase." But of the Fox or Badger — "they are chases of 
a great deal less use, or cunning than any of the former, 
because they are of much hotter scent, as being intituled 
stinking scents and not sweet scents, and indeed very few 
Dogs but will hunt them with all eagerness ; therefore I will 
not stand much upon them, but advise you to respect well 
their haunts and coverts, which commonly is in Woods and 
bushy places, and to take knowledge of their earths and 



Chap. LXXII. COURSING WITH GREYHOUNDS. 331 

Kennels, and as near as you can when you go about to 
hunt them, to stop" up their Kennels, and keep them out 
that fling forth, that they may be sooner brought to their 
ilestruction ; the chase is profitable and pleasant for the time, 
insomuch as there are not so many defaults, but a continuing 
sport; yet not so much desired as the rest, because there is 
not so much art and cunning ; and thus much for chases, and 
the general use of all kind of hunting." 

Markham after describing the "most Princely and serious 
delight of Hawking," devotes his next chapter as follows : — 

"Of coursing with Geey-hounds, and the Excellencies 
OF THAT Sport. 

" Now if the mind of our Husbandman be not so generally 
taken with the delight and pleasure of this recreation of 
Hawking, but that he preferreth before it the delight of 
Coursing with Grey-hounds, which is a very noble and worthy 
pastime, he shall in it observe these four things, the Breed 
of Grey-hounds, their shape, their diet, and the Lawes 
belonging to the same. 

" Touching the breed of Grey-hounds, you are principally to 
respect the Countries in which they are bred, and nouriehed, 
as that it be a Champion Plain, and without covert, where 
a Hare may stand forth, and endure a course of two miles, 
or more, as it shall happen (for the coursing of a hare is that 
which I purpose most to treat of) because in a close Country 
full of covert, where a hare cannot run above a quarter of a 
mile, or legs, both the pleasure of the recreation is taken 
away, and the Grey-hound by an insufficient exercise is made 
unapt, and unfit for that for which he was created. 



332 THE DOG. Chap. LXXII. 

" Now of Champion Countries, they are of three kinds, as 
the low Valleys, such are the Valleys of Behcdre, the Vale of 
WhiteSorie, the Vale of Evesham, and such like ; the high 
Downs and Heaths, as about Salisbury, Cioeter, lAncoln, an* 
many such like places; and the middle between both, as the 
Country of Northampton and Leicester, and other like them: 
All which are very excellent places for the breeding and 
training up of the best Grey-hounds; yet of the three your 
Valleys or middle soyles, which for the most part are arable 
Grounds, are much better to breed and train on, then your 
Downs and Heaths, because tliey are much more laboursome, 
rough, and heavy, and the Winter season full of much trouble 
and false foot-hold, insomuch, that a dog which is able to 
run strongly, swiftly, and surely there, must necessarily do 
it ten times better when he comes to the smooth, plain, and 
carpe1>-like down: where on the contrary, the dogge which is 
trained upon those even Downs, though he be right famous 
and excellent, when he comes to run in the deep well plowed 
Field, is to seek where to bestow his feet, and can neither 
shew speed, cunning, nor endurance. 

" Now the Gentlemen which dwell on the Downs and plain 
Grounds, to maintain the reputation of their dogs, affirm 
them to be much more nimble and cunning in turning then 
the Vale dogs be, because tbe fairness of the Earth giveth 
them so much advantage over the hare, that having her 
even (as it were) in a manner under their feet, she is put 
more to her shifts, and strives with greater art of sleights 
to deceive, and get advantage of the Grey-hound. And it 
is true, for by reason of the advantage of their HiUs which 
are great and steep, though smooth and plain, I have seen 



Chap. LXXII. BREEDING OF GRE YHO UNDS. 333 

a Vale-dog so much deceived, that upon a turn, he hath 
lost more ground then hath been recoTerable in the whole 
coiirse after : but there is no want of goodness, a little skill, 
which a moneths coursing will bring a dog so sufBciently 
unto, that he will not need any other reformation, than the 
knowledge of his errour, by his loss of labour. So that I 
conclude the good dog upon the deeps, will ever beat the 
good dogs on the plain. 

" It is an old received opinion amongst many men of the 
Leash, that the Grey-hound Bitch will ever beat the Grey- 
hound dog, by reason of her more nimbleness, quickness 
and agility: And it is sometimes seen, that a perfect good 
Bitch indeed, hath much advantage of an ordinary dog : but 
if the good dog meet with the good Bitch, there is then no 
comparison but the dog will be her Master; in as much as 
he exceedeth her both in length and strength, the two main 
helps in coursing; for her nimbleness is then no help: sith 
a good dog in the turn, wiU lose as little ground as any 
bitch whatsoever. 

"Yet thus much I would persuade all Gentlemen of the 
Leash to be very careful in their breeding, to breed upon the 
best Bitches they can provide ; for it is found in experience, 
that the best dog upon an indifferent Bitch, will not get so 
good a whelp, as an indifferent Dog upon the best Bitch. 

"And amongst these Observations in breeding Grey-hounds, 
you shall observe to have your Dogs and Bitches of equal 
and indifferent ages, as about three or four years old at 
the most : but in case of need, your Bitch will endure a great 
deal longer then your Dog, and to breed with a young dog, 
or an old bitch, may bring forth an excellent Whelp. 



334 THE DOG. Chap. LXXII. 

"Touching the shapes of Grey-hounds (from whence you 
shall take the best collections for their goodnesses) they 
are certain and most infallible : Therefore touching Grey- 
hounds, when they are Puppies or young Whelps, those which 
are most rawbon'd, lean, loose made, sickle or crooked bought, 
and generally tmknit in every member, are ever likely to 
make the best dogs, and most shapely: but such as in the 
first three or four moneths are round, and close trust, fat, 
streight, and as it were full sum'd and knit in every member, 
never prove good, swift or comely. 

"Now after your dog comes to full growth, as at a year 
and a half, or two years old, he would then have a fine long 
lean head, with a sharp nose, rush grown from the Eye 
downward: A full clear eye with long eyelids, a sharp ear, 
short and close falling, a long neck a little bending, with a 
loose hanging wezand, a broad breast, strait forelegs, side 
hollow, ribs straight, a square and ilat back, short and strong 
fillets, a broad space between the hips, a strong steam or 
tayl, and a round foot, and good large clefts. Now for the 
better help of your memory, I will give you an old rime left 
by our fore Fathers, from which you shall understand the 
true shapes of a perfect Grey-hound, and this it is : 

' If you will have a good tike, 
Of wMoh there are few like, 
He must he headed like a snake, 
Neckt like a Drake, 
Backt hke a Beam, 
Sided like a Bream, 
Tayled like a Eat 
And footed like a Cat.' 

■' These being the principal members of a good Grey-hound, 



Chap. LXXII. COLOUR OF DOGS. 335 

if they resemble the proportions of the things above named, 
the dog cannot choose but be most perfect." 

Markham makes also some remarks on the feeding and 
training of Grreyhounds, and many of his obserrations are 
worthy of the attention of the practical courser. 

As to the colour of dogs he considered them all equal, 
but yet says that the black, and fallow, were esteemed the 
hardest to endure labour. His little book, called 'Hunger's 
Prevention or the whole Art of Fowling by Water and Land,' 
published 1655; contains descriptions and rude engravings 
of the "Water-Dogge" and of the "Setting-Dogge," with 
directions for training the latter. "The true bred Land 
Spaniell" makes, he states, the best Setter. The former 
is clipped like a Poodle, but has long drooping ears, and, 
says Markham, should have his feet " closed to the cley, 
like a Water Ducke." 



336 THE DOG. Chap. LXXIII. 



CHAPTEE LXXIII. 



IITAEKHAM gives a copy of the Laws of Coursing in force 
before his time. 



" The Lawes of the Leash oe Codesing, as they were com- 
manded, ALLOWED,- AND SUBSCRIBED BY ThOMAS LATE DuKE OF 

Norfolk, in the eeign of Queen Elizabeth. 

" Now lastly touching the Lawes of the Leash, or coursing, 
though they be uncertainly received, and alter with mens 
various opinions, yet these under-written were held for 
authentical once, and invented, received and subscribed unto 
by many noble and worthy Personages, suting daily with the 
Eeasons and Grounds of the pastime. 

"First therefore it was ordered, — That he which was 
chosen Fewterer, or letter-loose of the Grey-hounds, should 
receive the Grey-hounds jnatch to run together into his Leash, 
as soon as he came into the field, and to follow next to the 
Hare-finder till he came unto the Form : and no horsemen, 
nor footman, on pain of disgrace, to go before them, or on 
either side, but directly behind, the space of forty yards, or 
thereabouts. 

" Item. — That not above one brace of Grey-hounds do 
course a Hare at one instant. 

" Item. — That the Hare-finder should give the Hare three 



Chap. LXXIII. LAW OF THE LEASH. 337 

sohows before lie put her from her Lear, to make the Grey- 
hounds gaze and attend her rismg. 

" Item. — That the Fewterer shall give the Hare twelvescore 
Law, ere he loose the Grrey-hoxmds, except it be in danger of 
losing sight. 

" Item. — That dog that giveth the first turn, if after the turn 
be given there be neither coat, slip, nor wrench extraordinary, 
then he which gave the first turn shall be held to win the 
wager. 

" Item. — If one dog give the first turn, and the other bear 
the Hare, then he which bore the Hare shall win. 

" Item. — If one dog give both the first turn and the last 
turn, and no other advantage between them, that odde turn 
shall win the wager. 

" Item. — That a coat shall be more than two turns, and a 
gorby, or the bearing of the hare, equal with two turns. 

" Item. — If neither dog turn the hare, then he which leadeth 
last, at tlie covert, shall be held to win the wager. 

" Item. — If one dog turn the hare, serve himself, and turn 
]ier again, those two turns shall be as much as a coat. 

" Item. — If all the course be equal, then he only which 
bears the hare shall win ; and if she be not born, then the 
course must be adjudged dead. 

" Item. — If he which comes first into the death of the hare, 
takes her up and saves her from breaking, cherisheth the 
dogs, and cleanseth their mouths from the wooll, or other filth 
of the Hare, for such courtesie done, he shall in courtesie 
challenge the Hare, but not doing it, he shall have no right, 
privilege or title therein. 

" Item. — If any dog shall take a fall in the course, and yet 

VOL. II. z 



338 THE DOG. Chap. LXXIII. 

perforin his part, he shall challenge adyantage of a turn more 
than he giveth. 

" Item. — If one dog turn the Hare, serve himself, and give 
divers coats, yet in the end stand full in the ^field, the other 
dog without turn giving, running home to the covert, that dog 
which stood still in the field shall be then adjudged to lose 
the wager. 

" Item. — If any man shall ride over a dog, and overthrow 
him in his course (though the dog were the worse dog in 
opinion) yet the party for the offence, shall either receive the 
disgrace of the field, or pay the wager ; for between the 
parties, it shall be adjudged no course. 

" Item. — Those which are chosen Judges of the Leash, shall 
give their judgments presently before they depart from the 
field, or else he, in whose default it lyeth, shall pay the wager 
by a general voice and sentence. 

" And thus much for the Lawes of Coursing, and those par- 
ticularities which do depend thereupon : All which I submit 
unto the correction and amendment of those Worthy and well- 
knowing Gentlemen, who having the Office of the Leash con- 
ferred upon them, have both Authority and Power to make 
Lawes therein, according unto the Customs of Countries, and 
the Eule of Eeason." 

In the ' Sporting Magazine ' for July, 1825, these rules are 
given with some little addition, and are said to be faithfully 
copied from the Eecord. But, unfortunately, the contributor 
omits to state where that document is to be found. He 
remarks on the length of the slip as being, at the present day, 
at the utmost only thirty, forty, or fifty yards. 



Chap. LXXIII. LAW GIVE AT TO THE HARE. 



339 



In an edition of Beckford's ' Thoughts on Hunting,' pub- 
lished in 1840, there is a chapter on coursing, in which the 
amount of law to be given to the hare is stated at four or five 
score yards. The Duke of Norfolk's Eules were framed on 
soimd principles, and are the basis of coursing law to this day. 
Trom the much greater amount of start given the hare in 
Elizabeth's time, it does not appear that we possess speedier 
or stouter hounds at present than those existing in the 
sixteenth century ; unless, . indeed, hares have decreased in 
swiftness and strength since .that period — a not very probable 
thing, 

Addison in his charming papers on Sir Eoger de Coverley,^ 
written in 1711, thus diescribes his hounds. It agrees with 
Markham: — "Sir Eoger being at present too old for Fox- 
hunting to keep himself in Action, has disposed of his Beagles 
and got a Pack of Stop-Hounds. What these want in Speed, 
he endeavours to make amends for by the Deepness of their 
Mouths and the Variety of their Notes, which are suited in 
such manner to each other, that the whole Cry makes up a 
compleat Consort. He is so nice in this Particular, that a 
Gentleman having made him a Present of a very fine Hound 
the other day, the Knight returned it by the Servant with a 
great many Expressions of Civility ; but desired him to tell his 
Master, that the Dog he had sent was indeed a most excellent 
Base, but that at present he only wanted a Oownter Tenor." 

In describing the termination of a run, he says, the " Hare 
that was now quite spent,' and almost within the Eeach of her 
Enemies ; when the Huntsman getting forward, threw down 



' Spectator, No. 116, vol. ii. p. 126. Sixth Edition, 1723. 

z 2 



34° 



THE DOG. 



Chap. LXXIII. 



his Pole before the Dogs. They were now within eight yards 
of that Game which they had been pursuing for almost as 
many Hours; yet on the Signal before mentioned they all 
made a sudden stand, and tho' they continued opening as 
much as before, durst not once attempt to pass beyond the Pole. 
At the same Time Sir Eoger rode forward, and alighting, took 
up the Hare in his Arms ; which he soon after delivered to 
one of his Servants with an Order, if she could be kept alive, 
to let her go in his great Orchard ; where, it seems, he has 
several of these Prisoners of War, who live together in a very 
comfortable Captivity. I was highly pleased to see the Dis- 
cipline of the Pack ; and the Good-nature of the Knight, who 
could not find in his Heart to murther a Creature that had 
given him so much Diversion." 

The hounds of Addison's day must have been Slow-hounds 
indeed, if it took them eight hours to run down a hare ! His 
calling foxhounds beagles, must surely be a misprint. 

The ' Whole Art of Husbandry,' first written by Conrade 
Heresbatch, and translated by Barnaby Googe in 1631, gives 
a good description of the mastiff, and which is also there 
called the bandog : — 

" The Bandog for the Rouse. 
" First the Mastie that keepeth the house : for this purpose 
you must provide you such a one, as hath a large and a 
mightie body, a great and a shrill voyce, that both with his 
barking he may discover, and with his sight dismay the 
Theefe, yea, being not seene, with the horror of his voice put 
him to flight. His stature must neither be long nor short, 
but well set, his head great, his eyes sharpe, and fiery, either 



Chap. LXXIII. THE MASTIFF. 341 

browne or grey, his lippes blackish, neither turning up, nor 
hanging too much downe, his mouth blacke and wide, his 
neather-iawe fat, and comming out of it on either side a fang, 
appearing more outward then his other teeth ; his upper teeth 
even with his neather, not hanging too much over, sharpe, and 
hidden with his lippes : his countenance like a Lion, his brest 
great, and shaghayrd, his shoulders broad, his legges bigge, 
his tayle short, his feet very great, his disposition must neither 
be too gentle, nor too curst, that he neither fawne upon a 
theefe; nor flee upon his friends, very waking, no gadder 
abroad, nor lavish of his mouth, barking Avithout cause, neither 
niaketh it any matter though he be not swift : for he is but to 
iight at home, and to give warning of the enemie." 

B. iii., p. 294. 

Though this is taken irom a foreign work, nevertheless it is 
probable that the translation was a liberal one, and gave a 
tolerably correct portrait of our Mastiff, or rather buU-mastiff 
of the period. At any rate it tends to prove that the Bandog 
was a chained mastiff, and not a distinct, lighter, and more 
active dog, as represented by the incomparable Thomas 
Bewick. 



342 THE DOG. Chap. LXXIV. 



CHAPTEE LXXIV. 

O EYEEAL descriptions of some of our breeds of dogs exist 
in the ' Cynegeticon, or A Poem of Hunting, By Gratius 
the Faliscian. Englished and Illustrated by Christopher 
Wase, Gent. London : printed for Charles Adams, &c., at 
the signe of the Talhot, neare St. Dunstans Church in Fleet 
Street, 1654.' Wase was intimate with Edmund Waller, 
and the latter contributed some lines to the book, headed, 
" On my Worthy Friend the Authour," and stimulating 
him to write an original work on the Chace. Wase gives 
this quotation from Markham, with some additional ob- 
servations : — 

"Besides our Mastiife which seems to be an Indigena or 
Native of England ; we train up most excellent Grey-hounds 
(which seem to have been brought hither by the Grdlls) in our 
open Champaines. Then for hounds, the West Country, 
Cheshire and Lancashire, with other Wood-land and Moun- 
tainous Countries, breed our Slow-Hound ; which is a large, 
great dog, tall and heavy. Then Worcestershire, Bedfordshire 
and many well mixt soiles, where the Campaigne and covert 
are of equall largeness, produce a middle-siz'd dog of a more 
nimble composure than the former. Lastly the North-parts, 
as Yorkshire, Cumberland, Northumberland, and many other 
plain champaign Countries breed the light, nimble, swift, 



Chap. LXXIV. THE MASTIFF. 343 

slender, Fleet-hound (which Mr. Markham with his wonted 
curiosity doth observe). After all these the little Beagle is 
attributed to our Country ; this is by Ulitius shown to be the 
Canis Agassaeus of Oppian against Cajus. All these Dogs 
have deserved to be famous in adjacent and remote countries 
whither they are sent for great rarities, and ambitiously 
sought for by their Lords and Princes, although only the 
fighting Dogs seem to have been known to the antient 
Authors : and perhaps in that Age Hunting was not so much 
cultivated by our own Countrymen.". . . "The King of 
Poland hath a great race of Mnglish Mastififes, which in that 
country retain their generosity: they are brought to play 
upon the greater beasts." 

" From a Country of Epirus, caU'd antiently Molossia, at 
the present Pandoda (of their City Pandoda) comes a noble 
race of Dogs celebrated by all antiquity, and preferr'd before 
those of any other Nation whatsoever for matchlesse stoutnesse 
untill Britain being discover'd, and our Dogs brought to tryal, 
the Molosdans were found to be surpass' d in courage by the 
Brittish Mastiffes." Gratius' liaes are thus rendered by 
Wase : — 

" What if the Belgique current you should view, 

And steer your course to Britain's utmost shore, 

how great gain will your expence restore ! 

Though not for shape and much deceiving show 

The British hounds no other blemish know, 

When fierce work comes, and courage must be shown. 

And Mars to extream combat leads them on ; 

Then stout Molossians you will lesse commend ; 

With Athamaneans these in craft contend." 

The translator appends this note on the foregoing lines : — 
" Athamania, A Eegion of Upirus on the borders of Thessali, 



344 THE DOG. Chap. LXXIV. 

and Acamania. The words of G-ratius in this place are 
doubtful!, for either he saith, that as the Brittish Dogs do 
excell in courage, so do the AtJiamanians in craft : which 
agrees with his usuall way of antithesis; taking opposite 
qualities and setting one against the other, or else he speaks 
a more noble thing in commendation of our Country-Dogs ; 
saying, that as the Brittish Dogs exceed the Molossians in 
stoutnesse, so they equall the Athamanian, Thessalian and 
Upirote, in subtility : and this interpretation may be verify'd 
from the Nature and usuall experience of our Mastiffes that 
play at the Bull or Bear ; which will (sul/ire) play low and 
creep beneath till they fasten upon the Beast." 

Wase is one of the few old writers who has said anything 
on the Irish wolf-dog, and his words are but scanty : — 

"Although we have no Wolves in England, yet it is certain 
that heretofore we had routs of them, as they have at this 
present in Ireland; in that countrey is bred a race of grey- 
hounds, which is fleet, strong and bears a naturall enmity to 
the Wolfe. Here I would take the boldnesse to examine that 
77 Epistle of the second book of Symmachus, where he speaks 
of Canes Seotici. It is well enough known, that in the age 
of Claudian, which was near to his, the Irish man had the 
name of Scotus. 

' totiim cum Scotus Jeroen Moverit.' 



" Now in the grey-hounds of that nation, there is incredible 
force and boldnesse, so that they are much sought for in 
forreign parts ; and the King of Foland makes use of them 
in his hunting of great beasts by force : wherefore it may well 



Chap. LXXIV. 



THE WOLF AND DOG. 



345 



be intended of the great fiercenesse which these Dogs have in 
assaulting, that when the Romans saw them play, they 
thought them so wonderfuU violent, as that they must needs 
have been ferreis caveis advecti. Or, if it will better fit auy 
other sort of Dogs in Scotland, I am only not as yet informed 
what that other sort of Dogs is, especially seeing it must not 
be understood of the Brittish Mastiffes, which for a long time, 
even from the age of our Poet, had been no strange and 
unknown novelty to the Romans. From the experience of 
this countrey that Semifera proles, or Whelps that come of the 
commixture of a Bitch with a Dog- Wolfe is verified, called 
anciently Lyciscce, and this ill quality they find inherent to 
that sort of Dogs, that they can by no way of bringing up be 
restrain'd from preying upon Cattell, by which vice they have 
merited to be esteemed criminall before they be Whelp'd ; and 
there is a Law in that behalfe, wliich straitly enjoyns, that if 
any Bitch be limed with a Wolfe, either she must be hanged 
immediately, or her puppies must be made away : this may 
serve to avouch somewhat, all that character which he gives 
of the Semiferous Mongrels, of his Hyreanian, and tlie 
Tiger." 

The concluding part of this passage is valuable evidence in 
controverting the far-fetched theory of some persons as to the 
identity of the Wolf and Dog — two animals as much distinct 
in moral characteristics as it is possible to find in the wholo 
range of nature. 

Wase gives a few words to the Bloodhound, Limehound, or 
Talbot (for, according to this work the names were synony- 
mous). He states that the animal ran silent. This statement 
is different to Barbour's account of Bruce, and the Sleuth- 



346 THE DOG. Chap. LXXIV. 

hound put on his traces by John of Lorn : also from Somer- 
ville's spirited lines on the bloodhound, who "with deep 
opening mouth, which made the welkin tremble, proclaimed 
the audacious felon." With Sir William Davenant, however, 
it corresponds : — 

" And Dogs, such whose cold secrecy was meant, 
By Nature for surprise, on these attend, 
Wise temperate lime-hounds that proclaim no scent 
Nor harb'ring will their mouths in boasting spend." 

Canto 2, stcmza 30. 

Jacques du Foilloux also confirms Wase, for in his " Inter- 
pretation des mots de Yenerie," he gives "Limiers, Chiens 
qui ne parlent point." The latter author says : — 

"The Hunting us'd by the Ancients in the time of our 
Author, as appeares by this Poem, was much like that way 
which is at present taken with the Kaindeare which is 
seldome hunted at force, or with hounds, but onely drawne 
after with a blood-hound, and forestall'd with Netts and 
Engines. So did they with all beasts ; and therefore a Dog 
is never commended by them for opening before hee hath by 
signes discover'd where the beast lyeth in his lay re, as by 
their drawing stiffe our Harbourers are brought to give right 
judgement. Therefore I doe not finde that they were curious 
in the Musique of their Hounds, or in a composition of their 
KenneU and pack, either for deepenesse or lowdnesse, or 
sweetnesse of cry like to us." . . . . " But we comfort our 
Hounds with loud and couragious cryes and noyses both of 
Voyce and Home, that they may follow over the same way 
that they saw the Hart passe, without crossing or coasting." 



Chap. LXXIV. THE RAINDEER. 347 

What old Wase may mean by the Kaindeare it is hard to 
tell. Jacques du Foilloux teUs us that the "Eangier ou 
Eanglier c'est vne beste approchant du Cerf, fors qu'il la teste 
pl'esleuee, et plus de cors, et cheuilleSj voire en peut auoir 
iusqu'a quatre vints." . . . The ' Dictionnaire Theorique et 
Pratique de Chasse et de Peche,' states the Eangier is the 
same as the Ehenne, or Eeindeer of the North ; and quotes Du 
Foilloux to prove its former existence in France. Bailey has 
" Eaindeer, hrana, Sax ; rangier, Fr ; a sort of stag in Mm- 
covia and other places." And again, " Eangleer, a kind of Stag 
so called by reason of his lofty Horns, resembling the Branches 
of Trees." So, that it perhaps means an old Hart — " a Stag of 
ten " — for though the Elk and the Eaindeer, may have existed 
in France during the earliest part of the middle ages, they 
hardly could have remained in the forests of England in the 
time of Christopher Wase. 



THE DOG. Chap. LXXV. 



CHAPTEE LXXV. 

rpHE records of the hunting and coursing establishments 
of the Great Protector have not been met with. It is 
said that he possessed a famous greyhound who bore the 
name of Ooffin-nail ; and from the improvements he made in 
our blood-horses, his fondness for driving, his long residence 
in the country, and his warlike character, it is more than 
probable that this illustrious Englishman was a follower of 
the chase and an admirer of the canine species. 

Charles II. had scarce mounted the throne which he after- 
wards filled so respectably, when he was presented with a 
petition by John Colt, in 1660, for the place of Serjeant 
of the Otterhounds. Eichard Wood, then ninety-five years of 
age, also petitioned for restoration to the place of Cormorant 
Keeper, which he had held from King James's first coming 
into England until the late wars, in which he served as a 
soldier. Carey, hereditary Eanger of Marybone Park, was 
made Master of the Harthounds and Privy Buckhounds, and 
in 1661 had 400Z. a year for all expenses relating to the 
same, except the feeding, for which 100?. a year was allowed. 
He was afterwards granted 500Z. per annum on consideration 
of resigning his previous pensions for the same from the 
King when Prince, amounting to 220?. per annum. EUiott 
was appointed to the post of Master of the Privy Harriers, 



Chap. LXXV. 



GRANTS BY CHARLES II. 



349 



and received 500?. a year ; Simon Smith was Master of the 
Otterhounds. Jones and Jeffs were made Masters of the 
Tents and Toils, and in 1662, a warrant empowered them 
and the Master of the Buckhounds to take such deer from 
the parks of the Earl of Essex, Mrs. Sadler, Mrs. Butler, 
and Sir Henry Blunt, as the owners should respectively 
direct, and convey them to Enfield Chase or elsewhere, as 
ordered by Lord Gerard. During the same year, the Earl of 
Southampton was authorised to prevent any deer being killed 
in the New Forest for three years by any warrant from the 
King, unless His Majesty himself were pi-esent, or the Master 
of the Buckhounds ; in order to repair the decay of deer 
which took place during the late distractions. Child and 
Bowes who succeeded in the oiBce of the Toils, received on 
one occasion 1700?. for capturing red and fallow deer in 
twenty-eight parks, and carrying them according to the 
King's order. 

John Wood, Yeoman Usher of the Chamber, and Yeoman 
of the King's Bears, was besides Yeoman of the Toils from 
1626, and employed in catching stags and deer in France, 
and in parks ia England. George Hutchinson, Cormorant 
Keeper to the King, had 84?. yearly for going to the north of 
the kingdom with two servants, to take haggard cormorants 
for the King's disport ; and Eichard Bankes, the King's 
Partridge-taker, received an order to take Partridges in any 
part of the kingdom, except within twelve miles of the royal 
residences ; where they were to be preserved for His Majesty's 
amusement. Hawking was also followed. George Eussell, 
gentleman, Serjeant of the royal hawks, had a grant for 
taking up Spaniels for the King's use, and a fee of 20c?. by 



350 THE DOG. Chap. LXXV. 

the day, and 11. 4s. 2d. by the year for a livery, besides the 
fee annexed to his office. Cook-fighting, as well as Bear- 
baiting, was a regal amusement, as is shown by Sir Henry 
Browne and his heirs being appointed Cockmasters to the 
Crown for ever, by Charles I. ; but Sir Eichard Hubbert held 
the post in 1661, with an annuity of 20?. 

The Bear Garden was, before 1663, removed to, or estab- 
lished again at the ancient place on the Bankside by order of 
Council, and one Davies erected a theatre there for better 
seeing the diversion. This was no doubt James Davies, 
Master of the Bears, and Water Bailiff of Dover. Thomas 
Woodman, Serjeant of the Bears, was paid l\d. daily, and 
22s. %d. yearly for a livery. Wood above mentioned. Yeoman 
of the Bears, got 9c?. a day for his fee, and 22s. yearly 
livery. 

Murray, the King's coachman, petitioned for " the keeping 
of such outlandish beasts" "as shall be presented by the 
Eussia Ambassador ; " and was informed for answer, that 
it was referred to Mr. Thomas Killigrew to certify how far 
it might be granted without prejudice to the Apes and Bears 
of the Beargarden, or their Masters. 

There were thirty-four huntsmen and ojBScers of the Privy 
Buckhounds at this time. John Davis, eldest yeoman of 
them, received 4s. per day wages, and 20s. yearly livery. 
There was still a Yeoman Wagoner to them, and he was paid 
18(^. a day, and 28s. yearly for a livery. The Serjeant and 
Yeomen had some difficulty in obtaining their money, 
and about 1662 were forced to petition for their arrears, and 
again in 1664, their wants being very great. Charles's 
fondness for lap-dogs is well known, and the widow's plea 



Chap. LXXV. COURSING PROHIBITED. 351 

seems to point to one of these little animals, who, spoilt by- 
bad company, had apparently turned courtier : — 

" How falsely is the spaniel drawn ! 
Did Man from him first learn to fawn ? 
A Dog proficient in the trade ! 
He, the chief flatt'rer nature made ! 
Go, man, the ways of courts discern, 
You'll find a spaniel still might learn." 

Elizabeth Gary, a widow, petitioned as follows : — 

" Now so it is may it please your Majesty your Petitioner 
being old and decrepit, and not likely to enjoy the same 
long ; having a son that followed your Majesty to Oxford and 
was there bitten by your Majesty's Dog Cupid (as your 
Majesty may happily call to mind) destitute of a livelihood 
is like to come to much misery after your Petitioner's death 
without your Majesty's clemency and goodness, he having 
been a sufferer with your Petitioner by Imprisonment and 
otherwise. Wherefore your .Petitioner most humbly prays, 
that your Majesty in consideration of your promises will be 
graciously pleased to grant that the said pension may be 
turned over to her said son Peter Gary. 

"And, &c." 



-•j 



It does not appear if Gharles himself coursed, but he 
ordered that no person should course with greyhounds within 
ten miles of Newmarket; and that no hounds except his 
own be permitted to hunt between Newmarket and seven 
mile ditch. The next notice of the Irish Greyhound occurs 
in this reign. The Levant Gompany, writing from London 
to the Earl of Winchilsea, Ambassador to Gonstantinople, in 



352 THE DOG. Chap. LXXV- 

1662, said, " Being some time past minded by your Secretary, 
and knowing also that such things may be of use there, and 
no unacceptable present ; we send by these ships, two large 
and comely Irish Greyhounds, to be disposed of as your 
Excellency may see occasion." The Grand Duke Cosmo III., 
who travelled in England at this period, speaks of wolves 
as common in Ireland, "for the hunting of which the dogs 
called mastiffs are in great request." He must however have 
been misinformed as to the name of the dog, for no mastiff 
could ever run down, or run in to, such a sinewy, swift, and 
long-winded beast as the wolf. Blount, writing in 1680, 
said,^ " Wolves in Ireland, of late years, in a manner all 
destroyed, by the diligence of the inhabitants and the 
assistance of Irish Greyhounds, a wolf dog." 

During the Plague of London in this reign, about 40,000 
dogs were destroyed, and iive times as many cats, by order of 
the Lord Mayor and Magistrates, to endeavour to prevent 
infection by them.^ A policy equally insensate, unfeeling, 
and unjust : visiting on the helpless the sins of their 
owners : sacrificing their existence because of the conse- 
quences arising from the uncleanliness, debauchery, and 
other vices of man. 

In the ' Severall wayes of Hunting, Hawking & Fishing 
according to the English manner, invented by Francis 
Barlow, and Etched by W. Hollar in 1671 ; ' both fox, stag, 
otter, and hare hunting are portrayed. The dogs are slow, 
heavy, flap-eared hounds. Eed Deer are coursed with large 
smooth gi'eyhounds, and Spaniels are used in hawking. 



Pliilostratus. " Noorthouck's London, 1773. 



Chap. LXXV. THE BEAR-GARDEN. 353 

The sports of the Bear Garden were still a polite diversion. 
Pepys notes in his Diary : — 

" 1666. Augt. 14. — After dinner, with my wife and Mercer 
to the Beare Garden, where I have not been, I think, of 
many years, and saw some good sport of the bull's tossing 
of the dogs : one into the very boxes. But it is a very rude 
and nasty pleasure. We had a great many hectors in the 
same box with us, and one very fine went into the pit, and 
played his dog for a wager, which was a strange sport for 
a gentleman." 

Bear-baiting, &c., is stated to have been authorised in the 
14th Charles II., by a grant to Sir Sanders Duncombe, " of 
the sole practising and profit of the fighting and combating 
of wild and domestic beasts within the realm of England for 
the space of fourteen years." ' 

" 1682. April 12. — A horse between eighteen and nineteen 
hands high, which formerly belonged to Lord Rochester, and 
had killed several other horses, and several people, was baited 
to death at the Hope, on the Bank Side, being His Majesty's 
Bear-Garden." " It is intended for the divertisement of his 
Excellency the Ambassador from the Emperor of Fez and 
Morocco ; many of the nobility and gentry that knew the 
horse, and several mischiefs done by him, designing to be 
present." The horse seems to have been one of Diomede's 
breed, by the character given of him in the advertisement : 
" For his prodigious qualities in killing and destroying several 
horses and other cattle, he was transmitted to the Marquis of 



> Pat. 14 Car. II. pt. 4, Oct. 11 ? 
VOL. II. ^ -^ 



354 THE DOG. Chap. LXXV. 

Dorchester, where, doing the like mischiefs, and likewise 
hurting his keeper, he was sold to a brewer, but is now grown 
so headstrong they dare not work him ; for he hath bitten 
and wounded so many persons (some having died of their 
wounds), that there is hardly any can pass the streets for 
him, though he be fast tied, for he breaks his halter to run 
after them (though leaden with eight barrels of beer), either 
biting or treading them down, monstrously tearing their 
flesh, and eating it, the like whereof hath hardly been seen ; 
and 'tis certain the horse will answer the expectation of all 
spectators." ' 

Malcolm, in his 'Manners and Customs of London,' 



" On the day appointed, several dogs were set upon the 
vindictive steed, which he destroyed or drove from the area ; 
at this instant, his owners determined to preserve him for 
a future day's sport, and directed a person to lead him away ; 
but, before the horse had reached London Bridge, the spec- 
tators demanded the fulfilment of the promise of baiting 
him to death, and began to destroy the building : to 
conclude, the poor beast was brought back, and other dogs 
set upon him without effect, when he was stabbed to death 
with a sword." 

Pepys' Diary contains the following curious anecdote — 

" 1661. Se.'pt. 11. — To Dr. Williams, who did carry me 
into his garden, where he hath abundance of grapes : and he 



' Southey's Common-PlaoeBook. 



Chap. LXXV. 



CA T-KILLING. 



355 



did show me how a dog that he hath do kill all the cats that 
come thither to kill his pigeons, and do afterwards bury 
them ; and do it M'ith so much care that they shall be quite 
covered ; that if the tip of the tail hangs out, he will take 
up the cat again, and dig the hole deeper, which is very 
strange ; and he tells me, that he do believe he hath killed 
above 100 cats." 



^*i*fc?X;?. »,-: 




356 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVI. 



CHAPTER LXXVI. 

A PAETICULAR account of bull-baiting is to be found in 
' A Collection for the Improvement of Husbandry and 
Trade, by John Houghton, F.E.S.' 

"Friday, Aug". 24, 1694. Num. oviii. 
" A CONTINUATION OF THE HISTORY OF BULLS AND BuLL-BaITING. 

The cunning of Bull and Dog. 

" When he is at full growth and strong, he is often baited 
almost to death ; for that great exercise makes his flesh more 
tender; and so if eaten in good time (before putrefaction, 
which he is more subject to than if not baited) he is tolerable 
good meat, altho' very red. 

" Some keep him on purpose for the sport of baiting, 
cutting off the tips of his horns, and with pitch, tow, and 
such-like matter, fasten upon them the great horns of oxen, 
with their tips cut off and covered with leather, lest they 
should hurt the dogs. 

" Because these papers go into several other countries, I'U 
say something on the manner of baiting the bull, which is 
by having a collar about his neck, fastened to a thick rope 
about three, four, or five yards long, hung to a hook, so fastened 
to a stake that it wiU turn round : with this the buU circulates 
to watch his enemy ; which is a mastiff dog (commonly used 
to the sport) with a short nose, that his teeth may take the 



Chap. LXXVI. BULL- BAITING. 357 

better hold. This dog, if right, will creep upon his belly, 
that he may, if possible, get the bull by the nose ; which the 
bull as carefully strives to defend, by laying it close to the 
ground, where his horns are also ready to do what in them 
lies to toss the dog ; and this is the true sport. 

" But if more dogs than one come at once, or they are 
cowardly and come under his legs, he will, if be can, stamp 
their guts out. 

" I believe I have seen a dog tossed by a bull thirty, if not 
forty foot high ; and when they are tossed either higher or 
lower, the men about strive to catch them on their shoulders, 
lest the fall might mischief the dogs. 

"They commonly lay sand about, that if they fall upon 
the ground it may be the easier. 

" Notwithstanding this care, a great many dogs are killed, 
more have their limbs broke ; and some hold so fast, that by 
the bulls swinging them, their teeth are often broke out. 

" To perfect the history of hull baiting, I must tell you, 
that the famed dogs have crosses or roses of various coloured 
ribbon stuck with pitch on their foreheads ; and such like the 
ladies are very ready to bestow on dogs or bull that do 
valiantly; and when 'tis stuck on the bull's forehead, that 
dog is hollowed that fetches it off; tho' the true courage and 
art is to hold the bull by the nose 'till he roars; which a 
couragious bull scorns to do. 

" Often the men are tossed as well as the dogs ; and men, 
bull, and dogs seem exceedingly pleas'd, and as earnest at 
the sport as if it were for both their lives or livelihoods. 
Many great wagers are laid on both sides ; and great journeys 
will men and dogs go for such a diversion. I knew a gentle- 



358 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVI. 

man that bought a bull in Hertfordshire on purpose to go a 
progress with him, at a great charge, into most of the great 
towns in the west of England. 

" This is a sport the English much delight in ; and not only 
the baser sort, but the greatest lords and ladies." 

The baiting of bears and other beasts as a public exhibition 
for profit, has been revived more than once during the last 
century, as appears from the following" advertisements : — 

"At the boarded-house in Marybone fields, on Monday, 
the 24th of this instant July, will be a match fought between 
the wild and savage panther and twelve English dogs, for 
300Z. This match was made between an English gentleman 
and a foreigner : the latter was praising the boldness and 
fierceness of the panther, and said, he would lay the above- 
named sum that he would beat any twelve dogs we had in 
England. The English gentleman laid the wager with him ; 
the other has brought the panther, and notwithstanding the 
boldness of the creature, twelve to one being odds, he desires 
fair play for his money, and but one dog at a time. First 
gallery, 2«. Qd. ; second gallery, 2s. No persons admitted 
on the stage but those belonging to the dogs. The doors to 
be open at three o'clock, and the panther wiU be upon the 
stage at five precisely." 

" Note. — Also a bear to be baited, and a mad green ^ bull 
to be turned loose in the gaming place, with fireworks all 
over him, and bull-dogs after him ; . a dog to be drawn up with 
fireworks after him in the middle of the yard ; and an ass to 

Game i 



Chap. LXXVI. TIGER AND BEAR-BAITING. 359 

be baited upon the same stage." — Read's Weekly Journal, 
July 22, 1721. 

" A^t the particular request of several persons of distinction, 
the celebrated white sea-bear, which has been seen and 
admired by the curious in most parts of England, will be 
baited at Mr. Brough ton's amphitheatre, this day being the 
29th instant. This creature is now supposed to be arrived at 
his utmost strength and perfection ; and though there never 
yet was any one of this kind baited in Europe, it is not 
doubted, from his uncommon size, excessive weight, and more 
than savage fierceness, but he will afford extraordinary enter- 
tainment, and behave himself in such a manner as to fill those 
who are lovers of diversion of this kind with delight and 
astonishment. 

" Any person who brings a dog will be admitted gratis." — 
Daily Advertiser, January 29, 1747. 

" We hear there will be a large he tyger baited on Wednes- 
day next, at Mr. Broughton's amphitheatre, in Oxford-road, 
being the first that ever was baited in England. He is the 
largest that ever was seen here, being eight feet in length. 
He is one of the fiercest and swiftest of savage beasts, and it 
is thought will afford good sport. The doors to be opened at 
nine, and the diversion begin at eleven." — Daily Advertiser, 
November 28, 1747. 

" This day will be baited at the great booth in Tottenham- 
Court a large Norway bear, by two large dogs at a time. 
None to be admitted under M. or 3c?. each." — Daily Adver- 
tiser, December 27, 1750. 

A foreigner who travelled here about this time thus records 
his impressions of us : — " The English have games which are 



36o THE DOG. Chap. LXXVI. 

peculiar to them, or at least which they affect and practice 
more than people do elsewhere. To see cocks fight is a royal 
pleasure in England. Their combats of bulls and dogs, of 
bears and dogs, and sometimes of bulls and bears, are not 
combats to the last gasp, like those of cocks. Everything 
that is called fighting is a delicious thing to an Englishman." 
Baron Bielfeld, in his letters from England in 1741, says, — 
" I shall not mention the combats of wild beasts, of dogs, and 
all sorts of animals, that are here to be seen. These enter- 
tainments are frequently given to the people, who are very 
fond of them." The translator adds a note to the effect : 
" We are not worse than our neighbours. There are at this 
time (1770) in Paris at least fourscore dogs kept in one yard, 
expressly for the purpose of fighting with each other, and with 
a number of wild beasts that are kept on the same spot, and 
for the same purpose." 

The last of the noble race of Irish wolf-dogs passed away 
about this period. Pennant, it is probable, described one of 
these in his Tour in Scotland. Though he calls it a Highland 
dog ; yet, as he speaks of its great rarity and large size, it 
could not have been the ordinary deerhound, noble creature 
though it is, for that breed was by no means uncommon. 
Pennant made his tour in 1769, and says : — 

" I saw also at GastU G-ordon a true Highland gre-hound, 
which is now become very scarce : it was of a very large size, 
strong, deep-chested, and covered with very long and rough 
hair. This kind was in great vogue in former days, and used 
in vast numbers at the magnificent stag-chases, by the 
powerful Chieftains. 

" I also saw here a dog, the offspring of a wolf and Pome- 



Chap. LXXVI. THE IRISH WOLF-DOG. 361 

ranian bitch. It had much the appearance of the first, was 
very good-natured and sportive ; but being slipped at a weak 
deer it instantly brought the animal down and tore out its 
throat. This dog was bred by Mr. Brook, animal-merchant 
in London, who told me that the congress between the wolf 
and the bitch was immediate, and the produce at the litter 
was ten." 

Gough, in his edition of Camden, published in 1789, has 
this passage on the Wolfhound. Bishop Gibson aifirmed 
that wolves still infested the wild and solitary mountains. 
" Under the article of greyhounds Mr. Camden seems to place 
the wolf-dogs, which are remarkably large and peculiar to this 
kingdom. The race is now almost extinct: there are not 
perhaps ten in the country. Greyhounds are mentioned in 
the Brehon laws." ..." The Earl of Altamont, at his seat 
at Westport, in the county of Mayo, possesses a few of the 
true Irish wolf-dog, a species of animal peculiar to this king- 
dom, and formerly made use of for destroying that fierce 
animal the wolf, and even considered as worthy the acceptance 
of kings. But they are now nearly extinct. They are a 
large, noble, handsome animal, remarkably quiet, patient in 
anger till reaUy provoked ; but then truly formidable, their 
hair standing erect, and they never quit their hold but with 
certain destruction. They hunt both by scent and sight, and 
are generally about three feet high, sometimes larger ; white, 
or white with a few black or brown spots." ' 

A sentence from Perkins' ' Cases of Conscience ' displays 
the happy change of feeling and sentiment now existing on 



1 Wilson, 404, 405. 



362 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVI. 

the sports of the amphitheatre : — " The baiting of the bear 
and cockfights are no mean recreations. The baiting of the 
bull hath its use, and therefore it is commended by civil 
authority." 

The learned Doctor Parr was, in spite of his erudition, fond 
of a little sport in this way, as well as of his pipe : — " You 
see," said he, pulling up his loose coat-sleeve above his elbow, 
and exposing his vast, muscular, and hirsute arm to the gaze 
of the company, "you see that I am a kind of taurine man, 
and must therefore be naturally addicted to the sport." ^ 



' Warner's Eec, vol. ii. p. 187. 



Chap. LXXVII. BULL-BAITING. 363 



CHAPTEE LXXYII. 

■OULL-EUNNING- and Bull-baiting were followed as an 
annual custom at Tutbury, in Staffordshire, whose 
ancient castle, overlooking the fertile valley of the Dove, was 
once the princely residence of John of Gaunt, and the prison 
of Mary Queen of Scots. The Duke of Devonshire held the 
manor or Priory lands by turning out a buU ; which practice, 
it is said, was instituted by "time-honoured Lancaster," or 
perhaps even earlier than his date. The modern usage con- 
cerning this barbarous and cruel tenure, which continued till 
1778, was as follows : — On the appointed day the people pro- 
ceeded in a body to the church, and, the service over, dined. 
" After dinner," says the chronicler, " all the Minstrels repair 
to the Priory Gate in Tutbury; without any manner of 
weapons, attending the turning out of the Bull, which the 
Bailiff of the Mannor is obliged to provide, and is there to 
have the tips of his horns sawed off, his ears and tail cut off, 
his body smeared all over with Soap, and his nose blown full 
of beaten Pepper. Then the Steward causes Proclamation to 
be made, that all manner of persons, except Minstrels, shall 
give way to the Bull, and not come within forty foot of him 
at their own peril, nor hinder the Minstrels in their pursuit of 
him. After which proclamation the Prior's Bailiff turns out 
the Bull among the Minstrels, and if any of them can cut off 
a piece of his skin before he runs into Derbyshire, then he is 



364 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVII. 

the King of Musick's Bull : But if the Bull get into Derby- 
shire sound and uncut, he is the Lord Prior's (Earl of Devon- 
shire) again. 

" If the Bull be taken and a piece of him cut off, then he 
is brought to the Bailiff's house and there collered and roped, 
and so brought to the bull-ring in the high street in Tutbury, 
and there baited with Dogs, the first course in honour of the 
King of Musick, the second in honour of the Prior, the third 
for the Town, and if more, for divertisement of the spec- 
tators ; and after he is baited, the King may dispose of him 
as he pleases. 

" This usage is of late perverted, the young men of Stafford 
and Derbyshires contend with cudgels about a yard long, the 
one party to drive the bull into Derbyshire, the other to 
keep him in Staffordshire, in which contest many heads are 
often broken. The King of Musick and the Bailiff have also 
of late compounded, the Bailiff giving the King five Nobles 
in lieu of his right to the Bull, and then sends him to the 
Earl of Devon's Manner of Hardwick to be fed and given to 
the Poor 'at Christmas." In the adjoining counties it was 
not unusual, if two men quarrelled, for one of them to say 
to the other, " I'U meet you at Tutbury Bull-ring," — 
which was a challenge to fight it out there. Lives were 
often lost.^ At Ashbourn, bulls were let out for baiting. 



1 " In Staffordshire, where virtuous Worth 
Does raise the Minstrelsy, not Birth ; 
Where Bulls do chuse the boldest King, 
And Kuler, o'er the Men of String ; 
He bravely vent'ring at a Crown, 
By Chance of War was beaten down, , 

And wounded sore " . . . . Hudibras, Canto 2. 



Chap. LXXVn. BULL-BAITING. 365 

and were called " Sporting Bulls " or " Game Bulls." In 
the same manner Bears were called formerly, " Game 
Bears;" and Cocks, "Game Cocks;" that is, "fighting 
cocks," &c., the term coming from their being used to make 
sport or game ; and out of this the word is used to imply 
patient enduring courage. Bull-running was practised yearly 
at Stamford as far back as 1209, and down to a very recent 
time. Also in Berkshire, at Wokingham, a certain George 
Stayerton, in 1661, because he was once chased by a bull, 
for revenge left by will property to buy a bull for ever for 
the poor of the town to bait and eat, and the offal and 
hide to be sold to procure shoes and stockings for the poor 
children. A second bull was provided for baiting, by the 
Poor Rates, and in 1801 the practice was there unsuccessfully 
preached against. 

A bull was baited at Lincoln as late, or even later, than 
1820, on the 5th of November,. and in the mining districts of 
South Staffordshire bulls, and even bears, were occasionally 
baited down to 1836, or perhaps still more recently. Pro- 
bably every town in England had at one time its bull-ring. 
A large open space in the oldest part of Birmingham, and 
under the walls of its ancient church, bears the name of " The 
Bull-ring," and one of its principal streets and main thorough- 
fares " Bull-street." Banbury, in Oxfordshire, is said to have 
had one which was once a Roman amphitheatre. In Canter- 
bury, the place where the chief market of the city was held 
was in Edward IV.'s reign called the Bulstake.' Formerly in 
some towns a butcher, who sold the flesh of a bull in the 



} EoUa of Parliament, vol. vi. p. 178 a. 



366 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVII 

market without having produced the animal on the previous 
market day to be baited, was liable to a penalty. 

When a bull was baited he was usually tied to an iron-ring 
iixed into a post level with the ground in the middle of the 
street ; a strong leathern collar went round his neck, and was 
connected with the ring and post by a chain or rope The 
atrocities perpetrated on such occasions were sometimes really 
demoniacal. In 1801, at Bury St. Edmonds, a bull's hoofs 
were cut off, and the wretched animal was forced to defend 
himself as he best could against the dogs set upon him, on 
his mangled and bleeding stumps. Fires were occasionally 
lighted under them to prevent their lying down from ex- 
haustion, spikes thrust into their most tender parts, and 
their tails frequently twisted to dislocation, by the yelling 
and hellish miscreants wlio encompassed them. At the 
end of a bait young dogs were brought, with a view to 
initiate and encourage them, to lick the bloody nostrils of 
the bull. 

In the House of Commons, 1802, a Bill was introduced to 
prohibit bull-baiting and bull-running, but was thrown out on 
the second reading. Sheridan, in his speech in its favour, 
said, " What sort of moral lesson would it be to the wife and 
children of the farmer, who sold his bull for the purpose of 
being baited, to see the poor simple, harmless animal, which 
for years they had cherished as a favourite, and learned to look 
on with affection, tied to a stake, worried by dogs, and his bleed- 
ing tongue torn out of his mouth by the roots ? But cruelty to 
the bull was not the only cruelty exercised on these occasions. 
What sort of moral lesson, for instance, was it to the children 
of the farmer, who brings his aged bull-bitch, many years the 



Chap. LXXVII. BULL- BAITING. 367 

faitMul sentinel of his house and farm-yard, surrounded by 
her pups, to prove at the bull-ring the staunchness of her 
breed? He brings her forward; sets her at the infuriated 
animal; she seizes him by the nose and pins him to the 
ground. But what is the reward from her owner, amidst- 
the applauses of the mob to his favourite animal ? He calls 
for a hedging-bill, and, to prove her breed, hews her to pieces 
without quitting her grip, while be sells her puppies at five 
guineas a piece ! " 

The kindness of a relative, who has laboured for many 
years in the cause of humanity-, not only on behalf of the 
human, but also of the animal races, enables the author to 
give well-authenticated instances of the manner in which the 
docility and high courage of the dog have been gi'ossly abused, 
and torture inflicted in the most wanton manner on another 
of the servants of mankind. His letter runs as follows : — 

" Until bull-baiting was made illegal by Act of Parliament 
about forty years ago, it was, and long had been, the favourite 
diversion of the lower classes at Westbromwich, and the 
neighbouring towns and villages ; and of all the canine species 
none were so highly prized as bull-dogs. In 1822 I did 
write a tract on the subject ; and a copy of it happens to be 
preserved in a collection of various other tracts bound up 
together in one volume for safe keeping. On referring to 
this I find I have therein stated several appalling facts 
of diabolical cruelty which I know to be true, though 
future generations may find it hard to believe them. 
The enclosed extracts from the tract have been correctly 
made : — 



368 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVII. 

"Perhaps you are aware that Martin's Act (as it was 
called from the name of the M.P. who introduced it in the 
Commons) proved insufScient for the suppression of the sport, 
because the ' hdl ' was not therein mentioned by name, lest 
•the express mention of him should have caused the Bill to be 
thrown out. But not long afterwards Mr. Pease, a Quaker, and 
M.P. (I forget for what place), boldly mentioned the bull hi/ 
name in a Bill which he brought in for the same purpose, and, 
strange to say, it passed both Houses ! So the shameful sport 
was brought to an end at last." 

Here follow the passages and facts alluded to, taken from 
'A Village Dialogue on Bull-baiting and Cruelty to Animals. 
By the Eev. Charles Townsend. Birmingham. Printed 
and sold by E. Peart, 38, Bull Street, 1822.' 

" Master Trueman. William Tenche. John Perell. 

" Trueman. But how stands the matter in the case of bull- 
baiting ? Is this a proceeding conducted in a quiet, decent, 
and peaceable manner, such as suits the members of a ciyil- 
ized community ? or is it not always carried on with savage 
ferocity, tumult, and uproar? And then what is its almost 
certain effect on the characters of those engaged in it, and 
those who witness it, but to promote in them the love of riot 
and disorder, and to excite and cherish the worst passions of 
the human heart? If you want to l£now for certain what 
are the moral effects of such practices on the minds of men 
addicted to them, only look round a moment amongst your 
own acquaintance of this sort. What kind of husbands and 
fathers do they make? Are their wives as cheerful and 



Chap. LXXVII. BULL- BAITING. 369 

happy as they have the means of making them ? Are their 
children as well clothed, as well fed, and as well taught, as 
they might be ? What sort of appearance does the inside of 
their houses -generally present? Do neatness and comfort 
prevail there? or slovenliness, wretchedness, and penury? 
At the conclusion of a bull-baiting, where do the principal 
parties concerned in it most commonly resort ? Do they go 
home to their families, or straight away to the alehouse, 
where drinking, gambling, and swearing are the order of the 
day ? Then, let me ask, who but a bull-baiter ever turned 
his own infant out of the cradle to put his crippled dog in 
its place? Who else ever robbed his sucking child of the 
mother's breast, that a whelp of a favourite breed might be 
nourished with the food to which it was considered to have 
the best title of the two ? 

"How truly wonderful that any one can be brought to 
believe that the worrying and torturing of a miserable victim 
fastened to a stake, and deprived of the power even of ilying 
from his tormentors — that this can be the food of that exalted 
principle, which, though undaunted by the fiercest attacks of 
the most formidable enemy, has yet all a woman's gentleness 
for the vanquished foe whose condition calls for mercy ! 

" William. Upon my life, John, I believe your old master 
will be too much for you at last. To be sure, you don't look 
as if you were quite pinned ; but, for my part, I no more 
know than one of them there dogs what you'll say for us 
next. 

" John. In the first place, I'll say, Billy, that I don't 
intend to die dunghill, if ^ou do. As to what Master True- 
man has just now been saying about Cato Street, and a 

VOL. 11. 2 B 



370 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVII. 

savage thirst of blood, I own I did not think it was in him to 
fire away so hot as he has done against the barbarity, as he 
calls it, of our old-established sport. However, I suppose 
he meant no offence to me, and so I shall take none. But I 
would just make free to ask him for what purpose he sup- 
poses bulldogs were created, if not to take bulls by the nose 
and put them in a bit of a chafe, so as to warm their blood, 
and make their flesh a little less like an oak-board, before 
a poor man, that can't afford to buy better meat, endeavours 
to set his teeth in it. 

" Trueman. Ah, John, John, is it for ym, that have seen 
so much of the dreadful torments endured by these poor 
animals, to speak so lightly of their sufferings ? How little 
did I think, years ago, when you were the pride and hope of 
my school, not only for quickness and cleverness, but for 
those good and kindly feelings which are of far greater value, 
— how little did I think that I should one day have to mourn 
over the woeful ruin that bad company and evil habits have 
worked in your better nature ! I can remember, as well as 
if it was but yesterday, how grave and thoughtful you looked, 
and full of concern, as you saw them one morning leading 
along by the school-door the bull that was going to be baited 
that day. He was as fine and noble a creature as my eyes 
ever beheld ; and so gentle withal, that, as he passed along, 
imconscious of his cruel destiny, the little children were fol- 
lowing him and caressing him without danger. It chanced 
that you saw him again on his return in the evening, his 
fore-part all covered with wounds, and his head so torn and 
mangled that it appeared nothing but a frightful unformed 
mass of blood, from which the mingled flesh and gore hung, 



Chap. LXXVII. BULL- BAITING. 371 

like thick icicles, quite to the ground. As soon as you beheld 
this piteous sight you turned as pale as death; your lip 
quivered ; the tears began to chase one another down your 
cheeks like rain. 

" John,. It was natural enough that when I was a child I 
should feel as a child, but it was not to be supposed that I 
should be such a silly chicken-hearted creature all my life 
long. 

" William. Well, John, there's reason in roasting of eggs. 
If you was too soft and tender th&n, mayhap you are too 
hard and tough now ; and, to tell you truth, 1 did think a 
little more tender-heartedness would have done you no harm 
t'other day, when, you know, you stood so quiet and con- 
senting while Jimmy Blood twisted the tail of the bull to put 
a little life into him, being, as he was, so tired as to lie down, 
and let the dogs gnaw at him, as if he had been a piece of 
dead carrion. 

" Trueman. But now, John, just consider for a moment 
that there are some acts of cruelty which you yourself, long 
as you have been habituated to scenes of horror, cannot even 
think of without the deepest abhorrence. I dare say you 
can remember what was the nature of your own feelings 
when you got into that fray with Tindol and Varney about 
their diabolical usage of the poor young beast they tormented 
to death about this time seven years. I know, when I called 
to see you next day, and you could not get out of your chair 
for the bruises you had got in the fight, you said, if you had 
been sure to have been killed the next moment, you would 
have done what you could to hinder those demons from doing 
what none but a demon could have thought of. 

2b2 



372 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVII. 

" William. What's all that, Mr. Trueman? I do not think 
I ever heard of this business before. It seems to be some- 
thing that tells to the credit of my old acquaintance here : so 
I'd fain know something more about it. 

" Trueman. Then you must know, William,' that, at the 
time I was speaking of, there was a subscription entered into 
by a few men of this place for a bull to be baited at the 
wake ; but the money raised was not sufficient to find them 
anything better than a poor young creature that was not 
much bigger than a full-grown calf. Accordingly, he was 
soon worn out with attempting to defend himself against the 
dogs, and at last lay like a log on the ground ; allowing them 
to do what they would with him without resistance. But this 
being the case, it was of no use to go round with the hat to 
make a collection from the bystanders, old and young, who 
had crowded from all quarters to brutalise their minds by 
witnessing the sport ; and so they who had risked their sub- 
scriptions to furnish the day's amusement began to fear they 
should never see their money again. What, then, were they 
to do ? Their first expedient was obvious enough, which was 
to put some straw under him and set fire to it, in the reason- 
able expectation that he would not long remain where he lay 
to endure the torments of the flames. But, for once, they 
were mistaken ; it appeared the poor thing was so completely 
exhausted, as to have lost all power of motion. Upon which, 
what did these men — if I may call them men — do next? 
Not disheartened by the failure of their first device, they 
had recourse to another, which they hoped might be more 
effectual towards accomplishing a seeming impossibility. 
They actually got a can of hailing water and poured it into 



Chap. LXXVII. BULL- BAITING. 373 

Ms ears!^ And it was in attempting to hinder them that 
John Perell had like to have had his bones broken, and to 
have been crippled for life. 

" William. Now, I tell you what, Mr. Trueman, whether 
bull-baiting shall be stopped iu other places as it is here or 
not, if ever you catch me having anything to do with it again 
I'll give you leave to cut my hands off, or burn me alive ; 
that's all. I have often thought — ay, while I was in the 
thickest of the work mygelf, and shouting and swearing as 
loud as the best of them — I have often thought there was 
nothing wanting but the fire and brimstone to make such a 
scene a true picture of hell." 

Two ballads are said to be in existence which give coarse 
but graphic pictures of similar scenes amongst the coUiers 
and nailers of South Staffordshire. One of these, bearing the 
name of the ' Darlaston BuU-Bait,' is difficult to meet with ; 
the other, styled ' Wednesbury Cocking,' concludes with these 
two verses : — 

" The cockpit was near to th.e church, 

An ornament unto the town, 
On one side an old cdal-pit, 

The other well gors'd round. 
Peter Hadley peep'd through the gorse. 

In order to see them fight ; 
Spittle iohb'd his eye out with a fork, 

And said, B — t thee ! it serves thee right. 

Some people may think this is strange. 

Who Wedneshury never knew. 
But those who have ever been there 

Won't have the least doubt but it's true. 

1 A fact. 



374 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVII. 

For they are savage by nature, 
And guilty of deeds the most shocking ; 

Jack Baker whack'd his own father, 
And so ended Wednesbury cocking." 

A termination worthy of the occasion, and at any rate 
haviag the merit of consistency ! At Darlaston, in the same 
neiglibourhood, withia the memory of man, as many as eight 
bulls have been baited in the course of one day. Most of the 
old bull-baiters have become extinct, and their breed of dogs 
also. The genuine animal is excessively rare ; none ran so 
true as they to the very head of the bull, or maintained a 
hold with such indomitable endurance ; but since the ferocious 
purpose for which they were cultivated has been put down, 
the bull-terrier has (for reasons given elsewhere) taken his 
place with the ruffians who find amusement in dog-fighting. 
A person states that, some forty years ago or more, he saw 
two bulls and one bear at the same time at the stake, and 
that Bruin, having moved a little too near a bull, was tossed 
by him as high in the air as the bear's chain would allow. It 
would be incori'ect to judge from the foregoing information 
that these diversions were confined to the colliers and nailers 
only. The whole vice and brutality must liot be attributed 
to the poor working-men ; on the contrary, ladies and gentle- 
men, clergymen and magistrates, looked on and encouraged. 
Neither was this state of society confined to the mining dis- 
tricts. Fifty-two years ago bulls decked out with ribbons 
were taken down Oxford Street on Sundays, then along the 
Edgware Eoad to Kilburn, and there baited. 

This sport was far from being always conducted with the 
gross amount of cruelty exhibited in some of the foregoing 



Chap. LXXVII. BULL- BAITING. 375 

instances. At certain places the same animal was periodically 
brought to the stake for many years together, and on those 
occasions was highly fed. Experience made him sage, and he 
defended himself with subtlety as well as strength. Only 
one, or, at the most, two dog?, according to the rules of fair 
play, were slipped on him at once, and these, as the saying is, 
had " their work cut out for them." A trained bull was often 
provided with a hole in the ground in which to place his 
muzzle ; an advantage of which every fighting bull took good 
care to avail himself; for the clever and veteran dog would, 
as Wase remarks, crawl on his belly to attack. One cele- 
brated game bull, once known as Bill Gibbons's Bull, when 
brought to the ring regularly pawed a hole, into which he 
clapped his nose out of harm's way, and received his foes on 
his horns, or stamped them down with his fore-feet. He was 
extremely difficult to pin, and on one occasion it was simul- 
taneously attempted in vain by two of the very best dogs in 
England. 

Those persons who go to the extreme in thinking that all 
people who have taken pleasure in witnessing these, and such 
like sports, have been actuated and impelled by cruel and 
sanguinary feelings only, do an injustice. Francis Horner 
gave it as his opinion that there was much good sense con- 
cerning boxing in Payne Knight's ' Essay on Taste ; ' and in 
that passage the latter says that a lover of cock-fighting 
would think it very strange to be told that he condemned his 
own taste for so heroic a diversion by expressing a dislike to 
see cocks killed in a poulterer's yard ; and the frequenters of 
bull-baiting in England would by no means allow that a 
butcher's slaughterhouse could afford them equal or similar 



376 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVII. 

amusement. To render such spectacles interesting there must 
be a display of courage, yigour, and address : for it is by sym- 
pathising with the energetic passions that the spectators are 
amused or delighted. Our boxing-matches are contests of 
the same kind ; and the frequenters of them would probably 
feel as much horror and disgust as any other persons were they 
to see men deprived of the power of resistance, or opposed 
to very unequal force, beaten as the several combatants beat 
each other: but the display of manly intrepidity, firmness, 
gallantry, activity, strength, skill, and presence of mind, 
which these contests call forth, is an honour to the English 
nation, and such as no man needs be ashamed of viewing with 
interest, pride, and delight : and we may safely predict that, 
if there is an end of that sense of honour, gallantry, and spirit 
of fair play, in which they were conducted, and which dis- 
tinguishes the common people of this country from that of all 
other nations, — being not only the best guardian of their 
morals, but one of the most powerful securities for our civil 
liberty amongst all classes, as weU as for our political inde- 
pendence, — they will end their private quarrels by the knife 
instead of by the naked fist, and the lower order become 
a base rabble of cowards and assassins, willing instruments of 
the factious demagogue, and ready at any time to sacrifice 
the higher order and the empire to the envy, the ambition, 
or the hatred, of the foreigner. 



Chap. LXXVIII. ATTACHMENT TO DOGS. 377 



CHAPTER LXXVIII. 

A S an honourable and pleasing contrast to the abuse of the 
■^ power and rule over the animal creation intrusted to 
mankind, it is gratifying to peruse the extract given below 
from Malcolm's ' Manners and Customs of London : ' — 

" Of the domestic customs with reference to animals, none 
more deserves commendation than the care and affection with 
which the Englishman repays the attachment and iidelity of 
his dog: thousands of distressed persons have shared their 
miserable meals with this description of grateful attendant ; 
and the rich have been known to erect monuments to their 
memories. As these animals were inhabitants of England 
from time immemorial, the friendship of them and their 
masters commenced at the same unknown period. The only 
author I recollect to have censured this amiable intercourse 
is the fanatical Bunyan, who, in his ' Sighs from Hell, or the 
Groans of a damned Soul,' abuses Christians for giving to 
dogs the crumbs belonging to the poor. ' How many pounds 
(he inquires) do some men spend a year on their dogs, while 
the poor saints of God may starve for hunger ! They will 
build houses for their dogs, when the saints must be glad to 
wander, and lodge in dens and caves of the earth.' 

" Again, ' Some men cannot go half a mile from home but 
they must have dogs at tlieir heels ; but they can very will- 



378 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVIII. 

ingly go half a score miles without the society of a Christian.' 
This wretched sinner, who envied the participation of dogs in 
the favours of the rich, did not seem to be aware that brutal 
and uncharitable persons seldom or ever keep dogs, or, if they 
do, they are lesft in their places, according to the vulgar 
acceptation of kindness. 'Love me, love my dog,' is an 
adage of great antiquity, and far more honourable to him 
who uses it than all the sighs vented by Bunyan for every 
person's sins but his own. For my own part, I dwell with 
satisfaction upon the certainty that all domestic animals (the 
dog, the cat, the singing bird, &c. &c.) are cherished, and 
have been cherished, by their kind masters and mistresses, 
before and since the Conquest. Nor is it less grateful to 
reflect that thousands of instances have occurred of the rough 
attachment of men and horses, not only in the higher ranks, 
but between them and their drivers in the lowest ; though it 
must be confessed that too many of the domestic animals are 
most basely and cruelly treated ; nor do I suppose the persons 
so acting would use Christians much better if they dared." 

In pleading the cause of the dog, I cannot do better than 
add to the foregoing remarks made by Malcolm what has 
been well said by a supporter of the refuge at last established 
in this vast metropolis for the creatures accidentally lost or 
wilfully deserted in its streets. 

" Yes Lord : yet the dogs under the table eat of the children's orumhs." 

Mark, vii. 28. 

" The above answer, which moved our Saviour to pity, but 
which, many opponents to this work of undeniable mercy, and 
necessity, (while misapplying those words of our Lord which 



Chap. LXXVIII. HOME FOR DOGS. 379 

drew it forth,) so cunningly keep out of sight, in order to give 
force to their own one-sided reasoning, ought to weigh with 
us, and to move our hearts to any act of mercy, although it 
be the lowest ; as it did the heart of Him, who made His 
triumphal entry into Jerusalem, 'meekly riding' on the 
lowliest of our beasts of burden ; who, being all love and 
tenderness, never showed anger; except in defence of His 
Father's Kingdom, against such Pharisees, and hypocrites, as 
were leading men from it ; oppressing the weak ; or turning 
His ' Father's House into a den of thieves ! ' They who so 
frequently exhibit ignorance of Scripture — by applying, as an 
objection to the ' Dog's Home,' those words of our Lord which 
elicited from His petitioner the above reply, so expressive of 
her humility, faith, and hope, cannot fail to be conscious that, 
if applied with any show of reason, to the actual feeding of 
dogs, they should be first brought to bear upon that vast 
multitude of these prime favourites of man, kept, reared, and 
well nourished in the numerous families constituting the 
population of Great Britain! and not so unfairly, and so 
pitilessly to the comparatively few helpless creatures, which, 
wanting speech, cannot plead for themselves, nor draw up a 
moving case, either true or false ; and which, as they are 
perishing outcasts, have the greater need of that mercy, of 
which the Creator Himself sets us the example, in His good- 
ness to all creatures ; when, for every living thing that He 
has made, He has also made its ' proper ' food ; thereby 
showing that He intended nothing to starve ! Surely, in the 
judicious administration of this ' proper ' food no one can be 
accused of taking ' the children's bread : ' for canting can 
scarcely go so far as to affirm that offal and the flesh of horses 



# 
38o THE DOG. Chap. LXXVIII. 



ever constituted the ' childrerCs ' food ! But even if we regard 
worthless refuse as ^ crumbs from the children! s table'/ surely 
now, from the multitude of Charities for the meeting all 
honestly unavoidable wants, and relieving every relieveable 
description of human misery, we may venture to conclude 
that ' the children, are fed : ' and that if ' thei/ are not,' then the 
blame rests with maladministration, or lack of energy, and 
not with any deficiency of the means to feed them ! 

" Surely ' The Dog's Home ' may now humbly follow in the 
track of the many provisions for man, and gather up the few 
' crumbs ' which may be left, wherewith to show timely mercy, 
and rescue from the lingering tortures of starvation those of 
God's animals which we have so domesticated, as to be our 
companions, having taught them to follow us, to love us, and 
to depend on us, as we depend on God. They all owe their 
existence to us, in as much as they have been reared and 
cherished by us, or our ' children,' up to that sad period of 
their history, when misfortune or cruelty threw them on the 
inhospitable streets, homeless, and ownerless, spurned and 
driven from every door, even in winter ! 

" Surely after so many selfish provisions of man to meet 
every want of his own race, the time must now be come, (if it 
is ever coming), when ' the merciful man ' may indulge the 
yearnings of his heart, and be ' merciful to his beast ! ' 

" Very few of the visitors in London, to whom a refined 
education may have imparted susceptibility to compassion, 
appear to fail in attachment to any creature, which may be 
attached to them. We see their fondness for the fortunate 
well-treated pet-dog in their carriage, or following them in 
their walks, and rides, or sometimes carried in their arms. 



Chap. LXXVIII. HOME FOR DOGS. 38: 

But are they aware of the lamentable contrast to their 
cherished pet, that miserable despised dog, mongrel, ugly, 
crippled or diseased (but equally 'Capable of feeling) ; out of 
the way of which they carefully step, as it crawls languidly 
between them and the wall, or lies curled round on the mat 
outside the door of the shop which they are entering ? 

" It has lost home, and protector ; and on that mat, its only 
refuge from the cold hard pavement, it is shivering out the 
remnant of its existence, exposed to persecution and injury 
from the cruel ; it is dying by slow degrees, of every want to 
which these creatures can be subjected, trying to sleep there, 
the numbing sleep of death from cold, and the exhaustion of 
privation ! 

" Even when the suffering animal is driven off, few would 
be conscious of any difference in it from others ; as it requires 
some experience, to detect that feeble tottering, which does 
not come on till the last stage of its misery ; and which dis- 
tinguishes the gait of the starving dog, from the strong run 
and bold carriage of well-fed dogs. The dog, honest, true, and 
incapable of deceit, knows not how (like artful man) to excite 
compassion by feigning, dissembling, or exaggerating ! 

" When it appears a dejected slow-moving skeleton, that is, 
with bones, easily felt, if not seen under its hair, with head 
and tail drooping, a piteous expression of face, and that 
mercy-imploring look in its eye which speaks to the heart 
with more than the power of words! (as Mrs. Stowe has 
expressed it) — 'that earnest appealing language, which is so 
pathetic in the silence of inferior animals' — there is no pre- 
tence, no deceptive mendicancy ; it really is all that it seems ; 
deserted, starving, and spurned by everybody now; though 



382 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVIII. 

once a cherished favourite, loved and petted by some one 
among the ' children ' whose few ' crumbs ' it is begrudged ! 

"Is it not monstrously wrong, that the creatures we rear 
for our use, or pleasure, should, during the first period of 
their existence be treated with the utmost care, and fondness; 
to be afterwards subjected to the most violent constrast ; an 
unjust and cruel change of condition ; the fault of man alone, 
and not arising from the helpless creatures' own crime, or any 
outrage against nature, or society ? 

" As a remedy for this glaring shame, a Eefuge for our lost 
domestic pets, whose misery is due to our cruel neglect, ought 
to exist ! It is a just debt ; and becomes more of a necessity, 
as London continues to spread ; covering, with its labyrinth 
of streets, the fields and gardens of its former suburbs. 

"Let an inhabitant of the quiet country find himself, at 
the busy period of the day, especially on a cattle-day, in the 
narrow, crowded streets of our vast city ; and, what with the 
rattle of vehicles, the shouting of drivers, the pushing, hustling, 
and rushing at one moment; to be jammed up in a dead-lock 
the next, from want of all sensible accommodation for such a 
traffic ; the straggling among cart-wheels, and horses' legs, of 
weary overdriven sheep, and bullocks (a barbarism from 
which Paris is free) ; the dashing about, at the risk of life 
and limb, of the jaded, overtasked, ill fed, often beaten 
drovers' dogs ; with the hideously loud yelling of the drovers ; 
the bewildered visitant, in gladly making his escape, will 
carry with him a reminiscence of the horrid scene, consider- 
ably more like an impression of the infernal regions, than a 
glimpse into the very heart of Christian civilization ! 

"Yet it is through such a confusing maze as this, that 



Chap. LXXVIII. HOME FOR DOGS. 383 

thoughtless people, riding or walking, expect their dogs to 
follow them as they best can. 

" Consequently, many, brought in from the suburbs, never 
find their way back; but are left to perish by the slow 
degrees of starvation and cold ; and in a city too, which is 
scrupulously cleansed from all that refuse, or ' crumbs^ which 
might afford any chance of subsistence ; as in Eastern, and 
most foreign towns: while their suflferings are frequently 
added to by a crushed limb, or other injury, received while 
rushing about, in eager anxiety to find their lost owners : an 
anxiety which, succeeded by despondency, adds mental, to 
the bodily sufferings of a creature so sensible and sensitive ! 
This is one great source of the many pitiable objects which, 
however they may escape the notice of the dull, selfish, or 
indifferent, so frequently meet the eye of the observant, intel- 
ligent, and considerate. But when we add to these, not a 
few, which have strayed of themselves from the neighbour- 
hoods close around, and numbers of an inferior breed which, 
having gratified the temporary whims of the idle and 
thoughtless, who bred them ; or having become old, ugly, or 
diseased, are purposely abandoned ; we have that accumula- 
tion of sad proofs of man's selfishness, and abuse of his rule 
over the animals, which ought not to exist in a Nation arro- 
gating the title of humane; and for which swarm of our 
suffering dependents, some compassionate persons have en- 
deavoured to establish a place of refuge, until provided for, or 
owned. Without doubt, the keeping the streets clear of stray 
animals, whether horses, cows, sheep, pigs, or any other, which 
may be an inconvenience to the inhabitants, is the business of 
the Police. 



3^4 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVIII. 



" Then why should not dogs be included in their duty ? 

" The Police may some day discover their own interest in 
this matter, and secure to themselves some of the gains, 
moderated by legal restriction, which at present are appro- 
priated by the extortionate dogstealers ; whose calling would 
' vanish ' should the usual plea that 'they found the dog' be 
swept away, by its being made illegal for any, but the Police, 
to hold possession of a lost dog ! 

" And if we call to mind the sums (amounting from about 
iive hundred to one thousand pounds a year in the Times 
newspaper alone) offered by advertisers for their lost favourites, 
enough of that remuneration which is so influential may be 
expected. 

" No very expensive addition to a Police-station would be 
required ; because the act of repeatedly clearing the streets, 
would operate towards the diminution of the occurrence ; and 
because every dog, after being advertised by a placard outside 
the Station, for a reasonable period, should be offered for 
sale ; or be destroyed by the quickest and least painful 
method, if unsaleable, or diseased, as is done in the city of 
Melbourne in Australia. 

" Something of the land should be done for the comfort of 
Eate payers ; especially the payers of the Dog-tax ; that 
stupid tax upon the finer feelings of our nature, fondness, 
affection, compassion, and mercy ; which is paid only by those 
who can make the creature happy ; but avoided by those, 
whose dogs are ill fed, ill treated, a nuisance to the neigbour- 
hood ; or kept for purposes of barbarity. 

" What a comfort to all who have heart enough to love an 
animal so capable of returning love for love, to feel certain 



Chap. LXXVIII. HOME FOR DOGS. 385 

that the well-loved pet of the family, the attached follower, 
the companiou of their sports, the protector of property, or 
nightly guardian, the amusing romping playfellow of their 
children, yea, more ! the frequent rescuer — as history proves 
— from death and danger ; the helpless dependent, looking 
up to us, as we look up to God for every good, would, if lost 
be taken care of ; and not be left to perish by the slow linger- 
ing death of cold, hunger, thirst, and the cruel worrying per- 
secution by street blackguards — a far too frequent combina- 
tion of dire evils, to which, were one human being known to 
be subjected, there would be a rush of the charitable to the 



rescue 



" It is in the absence of any legislative assistance that the 
present ' Home for Lost and Starving Dogs ' has been under- 
taken, and carried out in the face of great opposition : having 
had to battle against the heartless, unfeeling, and indiffe- 
rent ; the interested, (which includes the dog-dealer and dog- 
stealer); the hypocrite, who parades his ignorance of the 
knowledge he pretends to by misapplying and misquoting 
Scripture ; the scoffer, whose ridicule (history tells us), 
nothing, however serious or good, has ever escaped ; and the 
foolish, whose first exclamation, on hearing of such an Insti- 
tution, characterises his own state, being generally, 'How 
foolish I ' or ' How absurd ! ' without being able to give any 
reason why men should not feed the animals they rear ; and 
last, but not least, the mere philanthropist, who would selfishly 
grasp for his kind or the like of self — that is, for man alone 
— every one of God's blessings ! 

" Already have the workings of the ' Home ' considerably 
cleared the streets in one quarter of London. But the evil 

VOL. II. 2 c 



386 THE DOG. Chap. LXXVIII. 

is ever growing : as the very poor, for -whom our sympathies 
are so frequently enlisted, are reckless breeders of these 
starvelings ! All who keep a dog, and therefore may lose a 
dog, should, if they really love their dog, subscribe some- 
thing, if but a small trifle, towards the lost dog's home." ' 



HoUingworth Street, St. James's Eoad, Holloway, N. 



Chap. LXXIX. DOG AND LION FIGHTS. 387 



CHAPTEE LXXIX. 

rpHE last combats between dogs and lions whicli have been 
exhibited in England were those which were shown at 
Warwick in 1825. There were two lions ; and the first, Nero 
by name, had been rendered, by kindness, so docile and gentle 
a creature, evinced so much forbearance and such an entire 
absence of ferocity when attacked, that execration was 
directed at the mercenary being who, to gratify his avaricious 
propensities, exposed a noble animal he had often caressed, 
and from whom he partly obtained his livelihood, to be torn 
and worried with such heartless cruelty. 

Though Nero only acted in self-defence, he inilicted fearful 
wounds on his antagonists ; and the event proved that there 
is probably no animal in the world whose size, strength, and 
ferocity would deter the buUdog from attacking him. The 
details of these fights may be found in the interesting 
pages of the '"Sporting Magazine,' and Hone's 'Every-day 
Book.' 

It is not possible to find more striking and conclusive 
proof of the indomitable and reckless valour of the dog, even 
when combating against overwhelming odds, than is demon- 
strated by those descriptions : neither would it be very facile 
to meet with instances in which the courage of that generous 
creature (given for the protection of his master, man) has 

2 c 2 



388 THE DOG. Chap. LXXIX. 

been more disgracefully abused by him, to whom his sagacity, 
bravery, and a host of virtues are devoted with the uttermost 
abnegation of self. This animal, called Turk, was a thorough- 
bred bulldog, brown in colour, and thirty-six pounds in 
weight. A short time previous he had fought and killed 
a larger dog than himself, and the back of his head was much 
swollen and nearly scalped. Three dogs were slipped on the 
lion at once, and flew on his head witliout the slightest 
hesitation. "After about five minutes' fighting, the faUow- 
coloured dog was taken away, lame, and apparently much 
distressed, and the remaining two continued the combat 
alone." "In two or three minutes more, the second dog. 
Tiger, being dreadfully maimed, crawled out of the cage ; 
and the brown dog, Turk, which was the lightest of the 
three, but of admirable courage, went on fighting by himself. 
A most extraordinary scene then ensued : the dog, left entirely 
alone with an animal of twenty times its weight, continued 
the battle with unabated fury, and, though bleeding all over 
from the effect of the lion's claws, seized and pinned him by 
the nose at least half a dozen times ; when at length, 
releasing himself with a desperate effort, the lion flung his 
whole weight upon the dog, and held him lying between his 
fore paws for more than a minute, during which time he 
could have bitten his head off a hundred times over, but did 
not make the slightest effort to hurt him. Poor Turk was 
then taken away by the dog-keepers, grievously mangled but 
still alive, and seized the lion, for at least the twentieth 
time, the very same moment that lie was released from under 
him." 

The battle lasted eleven minutes, during the whole of 



Chap. LXXIX. DOG AND LION FIGHTS. 389 

which this dog displaj'ed the most unparalleled and dauntless 
bravery, though mangled, and reduced to a shocking state 
by deep -wounds of which he soon after died. It is to the 
credit of the spectators that they at last cried, " Shame ! take 
him away ! " but their mercy came too late to save the life of 
this unconquerable beast. 

During 1790, six large Hungarian mastiffs were pitted at 
once against a lion in the amphitheatre at Vienna, but they 
by no means evinced the possession of anything approaching 
the courage of the English breeds of fighting dogs. The lion 
set an example of humanity and generosity, which may have 
not been lost on those who witnessed the spectacle. 



390 THE DOG, Chap. LXXX. 



CHAPTEE LXXX. 



THE BULLDOG. 



npHE earliest mention of this species, met with by the 
author, is in the letter of Prestwick Eaton, of 1631-32, 
given at p. 305. It doubtless was originally a short-nosed 
mastiff as described by Houghton, and so bred, that his trun- 
cated muzzle and jaws might maintain a firmer gripe, and 
prevent the bull from swinging him off. Shakspere often 
mentions the mastiff, but the bulldog never. In course of 
time a fancy arose for a smaller breed ; perhaps owing to a 
desire to obtain the highest amount of courage united with 
the smallest amount of physical power : a sort of toy-dog of 
the day ; the most diminutive which could pin a bull. The 
animal has degenerated greatly; the disgusting abortions 
exhibited at tbe shows being deformities from foot to muzzle, 
mere caricatures of the original race, and totally incapable of 
coping with a veteran bull. This may be readily seen by 
comparing tbem with engravings of the dogs painted some 
twenty-five or fifty years or more back, such as the portraits 
of Wasp, Child, and Billy, by H. B. Chalon ; and of Young 
Storm and Old Storm, in the ' Sporting Magazine ' of Oct. 
1824. These two dogs weighed about 70 lbs. each, and had 
proved victorious in every battle. The father had twice 
killed his dog in the pit, and the son, only two years old, had 



Chap. LXXX. THE BULLDOG. 391 

fought four combats of over an hour each. An old work 
describes the bulldog as somewhat smaller than a mastiff, 
but in form nearly allied to it; the body robust, and the 
lips pendulous at the sides. 

The lowering eye, somewhat projecting, and heavy jaw ; 
broad, massive, round skull ; distended nostrils, and in some 
cases teeth constantly exposed; together with his deep, 
ample, and muscular chest, gave this redoubted and for- 
midable animal a terrific aspect not belied by his un- 
daunted courage and invincible obstinacy in combat. He 
rarely barked or even growled, but attacked in silence and 
in front — 

" The true-bred Masty shows not his teeth, nor opens. 
Till he bites "— 

the head, and particularly the lower jaw or lip, being his 
favourite points of assault, as is generally the case with the 
best fighting dogs. This was known to our greatest poet, who 
makes Aaron say, in ' Titus Andronicus ' — 

" That bloody mind, I thjnk, they learn'd of me, 
As true a dog as ever fought at head." 

The unconquerable tenacity of his hold is well known, and 
that the legs of these creatures have, by demons in a human 
shape, been amputated at the lower joint, and the indomitable 
animals have still fought on. Tliough the bulldog is often 
regarded merely as a sullen, ferocious savage, who doggedly 
follows closely the lumbering heels of a far more highly- 
developed ruffian than himself, — pondering, as he blinks his, 
perchance, only remaining eye, what next deed of violence he 
is to perpetrate, — nevertheless, he is generally an inoffensive 



392 THE DOG. Chap. LXXX. 

and quiet dog, good tempered, and harmless unless much 
provoked, though if fully roused he knows not half-measures, 
but prosecutes matters to a final issue. His ideas of friendship 
are in unison with those of Achilles — 

" A gen'rous friendsMp no cold medium knows, 
Burns with one love, witli one resentment glows ; 
One should our int'rests, and our passions be ; 
My friend must hate the man that injures me." 

The bulldog is indeed capable of strong affection, as the 
following anecdote, which the author heard narrated when 
admiring a noble painting of the dog by Opie, will prove. 

The Duke of , in his yearly journeys from Scotland to 

town and back to the north, was, for years, invariably ac- 
companied by a favourite animal of this breed, who always 
rode with him in his carriage. The dog, becoming aged, 
was in consequence at last replaced by a younger comrade, 
and his master departed without his old friend. The old 
dog, who had watched all the preparations for the journey, 
became at once dull and melancholy, refused his food, and 
pined away. Blaine, the celebrated veterinary surgeon, was 
called in, but could find no apparent cause for disease : at 
last he said, "Is there anything on the dog's mind?" The 
creature died, doubtless heartbroken, at bemg thus cast off 
by the object of his love. 

The ears of the bulldog are thin, and partly erect ; the 
coat smooth, and his tail tapers like a carrot grown in good 
deep soil; but the latter peculiarity probably was not a 
characteristic mark of the old race, for it is not so delineated 
by the admirable and incomparable Bewick. This speciality 
is sometimes increased among the modem fancy by artificial 



Chap. LXXX. THE BULLDOG. 393 

means. The colour, originally, was black or brindle,^ but 
white became fashionable. One puppy of a litter was usually 
tried by the breeders at a buU, to prove the stoutness of the 
breed. An anecdote Apropos of this used to be current in 
South Staffordshire. A sporting character, having a bulldog 
whelp, and being anxious to see if he possessed the instinctive 
property of his race, asked a friend to go on his knees and 
hands in the parlour and imitate the bellowing of a bull ; the 
whelp, let in and incited by his owner, flew on the friend and 
seized him by the nose. The latter, astonished and affrighted 
at the painful onslaught, roared for help, and endeavoured to 
choke off the assailant ; on which his entertainer, in an agony 
of apprehension for the future career of his 6lev&, exclaimed, 
in tones of mingled indignation and expostulation, " What, 
mon ! What ! Woot spoil the poop ? Let him taste the 
bleude, mon — let him taste the blende ! " 

Particular breeds of this animal were, not many years past, 
in high estimation. A near relation of the author, riding, 
when a young man about the year 1800, through Wednes- 
bury, in the before-mentioned county, heard the church-bells 
ringing, and inquired the cause of the toll-gate keeper. 
" Why," answered the man, " Old Sal's brought to bed ! " 
" Old Sal ? " replied my relative, " what do you mean ? who's 
Old Sal ? " « Old Sal ! Old Sal ! " reiterated the feUow with 
mingled astonishment and contempt ; " don't you know who 
Old Sal is ? " He then explained that she was a celebrated 
bull-bitch, who, though aged, had never borne puppies before, 
but now had just done so, and was safely delivered. When a 



" Her mouth was black as bulldogs at the stall." — Fo^e. 



394 THE DOG. Chap. LXXX. 

bitch does not have a litter till late in life (often the case 
with so artificial a race as highly-bred bulldogs), there is 
considerable danger of miscarriage or her dying in whelping 
— hence the rejoicing and ringing for "Old Sal." Women, 
in that mining district, have been known to suckle a bulldog 
puppy at their breasts, when the bitch has died : and a girl, 
a very nice girl too, has ridden a buU to be baited. This dog 
was also much in request for the base and degrading practice 
of dog-fighting ; a detestable vice, happily now much less in 
vogue than it was, but still practised in an unobtrusive way 
much more than many think. Some noblemen even took 
pleasure therein. 

Lord Camelford's renowned dog Belcher fought 104 
battles, and never met defeat. He belonged successively 
to Humphreys, Johnson, and Ward, the prize-fighters; the 
latter sold him to Mr. Mellish for twenty guineas, who 
exchanged him with Lord Camelford for a favourite gun 
and a brace of pistols, valued at 84 guineas. This dog was 
said to know a brave from a timorous man. 

In the ' Sporting Magazine ' of 1825 are such accounts as 
this : — 

"Dog Fighting. 

" The Westminster Pit was crowded on Tuesday evening, 
Jan. 18, with all the dog-fanciers in the metropolis, to witness 
a battle between the celebrated dog Boney and a black 
novice called Gas, lately introduced to the lancy by Charley, 
to \vhom the dog belongs. The stakes were forty sovereigns, 
and everything was arranged to the satisfaction of the 
amateurs. The pit was lighted with an elegant chandelier, 



Chap. LXXX. THE BULLDOG. 395 

and a profusion of waxlights. The dogs were brought to 
the scratch at eight o'clock in excellent condition, and were 
seconded by their respective masters. Boney was the favourite 
at 3 to 1, and so continued till within ten minutes of the 
termination of the contest — a confidence arising solely from 
his known bottom ; for to the impartial spectator, Gas took 
the lead throughout. The battle lasted an hour and fifty 
minutes, when Boney was carried out insensible. He was 
immediately bled and put in a warm bath. There were 
nearly 300 persons present." 

But the lion-fight at Warwick aifords a more wonderful 
instance of the indomitable valour of the animal. The bull- 
terrier superseded the pure bulldog for the combats of 
the pit. The former, possessing much more quickness, 
consequently got the first hold, an important point, as all 
experienced fighters have a favourite place for attack. He 
also has greater strength of jaw than the degenerate modern 
so-called bulldogs, while he displays nearly the same tenacity 
of gripe ; not shifting, unless for a better. " Sir," said a 
sporting coachman to us some years ago, going down to 
Chatham, "I've seen all London, from the Italian Opera- 
house down to the Westminster dog-pit, and a thoroughbred 
bulldog can't bite through a pound of butter."' In 'The 
Ladies' Travels into Spain,' written about 1680, we see that 
our dogs were imported into that country. "If the bulls 
defend themselves too long, and that the King would have 
others come out, they turn loose some English dogs ; these 



1 "Those that baye tumed-up noses are weak in the mouth." — Xenophm. 



396 THE DOG. Chap. LXXX. 



are not so big as is generally seen there, but 'tis a breed 
something like those the Spaniards carry'd into the Indies 
when they conquer 'd them ; they are small and low, but so 
strong, that, when they once seize the throat, you may sooner 
cut them in pieces than make them let go their hold. They 
are very frequently kill'd ; the bull takes them upon his 
horns, and tosses them up in the air like foot-balls." From 
the period of the Eoman Empire to our own times, no 
country has produced such dogs as our own. Byron, writing 
to John Murray, from Eavenna, in 1820, remarked, " The 
bulldogs will be very agreeable. I have only those of this 
country, who, though good, have not the tenacity of tooth 
and stoicism of endurance of my canine fellow-citizens : then 
pray send them by the readiest conveyance." 

Smart, the poet, who died in 1771, after suffering the 
accumulated miseries of poverty, disease, and insanity, 
wrote : — 

" Well, of all dogs, it stands oonfess'd, 
Your English bulldogs are the best ; 
I say it, and will set my hand to 't ; 
Cambden records it, and I'll stand to 't." 

Lovibond, also, in his poem on ' Eural Sports,' says : — 

" A yet ignobler band is guarded round 

With dogs of war — the spurning bull their prize ; 
And now he bellows, humbled to the ground ; 
And now they sprawl in bowlings to the skies." 

The old 'Sporting Magazine' records that, in 1797, a 
little dog following a cart was carried away by the Tweed, 
at Kelso, during a heavy flood. A large bulldog earnestly 
for some time watched him vainly struggling with the violence 



Chap. LXXX. THE BULLDOG. 397 

of the torrent, and then, plunging in, with difficulty brought 
him to the bank. On another occasion, being teazed by a 
cur, he grasped him by the neck, carried him into the 
middle of the riyer, and there leaving him, returned un- 
concernedly to the shore. There is besides, somewhere in 
that periodical, a very graphic description, written by the 
owner, of one of these champions. Cuvier affirms that 
the cerebral capacity of this species is sensibly smaller than 
that of any other kind j but this, and the statement that his 
intelligence is less than that of all other breeds, must apply 
only to the present monstrosities, and dregs, of this almost 
extinct tribe. Among those who pass for judges of dogs are 
some persons who do not perceive that when the points, 
or marks gf a peculiar breed, are carried to excess, they 
become deformities ; and thus commendation is not un- 
frequently bestowed on bulldogs, spaniels, and terriers, who 
are nothing more than useless and helpless artificial creations, 
violating the laws of nature both as to beauty and utility. 
They are malformations. Mayhew, in his humane and able 
work on ' The Management of the Dog,' teUs us that the 
complaint of the falling of the vagina is more common with 
high-bred bull-bitches than other dogs, though it may partly 
arise from confinement. This author also states that the 
bulldog is too fond, and even that it will fondle any stranger, 
though it displays little preference to its master, and that its 
temper is so uncertain that upon the slightest excitement it 
win fly on the hand that caresses it. With all deference for 
this admired writer, we are disposed in some measure to 
doubt the applicability of the .latter observation to the breed 
generally, at least to the genuine race. That race is 



398 THE DOG. Chap. LXXX. 

descended from the ancient line of mastiffs, to whom the 
lines of an old author, describing warlike dogs, may be well 
applied. They seized the bold bull, and slew the ferocious 
boar, neither did the majestic lion them intimidate. Large 
of body, high of stature, broad of back, tawny of colour, and 
horrible of aspect, over their ilaming, fierce, and fiery eyes 
and massive jaws the skin hung. Not swift, their force 
was within ; but simple and strong, animated with hearts 
audacious, and blind to every danger, they vehemently and 
hardily assailed all wild beasts. 

Gay has well hit off the old fighting dog of his own 
day:— 

" A Mastiff of true English blood 

Lov'd fighting better than his food ; 

Ho glory'd in his limping pace, 

The scars of honour seam'd his face ; 

In ev'ry limb a gash appears, 

And frequent fights retvench'd his ears." 

But a story the author once heard of a bulldog rather 
corroborates the opinion as to the uncertainty of disposition 
attributed to them by the able writer before quoted ; and 
which is a marked characteristic of the large mongrel breed 
of dogs which usually pass current as Newfoundlands, what- 
ever it may be with the former. A certain person of some- 
what nervous temperament often desired to possess a bulldog 
as a guard for his house from thieves, and he at last succeeded 
in purchasing what he was assured was a pure specimen. If 
ugliness was a guarantee for purity, he had indeed high 
testimonials, and carried continually about with him perpetual 
letters of introduction. His new master took the animal to 
his own room on retiring for the night, who in the course 



Chap. LXXX. CONCLUSION. 399 

of it established his quarters on the bed. His owner, on 
awaking in the morning at his usual hour, found him couched 
at the foot, and proceeded to throw off the clothes and get 
up. No sooner, however, did he more, than his new purchase, 
who had been watching him with great attention through 
his nearly closed eyelids, slowly opened one, and from his 
capacious throat emitted a portentous growl. On this 
his proprietor remained still, looking with some trepidation 
on his new ally ; but after a little time, as the dog kept 
perfectly motionless, he imagined it was nothing, and made 
another morement towards rising. Immediately did his late 
acquisition unclose the other eye, and give forth a second, a 
deeper, and a fiercer growl. Convinced now, that mistake 
there was none, the unhappy man remained in a bodily, but 
not mental state of quietude, afraid even to reach at the 
beU-rope ; until the servant, wondering at his master's delay, 
came to the door, and, learning how matters stood, got a piece 
of meat, and with it succeeded in coaxing Bully from the 
room. 

In conclusion, the author can truly say, that, if this im- 
perfect work shall be, though only in a small degree, the 
means of inducing kinder, juster, and more considerate treat- 
ment of the gallant and gentle animal who forms the subject 
of its pages, he will reflect on his labours with pure and 
unalloyed satisfaction, and regard them as an expiation of his 
own shortcomings towards these most faithful of servants 
and sincere and enduring of friends. Many a peaceful and 
secure repose has the knowledge of their unceasing vigilance 
and incorruptible fidelity ensured him. Living under canvas. 



4CX3 THE DOG. Chap. LXXX. 

and surrounded by unfriendly men in remote districts, the 
implicit reliance placed on their protection has made him lie 
down in perfect tranquillity. Their aifection has soothed 
moments of unhappiness — their unfeigned welcome cheered 
many a return. K broken by sickness, or foiled by fortune, 
their warmth failed not — theirs was no half-faced fellowship, 
no cold medium — his friends were their friends ; his enemies 
their enemies. Reader, fare-^Aee-well! and mayest thou 
possess. a human friend as true, sincere, firm, gentle, and 
enduring as that affectionate and self-sacrificing creature for 
whom this work has endeavoured to enlist thy sympathies. 



( 401 ) 



INDEX. 



The Eornan numerals indicate the volumes, the Arabic numerals the pajes. 



A. 

Abbots, priors, and otlier churolunen, 
their privileges and restrictions rela- 
tive to the chase, ii, 3, 4. 10, 11. 36- 
38. 

A Becket, Thomas, ii, 38. 

AoHEEN, dog-loving and drunken pro- 
pensities of the Mug of, ii, 305. 

Addison on the dog, i, 329. On Sir 
Eoger de Coverley's hounds, ii, 339, 
340. 

Aekiai, dogs, ii, 279. 

Afkica, uselessness of English dogs in, 
i, 300. Details regarding the native 
dogs, see Baldwin, Mr. Burohell. 

Aglionbt on the Puerto Bico dogs, i, 
318-320. 

AoBiPPA, Cornelius, and his dog, i, 131. 
A ' Stygian pug,' ibid, note. 

Alans, Alaunts, &c, breed and charac- 
ter of dogs anciently so called, ii, 80- 
84.116-118. 

Albanian dogs a match for lions and 
elephants, i, 190, 191. 

Alcoc!k, Sir Rutherford, on the ' run-a- 
muck' tendencies of the Japanese 
Samourai, i, 280. Incidents accom- 
panying the burial of his Scotch 
terrier, 282. 

Alexander the Great, and the lion- 
kiUing dogs, i, 190, 191. 285. 

Alfred the Great (Elfred), his early 
proficiency as a hunter, i, 348. 350. 

Alleyn, Edward, founder of Dulwich 
College, and his partner Henslow, 
their bear-garden, ii, 196. Office 
purchased by them, 197. Their peti- 

VOL. II. 



anecdotes. 

tion for Sunday bear-baitings, 198- 
200. Terms of theii- patent, 200. 
A bull-baiter's letter to Alleyn, 202. 
Items of cost of his bear-garden, 204. 
Combat between his dogs and a lion, 
209-211. 

Altamont, earl of, breed of dogs pos- 
sessed by, ii, 361. 

Amidas, king of Tunis, barbarous prac- 
tice of, i, 194. 

Andaman islanders, dogless and god- 
less, i, 284. 

Andeonious the tyrant and his guar- 
dian-dog, i, 191. 

Anecdotes of dogs : the prisoner's dog, 
i, 94, 95. Life saved by a formerly 
shipwrecked dog, 96-98. A bull- 
terrier improving upon his experi- 
ence, 98, 99. ' His friend the spaniel, 
100. A white setter and his truant 
freak, 100. Faulty reasoning of a 
school-dog, 101 , 102. The Australian 
dog and the lost saddle, 102. A 
dog's consciousness of his master's 
approaching death, lOSi A dead 
sportsman discovered by the cries of 
bis dogs, 103, 104. Conduct of a 
strange dog towards a dead rider, 
105. Dog funeral-mourners, 105, 106. 
130. Newfoundland dog and his lost 
master, 108. A decapitated queen's 
dog, i, 115. Neighbours called in to 
his dead mistress by a dog, 116. 
Dead soldiers guarded on the battle- 
field by their dogs, 117-1 19. Timely 
services of a dog to his invalid master, 
120. A nobleman saved from fire 
and a prince from his enemies by the 
sagacity of their dogs, 120-122. A 
cat rescued and nursed by a dog, 
122, 123. The terrier that found a 

2 D 



402 



THE DOG. 



friend for a starving pointer and her 
litter, 123-126. ' Poul-weather," a 
poetic account of a. rescued crew, 
126-128. Church and chapel going 
dogs, 131, 132. Course taken by an 
excommunicated bloodhound, 132, 
]33. A lapdog at prayers, 133, 134. 
Dog and robin, 134. A parent-dog's 
philoprogenitivenesB, 135. Dogs find- 
ing their way home by unkno-wn 
roads, 135-138. Message-and-letter- 
carrying dogs, 146-149. 167. A 
Newfoundland dog under surgical 
operations, 150-153. After-conduct 
of a repentant cat-killer, 171, 172. 
A nurse-hiring mother, 172. The 
surgeon's dog, ' Strike and I bite,' 172, 
173. A time-measuring pointer, 173. 
Cause of jealousy in a child-loving 
dog ; his generosity on a special occa- 
sion, 173, 174. Fatal mistake of an 
Arras mastiff, 175. Miscellaneous 
anecdotes, proverbs, &o, 178-180. 205. 
An Irish beggar's dog, 331. Fruitless 
heroism of Prince Owen's dog, ii, 
19. A faithful watcher of his dead 
master, 20. Murders detected and 
avenged by greyhounds, 101-106. 
How ' Trueman ' detected a gang of 
marauders, 180-182. Anecdote illus- 
ti'ative of the power of scent, 183. 
Behaviour of a dog whose master fell 
into a deep ditch, 242. Sir John 
Harington's dog ' Bungey,' 255-258. 
Use made of a king's dog, 293. A 
wholesale killer and burier of cats, 
355. Death of a dog from a broken 
heart, 392. Vagaries of a Kelso bull- 
dog, 396, 397. A master made pri- 
soner by his dog, 398, 399. See 
Dogs. Eccentricity. Sagacity. 

Aneuein, ancient Celtic poet, on dogs, 
i, 857. 

Anglo-Saxon' kings, their love for the 
chase, forest-laws, &c, i, 348-350. 
Narrow escape of one of them, 350. 
Dialogue with a king's hunter, 351. 
Extracts from charters and laws, ca- 
nonical injunctions, &c, 353-356. 

Ann of Denmark, queen of James I, 
instances of the king's consideration 
for, ii, 294, 295. 

Annand House, a border-garrison, ii, 
159. 

Apollo, Boy de Leonnois, his queen 



and his dog, legend of, ii, 70. 101- 

108. 
Akaeian bitch, story of an, i, 182. 

African Arab hunters, 31 0. 
Archbishop, a gamekeeper shot by an, 

ii, 294. 

Aeotic regions, dogs in the, see Esqui- 
maux dogs. Hayes. Kane. M'Clin- 
tock. Sledge dogs. Wrangell, 

Aegus, the dog of Ulysses, i, 5-8, 13. 
ii, 257. 

Aeiosto's Orlando Purioso : passages 
relating to dogs from Harington's 
translation, ii, 259-262. 

Aeistotle's notion relative to hydro- 
phobia, i. 201. 

Abmesteangb, Johne, and his "xlviii 
maist nobil theivis," ii, 162. 

Arundel, earl of (temp. Hen. II and 
III), results of his quarrels with the 
bishops, ii, 36, 37. See 292. 

Ashbotjen, bull-baiting at, ii, 364. 

Athens, forced abandonment of the 
dogs at, i, 10, 11. 

Atkinson, Mrs, on Tartar preference of 
dogs before women, i, 2'75. 

AuBEEY OE MouNDYDiEE, tlie murderer 
of, brought to justice by his dog, ii, 
104^106. 

Austealian native dogs, i, 294. Their 
ravages among flocks, 295. Pecu- 
liarity of their skulls, 296. How 
destroyed, 297. Specimens in Eng- 
land, 345. 

Avon river, Hants, its ancient name, ii, 
83. 



Babylon, dogs of, i, 284. 

' Baobytees ' and their canine parallels, 
ii, 93. 

Bacon, lord, on a doggish instinct, ii, 
282. 

Badger-drawing dogs, ii, 251-253. 
Balcheisty coursing club and its 
famous hare, i. 85. 

Baldwin, archbishop, ii, 19. 
Baldwin, Mr, African traveller, his 
reception by the native curs, i, 300. 



INDEX. 



403 



One of his party ' in a hole,' 301. 
His verdict on the Kaffirs : ' Poor 
Gyp,' 302. 

Bai-iol, Edward, king of Scotland, le- 
gend of the great stag-chase of, i, 
204^206. 

Banbubt bull-ring, anciently a Eoman 
amphitheatre, ii, 365. 

Bandos, or tie-dog, why so called, ii, 
223. Described by Dr. Gains, 225. 
Characterised by Shakspere, 275. 
Cotgrave'a definition, 321. De- 
sirable points in the bandog, 340. 
See Mastiffs. 

Bankes, Eichard, partridge-taker to 
Charles II, ii, 349. 

Barbouk's poem ' The Bruce ' : descrip- 
tion of a pursuit by bloodhounds, ii, 
85-90. 

Baelo, bishop of St. Asaph, on the 
state of the Borders, ii, 167. 

Bahlow's " Severall wayes of hunting, 
hawMng, and fishing," ii, 352. 

Basche, or Bagsche, the king's hound, 
the " Complaynt " of, i, 37-45. 84. 
See Lyndsay. 

Batent, Sir Eobert de, falconer to 
Edw. I, his wages and fees, ii, 54. 

Bbaconsbteld parishioners, their be- 
haviour at church in 1624, ii, 208 
note. 

Beagle, Shakspere's mention of the, ii, 
273. Use of the name by James I, 
301. "May be carried in a man's 
glove," 323. Mitten-beagle, 330. Sir 
Eoger de Coverleys beagles, 339. 
Possible error of Addison's, 340. T)ie 
little beagle, 343. See ii, 14. 51 
■note. 313. 

Beab-baiting and bear-gardens : the 
sport in 1174, ii, 18. A Sunday 
amusement, 146. 195. 197. 208. Plays 
prohibited on bear-baiting days, 192. 
A "Queast of Bearz," 193, 194. 
Eoyal bear-baitings, 197. Hentzner's 
description of the modus operandi, 
207. Bear versus Mon, horse and 
dogs, 213. One baited to death, 214. 
Shaksperian allusions, 269. Charles I 
and the sport, 316. Bear-keeper's 
pay, 350. Pepys at the bear-garden, 
353. Doings at Broughton's amphi- 



EIRDS. 

theatre, 359. See ii, 332. See also 
AUeyn. 

Beaflieu Abbey, dog - protecting 
charter granted to, ii, 10, 11. 

Beckpord on Hunting, ii, 339. 

' Belcher,' the famous bulldog, ii, 394. 

Belisarius duke of Nerito, i, 194. 

Bellai, cardinal du, Anne Boleyn's 
gift to, ii, 189.. 

Bellenden, John, his term for grey- 
hound, ii, 71. On " Syndry Scottis 
Doggis," 170. , 

Bellingham, lord deputy, cause of his 
reproach to merchant Hancock, ii, 
189. 

Belou, William, characteristic petition 
of, ii, 314^316. 

Beroelet, or bertelet, derivation of the 

word, ii, 21. 50 note. 
Bebicotb manor, service annexed to 

the tenure of, ii, 17. 
Bebnaks, meaning of the word, ii, 27 

note. 

Bernbrs, dame Juliana, on the doom 
of the greyhound, i, 84. On the 
" propritees of a good grehound," ii, 
136. ySceli, 71. 

Bernbrs, lord, ii, 72. 

Bbetelet, see Bercelet. 

Berwick, complaints laid before the 
Commissioners of, ii, 160. 

Beth Gelbbt, "W. E. Spencer's ballad 
of, i, 45-49. Historical and topo- 
graphical associations connected witli 
the tradition, 49-51. 

Beverley, a Sunday bear-baiter turning 
the tables upon a churchgoer at, ii, 
146. 

Bewick, Thomas, anecdote of a sheep- 
dog by, i. 164, 165. On the habits 
of dogs passing through strange 
places, 165. On a great stag-chase, 
206. On the kibble-hound, ii, 141 
note. His delineation of the bandog 
and the bulldog, 341. 392. 

Bielfbld, baron, on English sports, ii, 
360. 

Birds of Diomedes, their discrimina- 
tion between Greeks and barbarians, 
i, 185. 

2 D 2 



404 



THE DOG. 



Bishops, continental, in old time, why 
forbidden to keep dogs or bu-ds of 
prey, ii, 36. 

Blacklook, Thomas, the blind poet, i, 
64. Two of his poems on dogs, 68, 
69. 

Blaok-mail, what it was, and when de- 
clared illegal, ii, 165. See 168. 

Blagrave, Edward, offence charged 
against and penalty inflicted on, ii, 
12. 

BsjAINe, veterinary surgeon, on the 
death of a duke's dog, ii, 892. 

Blakemokb Forest, Dorset, ii, 32. 

Blathekwykb, William de, or de Fox- 
humte, hunter to Edw. I, ii, 44. His 
yarious wages, fees, &o, 46-48. 

BiLATET, le sieur, a, modem Orpheus, i, 
176. 

Blaze, Elzear, anecdote of Pope and 

his dog related by, i, 13. 
Blind Habbt's poetical version of -the 

pursuit of Wallace by a bloodhound, 

ii, 90, 91. 

Bloodhounlis : called also lime hounds, 
limiers, sleuth, or slough hounds, 
ratches: alternative adopted by an 
excommunicated churehgoing one, i, 
132, J33. Earliest mention of these 
dogs, ii, 39. Their ofBce in a French 
pack, 60. 249. Poetical accounts of 
their use in pursuit of Bruce and 
Wallace, 85-92. Correspondence rela- 
tive to the desire of James V. of Scot- 
land and Queen Margaret to possess 
horse-riding bloodhounds (rafohee), 
148-155. Need for them in Scotland 
in olden time, 156 et seq. Various 
authors on their uses, way of going to 
work, power of scent, &c. 170-173. 
State regulations for employing them 
on the borders, 173-175. Pictures of 
the dog in verse and prose by Somer- 
ville, Scott, and other poets, 175-179. 
Peculiarity ascribed to him, 179. Dis- 
covery by one of a gang of poachers 
and sheep-stealers, 180-182. Boyle's 
remarks on their scenting powers and 
proofs of same, 182-184. Dr. Gains 
" of the dogge called a bloudhounde," 
234-236. Shakspere's only allusion, 
275. Wase on the animal, 345. See 
ii, 33 note. 49 note. 239 note. 288. 

Blount on dogs, ii, 5 note. 21. 



BUCKHOCNDS. 

BoAB hunting and baiting, ii, 17. 34. 

297. 304, 305. 
BoEOE, Hector, on hunting, ii, 147. On 

"syndry Scottis doggis," 170, T71. 

See ii, 172. 230. 231. 
BoiLLiEU, see De Boillieu. 

BoLETN, Anne, her gift to cardinal du 
Bellai, ii, 189. 

BoNNT Heck, last dying words of, i, 
86-89. 

BoRDEEEHS and mosstroopers, their, ra- 
vages, and efforts made to subjugate 
them, ii, 156-169. 171. 178-177. 

BouBNE, Giordie, mossti'ooper, confes- 
sion of enormities by, ii, 163. 

BoTLE, Eobert, on bloodhounds, ii, 182- 
184. 

Boxing matches, a word on behalf of, ii, 
376. 

Bkach, or braoheta, derivation and ex- 
planations of the word, ii, 17 n-ote. 21. 
272. 

Bbat manor, privilege claimed by the 
tenants of, ii, 13. 

Bbidunston Priory, privilege granted 

to the canons of, ii, 2. 
Bbttons, dogs of the, notices by ancient 

authors, i, 345-348. See Wales. 

Beooas, William, master of buckhounds 
to Henry "VI, ii, 71. His petition to 
the king and answer thereto, 130-132. 

Bbodeeip's notion concerning wolves 
and arctic dogs, i, 239. 

Beoushton's amphitheatre, bear and 
tiger baited at, ii, 359. 

Bboxjit, John, ' bareward ' to Kichard III, 
ii, 134. 

Bbowne, Sir Heniy, cockmaster to 
Charles I, ii, 350. 

Beownisg, Elizabeth Barrett, her poems 
on her dog Flush, i, 59-64. 

Beuoe, Robert, allowance of gi'oyhounds 
to the imprisoned wife of, ii, 52. 
Poetic account of his pursuit by 
bloodhounds, 85-90. 92. 345. 

Buokhounbs, royal packs of, ii, 129. 303. 
348. Petition, in 1449, of a master, 
130. Answer thereto, 131. Miscel- 
laneous particulars concerning him 
and other masters and hounds, 132- 
135. 



INDEX. 



405 



BUCKINGHAM. 

BuoKiNSHAM, George Villiers, first duke 
of, doggy name bestowed by James I 
on, ii, 301. 

Bdenos Ayres, wild dogs of, i, 31G. 
Native mode of deati-oying them, 317. 
Their ravages among cattle, Md. 

BmssoN, Dr, on a remedy for hydro- 
phobia, i, 199, 200. 

BLiLL-BAirma, a Sunday sport, ii, 146. 
Practised before royalty, 191. Notice 
by foreigners, 207. Particular ac- 
counts of, and brutalities practised in 
the sport, 356, 357. 363-366. Dicta 
of Perkins and Dr. Parr, 361, 362. 
Unsuccessful effort to abolish it, 366, 
367. When, and by whose exertions, 
put an end to, 368. A village dia- 
logue on the subject, 368-373. Par- 
takers of the sport, 374. Bill Gib- 
bons's bull, 875. See Bear-baiting. 

BunDoa, first oocurrence of the name 
of, ii, 306. 390. Karily of the bull- 
baiting dog, 374. Fight of lions and 
bulldogs, 387-389. Degeneracy of 
the breed, 390. Characteristics of the 
genuine animal, 391. A touching 
anecdote, 392. Anecdotes of another 
character: a young eleve: Old Sal, 

393. Exploits of the dog Belcher, 

394. A famous dog-fight, ihid. Dog 
and lion : dogs in Spain : poetical 
eulogies : 395, 396. Water feats, 396, 
397. A master made prisoner by his 
dog, 398, 399. 

BuEOEELL, Mr, African traveller, on the 
usefulness and fidelity of the dog, i, 
303-305. On the nurture and capa- 
bilities of, and afiection of the natives 
for, their greyhounds, 305-310. 

BuNSEY, a famous dog, see Harington. 

BuNTAN, John, his denunciation of dog- 
keeping, ii, 377. 

Bdkghley, lord, gout-remedy recom- 
mended to, ii, 219. Thanking Leices- 
ter for a hound, 'ihid. Letters to him, 
220. 

Bukgh-tipon-Sahds church ; state of the 
times indicated by its architecture, ii, 
156. 

BtJBNS, Eobert, on the dog's devotion to 
man, i, 64, 65. Origin of his poem of 
' The Twa Dogs,' 65. The poem, 66. 
His dog Thurlow, 67- Fondness for 
animals, 68. 



CANTEKBUBY. 

BuBY St. Edmunds, barbarous cruelty 

to a bull at, ii, 366. 
Butlek's ' Hudibras,' passages from : 

Cornelius Agrippa's dog, i, 131 note. 

Bear-baiting tactics, ii, 194. Eecog- 

nition of their foes by dogs and cats. 

283. BuU-baitmg in Staffordshire, 

364 note. 

Byeost, lord, and his dog Boatswain, i, 

24. End of and epitapli on the dog, 

25. Boatswain's treatment of Gilpin, 
another dog, 27. His lines on the 
Pariah dogs of the East, 313. A 
criticism on Soiithey and a practical 
illustration, 339. His requisition for 
English bulldogs, ii, 396. 



Cadwalladon, fratricide committed by, 
defence of the victim by his dog, ii, 

Cairo, see Egypt. 

Oaius, Dr, his treatise De canilms An- 
glieis, ii, 222. On the 'mastive or 
baudogge,' and other dogs, 225-229. 
His list of English dogs, and their 
distinctive points, 283, 234. On 
bloodhounds, 235. Terriers, 236. 
Gasehounds, 237. Greyhounds, 238. 
Limiers, 239. Tumblers, 240. A 
'Tyncker's cur,' 241-243. Iceland 
cui-s, 243. ' A newe kinde of dogge,' 
244.' 

Camden, William, reference to Beth 
GSlert by, i, 50. On greyhounds, ii, 
361. 

Camelfobd, lord, his famous bulldog, 
ii, 394. 

Cameeaeius, poems and stories from, i, 
90. 130. 185-195. 322-826. ii, 221. 

Campbell, Thomas, poetic reference to 
the bloodhound by, ii, 179. 

Campbell, Col. Walter, on the Nicobar 
Island dogs, i, 284. On the South 
Indian dog, 287. 

Canine madness, see Hydrophobia. 

Canteebuey archbishopric, number of 
parks and chases once attached fo, ii, 
36. An archbishop shooting a game- 
keeper, 294. 

Canteebuey Bulstake, ii, 126. 865. 



4o5 



THE DOG. 



Candte's game laws, i, 373-375. 

Cakey, ranger of Marybone park, his 
wages, &c, ii, 348. See Gary. 

Oaeleton, Dudley, on baiting in more 
senses than one, ii, 208. 

Cabtbret, Miss, burlesque of a poem 
on, i, 54, 55. 

Cartwkight, George, explorer of La- 
brador, story of a lost traveller and 
his dog by, i, 107, 108. His enor- 
mous appetite, 109. Character of his 
book, 110. Anecdotes and fate of 
the Esquimaux brought by him to 
England, 110, 111. Keoeption of 
himself and their sole survivor by 
the natives on his return with her, 
11 1-113. His verses on their virtues, 
114. 

Caky, EUzabeth, her petition on behalf 
of her son Peter bitten by ' Cupid,' 
ii, 351. 

Caby, Kobert, afterwards earl of Mon- 
mouth, on the doings of borderers 
and mosstroopers, ii, 163, 164. 166. 
See Carey. 

Cat rescued from wanton cruelty, and 
nursed to recovery by a dog, i, 122, 
123. Companionship of cats with 
dogs, 132, 133. Eepeutance of a dog 
for killing one, 171, 172. Parallel 
by a French writer between the two, 
177. A cat-killing and burying dog, 
ii, 355. 

Cattle - destroying dogs of Buenos 
Ayres, i, 317. 

Chabade, by Person, i, 89. 

Chaeles I, his reason for preferring 
gi-eyhounds to spaniels, i, 10. His 
attempt relative to the forest laws, 
ii, 11. Hia and his queen's dogs, and 
dog ofBcers, regulations concerning 
same, &c, 309-312. Petition of an 
ill-used servant, 314. His love for 
bearbaiting and wUd animals, 316. 

Chabuss n, his staff of dog and bird 
keepers, bear masters, &c, ii, 348-350. 
His fondness for lapdogs, Cupid's 
misbehaviour, and Widow Carey's 
petition, 350, 351. 

Chaeles IX of Prance, on St. Louis' 
staghounds, i, 200. His battue of 
protestants, ii, 247. 

Chaem against canine madness, ii, 253. 



COLESHILL. 

Chaucer, Geoffrey, ii, 71. 97. Viirious 
notices of dogs in his ' Cauterbmy 
Tales,' 77-81. 

Cheetsbt monastery, privileges of the 
chase granted to, ii, 4. 

Chevy Chase, origin of the famous ad- 
venture of, ii, 166. 

CmOHESTEB, bishop of, excommunicates 
a poaching earl, ii, 37. 

Children and dogs, i, 203. 241. 242 
note. 

Chinese pariah dogs, their loathsome- 
ness and uses, i, 272-274. Their 
treatment of an Englishman in 
Chinese attu-e, 276. Hunting dogs, 
277. 

Chippewayan dog-superstition, i, 289. 

Chceoh-and-chapel-going dogs, i, 131, 
132. A high -church dog letting 
himself down, 132, 133. 

Cicero's deduction fi-om the natural 
endowments of dogs, i, 203. Hia 
penalty for dogs that bark in the day- 
time, ii, 226. 

Clamobgan, Jean de, on Alans, ii, 84. 
On the wolf, 253. 

Clandoueus, see Clovis. 

Clavel, John de, fine inflicted on, ii, 
41. 

Claydon, Sir W. de, forest-complaint 
against, ii, 5. Suspended from office, 6. 

Clifeobd, Lord, evading a royal demand 
for his 'verie fleete hound,' ii, 300, 
301. 

Clovis, Clodoveus, or Clandoueua, re- 
ply of king Apollo to, ii, 70. Crime 
for -which he put his son to death, 
101-183. 

CocKAiNE, Sir Thomas, on the training 
of foxhounds and the conduct of a fox 
hunt, ii, 141-143. 

Cockeighting a regal amusement, ii, 

350. 
Coke, Sir Edward, on the number of 

royal forests, temip, Chas. I, ii, 12. 

On a certain royal privilege, 37. His 

dictum relative to the otter, 41. 

Cole's dog, proverbs relating tn, i, 178, 
179. 

Coleshill Wood, Elintshire, tragic in- 
cident in, ii, 20. 



INDEX. 



407 



COLERIDGE. 

CoLEEiDGE and Oartwright'a book, i, 

110. 
Collars of pet dogs in olden time, ii, 

134, 135. 
Colleges, exemptions granted to, ii, 8. 

CoLLiNSON, captain, his eulogium on an 
Esquimaux dog, 222. 

Columbus, regions where dogs were 

found by, i, 208. 
' Common Hunt ' of the City of London, 

nature of his ofBoe, &c, ii, 217, 218. 

CoMPTON, Sir Thomas, and lord, liis 
duties relative to the royal hounds, 
ii, 287. 291. 310. 

CoNETS, see Babbits. 

CoNWAT, lord, oflSces imposed by kings 
James and Charles upon, relative to 
their love of the chase, ii, 292. 300. 
309. 

CooKHAM town, privileges claimed by 
the tenants of, ii, 13. 

Corbet, Peter, king's wolf-killer, ii, 40. 

Corbet, Thomas, king's falconer, his 
wages, &c, ii, 55. 

Cormorants, ii, 297. A discussion 

concerning the king's coi-morant- 

keeper, 298. A nonagenarian keeper 

petitioning for restoration to his office, 

348. 
Cosmo III, Grand Duke, on Irish 

wolves, ii, 352. 
CoTGBAVE, Eaudle, lexicographer, on 

the varieties of the Allan, ii, 83. 

Passages relative to dogs, dog-similes 

and proverbs, various kinds of dogs, 

&c, 319-321. 
Cotton, sergeant, speaking too &eely 

in the presence of a sneak, ii, 298, 

299. 
Coursing, Sir Walter Scott on, i, 83-86. 

The sport poetically described, ii, 281. 

Lands fittest for it, training of the 

dogs, &c, 331-335. Its laws, teinp. Q. 

Eliz. 270. 336-338. Law given to 

the hare, 339. The sport in Addison's 

days, 339, 340. 
Cowley, Abraham, i, 57. 
Cowtek's stoiy of the dog and the water 

lily, i, 78. 
CRAB-oatchiug dogs of Puerto Bico, i, 

319, 



DAWBENEY. 

Ceabbe, George, his portraiture of Fang 
the miser's dog, i, 52, 53, On the 
virtues of the dog, 54. 

Obanboubne, lord, ' the king's beagle,' 
ii, 301. 

Cries to dogs in old times, ii, 124. 249. 
jSee Cry. 

Obomwell, Hemy, 'honest and hatless,' 
i,7. 

.Cromwell, Oliver, outwitting a couple of 
mastiffs, i, 267. His uncle's gift to 
James I, 300. His famous dog and 
presumed love for the chase, 348. 

' Cry oe hounds,' meaning, and figura- 
tive use of the words, ii, 272 note. 
See Cries. 

Cunningham, Allan, on Bums's dog, i, 
67. 

Curtail, or curtail dog, why so called, 
ii, 275. Poetical allusions, 276. 282. 

CusTiNE, Madame de, on the relative 
virtues of dogs and cats, i, 177. 

CuviEK on the cerebral capaoily of the 

bulldog, ii, 397. 
' Oykegeticon,' see Gratius. 



Dacee oe the South, lords, ii, 82. 
Danvebs, Sir Jolm, and his dog, i, 123. 
Danvees, William, huntsman to 

Edw, III, manorial service rendered 

by, ii, 43. 133. 
Daelaston bull-bait, ii, 373; 
Daebell, Sir Sampson, why fined for 

building a mill on his own ground, 

ii, 13. 
Daeeington, or Dorington, Sir John, 

queen's bear-master, ii, 196. 197. 198. 

Purport of his commission, 200. 

Davenant, Sir William, on the lime- 
hound, ii, 346. 

Davies, James, bear-gardeu set up by, 
ii, 350. 

Davis, John, yeoman of buckhounds, 
his wages, ii, 350. 

Davis, Sir J. F, on Chinese dogs, i, 
277. 

Dawbeney, Sir Giles, ' maister of the 
herthunds,' ii, 134. 



Dawson, Eobert, on the AuBtralian 
dog, i, 294-296. 

Db Boillieb, anecdotes of Labrador 
dogg by, i, 104, 105. 155. 

Deeb and red deer, ii, 13. 34. 35. 284. 
305. 352. 

Deeehotjnds, see Buokhounds. Stags. 

Denmabk, fidelity of a dog to a king of, 
i, 10. Early existence of Danish 
dogs, 209. 

Desektion to the enemy by dogs, i, 130. 
189, 190. 

Desmond, countess of, on insecurity of 
life in Ireland in the 16th cent, ii, 
218. 

D'EvKEUx, letter and gift from Edw. II 
to, ii, 57-59. See note 4 on p. 113. 

DiGEY, Sir Kenelme, on the aversion of 
dogs to their enemies, ii, 283. 

Diogenes, his tub and his dog, i, 183. 

DiOMEDES, tlie clever birds of, i, 185. 
His horses, ii, 353. 

Dogs, relationship between man and, 
i, 1. Source of the intensity of their 
affection, 2. Lesson taught by them, 
3. Indispensable to man, 4. Tobit's 
dog, 9. The "Dog's Grave" at Sa- 
lamis, 10. Incapable of deceit, 14. 
Faultiness of legislation regarding 
them, 56. Man their god, 64.- Poetic 
story of a dog's effort to save his 
drowning fellow, 73, 74. Catalogue 
of canine attributes, 92-94. Traitor- 
dogs, 130. 189, 190. Alleged super- 
natuiaUy endowed dogs, 130, 131. 
Hereditary tendencies, 156; Aboli- 
tion of dog-carts, 167. Slaughterous 
results of the dog- tax, ibid. Cause of 
a tendency to wolfish habits, 169. 
Power and uses of scent, and fatal in- 
stance of its supposed failure, 174, 
175. A dog-king and barometer, 

179. "Wonderful dogs of the East, 

180. Dogs that discriminated be- 
tween Greeks and barbarians, 185. 
Piety-loving and sacrilege-hating 
dogs, 186. Tricks of a blind' dog, 
189. A hater of Italians and Jews, 
193. Marks of a good dog, ibid. Dogs 
employed as assassins, 194. Cruelty, 
inutility, and danger of worming, ear- 
and-tail-cropping, &c, 201. Class of 
persons seldom injured by dogs, 203, 
204. Early and wide-spread exist- 



DUPUT. 

ence of the dog, 208-210. An 
African traveller's tiibute to his 
virtues, 303-305. Difference between 
English and Irish dogs, 329. Home 
for lost and starving dogs, ii, 378- 
386. See Alans. Anecdotes. Austra- 
lian dogs. Bandog. Beagle. Blood- 
hound. Buckhound. Bulldog. Cours- 
ing. Curtail. Eccentricity. Esqui- 
maux dogs. Gasehound. Greyhound. 
Harriers. Hounds. Hydrophobia. 
Indian dogs. Ireland. Japanese dogs. 
Lions. Maiming. Mastiffs. New- 
foundland. Sagacity. Scent. Scot- 
land. Sheep. Shepherds. Spaniels. 
Terriers. Wolves. 

DoG-DATS and the dog-star, i, 180. 

' Dog's Ambition,' the, a poem, i, 80-82. 

Dog's-flesh, eaters of, i, 299. Localities 

where eaten, 315. 
Dogs suckled by women, i, 298. 305. 
DoG-woESHip and cognate superstitions 

among various races, i, 288-291. 
DoGE OF Venice, i, 179. 

DoKumiLLA, king, his laws relating to 

hunting dogs, ii, 147. 
Drake, Nicholas, bow-bearer to Prince 

Hemy, ii, 302. 
Drayoot, Sir Philip, on the hunting of 

Henry VIII, ii, 144. 

Dbayton, Michael, poetic description 
of hounds and coursing by, ii, 281, 
282. 

DmNKiNG-rouNTAiNS, a philo-dog 'sug- 
gestion relative to, i, 314. 

Drowning, cases of preservation by dogs 
from, i, 96-98. 126-128. 

Ddoange on Alanian dogs, ii, 82. 

DuokhcntinG dogs, i, 160. 

DuDDELEY, lord E, Shane O'Neill's gift 
and solicitation to, ii, 218. 

Du FouiLLOtix on Allans, ii, 84. His 
poem ' Le Blason de 'Veneur,' 248. 
On the raindeer, 347. See 98. 247. 
250. 253. 346. 

Duncan, Eev. Henry, on Bums's love 
for dogs, i. 64. 

DuiiWicH College, source of foundation 
of, ii, 204. 

DuPDY, Monsieur, on a case of hydro- 
phobia, 1, 199. 



INDEX. 



409 



EAKTHQUAKES. 



E. 



Earthquakes, how accounted for in 
Kamtsohatka, i, 179. Their effect 
upon dogs, 282. 

EakthbtoppinO in early timea, ii, 44. 

East Ihdia Oompant, presents sent to 
Indian princes by, ii, 303. 

Eaton, Prestwiok, abroad, sending for 
dogs from England, ii, 305, 306. 

EocENTRicin of character in dogs, in- 
stances of : Poll the spaniel, i, 139- 
141. Bolt, a Scotch terrier, and his 
queer antipathies, 141-146. A pin- 
swallowiag terrier, 156. See Anec- 
dotes. 

Edgewoeth, Maria, Jier gift to a sister- 
authoress, i, 21. 

Edmtoo) de Langley, duke of York, 
son of Edw. Ill, ii, 44. 62. 71. 81. 84. 
Occasion of his work ' Master of the 
Game,' 96. Poetic eulogium upon 
him, ibid. Character of and passages 
&om his book, 97, 98. 

Edwakd the Coitfessob, an ardent 
hunter, i, 348. 350. One of his forest 
charters, 355. Penalties imposed by 
him for breach of his forest laws, 
372. Bearbaiting payments to him 
from Norwich, ii, 16. 

Edwakd I, great slaughter of bucks by, 
il, 40. Penalties levied by him for 
infraction of game-laws, services 
exacted from manorial tenants, &c, 
40-43. Records of his reign relating 
to field-sports, game preserving, 
huntsmen, &c, 46-56. 

Edwakd II, ii, 43. 44. Letters proving 
his fondness for field sports, ii, 57. A 
Lancaster petition to him, 72. 

Edwaed III, i, 205. His sporting train 
on his march to Paris after the battle 
of Poitiers, ii, 72, 73. His hunting 
estabhshment, and matters pertaining 
thereto, 74-76. 

Edwakd IV, ii, 125, 126. 

Edwakd VI, his gift of horses to Henry 
of France, ii, 144. A matter in which 
he was in danger of being disap- 
pointed, 189. 

Edwakd, king of Scotland, see Baliol. 

Edwaedes, William, on the reception 



ESQUIMAUX. 

of Iring James's presents by an Indian 
king, ii, 304, 305. 

Eel-catching dogs of Normandy, i, 158, 

159. 
Egeemont, charter of exemption 

granted to, relative to dogs, ii, 3. 

Egypt, the homeless dogs of, i, 4. Dog- 
superstitions in ancient times, 289. 
311. Habits and treatment of dogs 
by man and each other, 311-314. 
Dog-eaters, 315. 

Eldinhopb, why a bloodhound v/as kept 
at, ii, 177. 

Elizabeth, queen, a rebel seized at the 
instance of, ii, 145. Her hunting es- 
tablishment, entertainments to foreign 
ambassadors, &c, 191-194. 196. Suii- 
day bearbaitings in her time, 197. 
Why she displaced a mayor, 205. 
Coursing laws of her reign, 270. 336- 
338. 

Elliott, master of harriers to- Chas. II, 
his wages, ii, 348. 

Ellis, Rev. W, on the dog-eating cus- 
toms of Hawaii, i, 299. 
Elyot, Sir Thomas, on the various kinds 
. of hunting, ii, 140. 

Bngaine family, dog-keeping manorial 
services rendered by the, ii, 22. 39. 
42. 43. 

Epikus, famous dogs of, ii, 343. 

Epitaphs and elegies on dogs, i, 8. 20. 

25. 68. 69. 74. 76. 138. 
Ebasmcs, fact mentioned by, ii, 207. 

Eskdale-sidb, wUd boar himting on, ii, 
17. 

Esquimaux in London, i, 110. Effects 
of hunger among them, 243, 244. 
Their notion as to the father of the 
human family, 289. Their love for 
dog's flesh, 315. See Cartwright. 

Esquimaux dogs, their nature, useful- 
ness to, and harsh treatment by, the 
natives, &c, i, 210-214. Instances of 
their ferocity towards human beings, 
214-217. Feeding time, 218. Tood- 
lamik, a favourable sample of the 
breed, 219-221. 231. Disease result- 
ing from Arctic darkness, 228-230. 
Trained bear-hunters, 236-238. Dogs 
of Smith's Sound, 238. 240. Dog 
eating dog, 240, 241. Baleful effects 



4IO 



THE DOG. 



ESSEX. 

of salt meat, 2il. Family likeness 
of the dogs to wolves, 241-243. See 
i, 277. Hayes. Kane. M'Clintock. 
Sledge-dogs, Wrangell. 

Essex, royal forest of, ii, 22. 23. 

Eton College, petition granted to, ii, 8. 

ExPBDiTATioN, 866 Maiming. 



Falcons, falconers, &o. : a Plantagenet 
king's orders for the keeping of his 
'girefalcons,' ii, 24. Various early 
documentary notices, 50. 51. 53. 55. 
A gift of falcons, hawks, &o., 145. 
Dogs most useful in the sport, 245, 
246. Establishment of James I, 292. 

Fame, how pictured by an old author, 
ii, 134. 

Faenwall, Taddy, one of king James's 
deer killed by, ii, 292. 

Fawdobn, the Irishman slain by Wal- 
lace, ii, 91. 

Fawnte, William, purveyor of bulls for 
baiting, his cliaraoteristio letter to 
Edward AUeyn, ii, 203. 

Ferkets, employment oi, temp. Edw. I, 

ii. 49. 
Fidelity of dogs, see Anecdotes. 

FiNLANDEES, war-dogs used by the, i, 

183. 
FiKE, a nobleman saved by his dog 

from, i, 120, 121. 

FiSH-catching dogs, i, 158-160. 
FiTZHAEDiNQB, earl, epitaph on his dog 

' Louis ' by, i, 138. 
Fitz-Stephen, on wild animals in the 

woods near London, ii, 18. See 38. 

Flambaed, Ralph, privileges granted to 
hospital founded by, ii, 3. 

Plamma, Gualv. de la, on the Milan 

horses and dogs, ii, 82. 
Fleming, the traveller, on Tartar and 

Chinese dogs, i, 272. On a dog-and- 

hawk hare-hunt, 274, 275. 

Fleta on the forest laws, ii, 72. 75. 

Flodden fight, tactics of the borderers 
at, ii, 166. 

Flute-playing, a dog's criticism upon, 
i, 176. 



Foes, Gaston de, see Gaston. 
FoKBES, lord, saved from fire by his 
dog, i, 120. 

Forests, forest laws, laws of the chase, 
&o, under Anglo-Saxon and Anglo- 
Noi-man kings, i, 348. 353-355. An 
oppressive forest-keeper, 373. Man- 
wood's forest laws : dog - maiming 
regulations, &c, 374-385. ii, 2-13. 
Grant of forest liberties by king 
John, ii, 1. Last forest created, 12. 
Ancient dog-gauge at Browsholme, 
14. Last of the forest courts, 15. 
Pleta on the forest laws, 72. 75. 

Fobtune, Eobert, Chinese traveller, i, 
275. His disguise, 276. On the dogs 
of China and Japan, 277-279. 

FouiLLOtix, see Du Fomlloux. 

' Foul Weather,' a poem on the pre- 
servation of a crew by a dog, i, 126- 
128. 

Fox and dog, question of identity 
between, i, 334. King John's com- 
mands to his fox-hunters, ii, 30, 31. 
Oldest record relative to fox-hunting, 
44. The sport in France in the days 
of Louis XIII, 45. Particulars con- 
cerning it in the reign of Edw. I, 
46-48., The fox characterized by an 
eaily writer, 99. Sir T. Elyot on tlie 
sport, 140. Cockaine's directions, 
141-143. Notes by other authors, 
251-253. 

Fox, bishop, of Durham, class of priests 

excommunicated by, ii, 168. 
Fkeville, French poet, on his two pets, 

i, 70, 71. On the oath of Socrates, 

204. 

Feoissart, on the appliances for war ■ 
and sport provided by the Englisli 
king, his present to Gaston de Poix, 
&o, ii, 72-74. An inaccurate story, 
94. •^ 

Funeral-attknoing dogs, i, 105, 106. 
130. 



G. 

Game laws, see Forest laws. 

Gascoigne, George, ii, 246. 

Gasehound, description by Dr. Caius of 
the, ii, 237, 238. 

Gaston Phcebus count de Foix, ii, 44. 



INDEX. 



411 



62. Dark spot on Ms character, 73. 

His book on the chase, 73. 97. 101. 

250. His eulogium on hunters and 

hawkers, 98. 
Gay, John, lines on Pope's dog hy, i, 12, 

13. Lines on the mastiff, ii, 398. 
Gazelle-hunting greyhounds of the 

North African Sahara, 1, 305-310. 

Gelekt, see Beth Gelert. 

Gernon, Eadulphus, hunting privilege 

granted to, ii, 23. 
Gesnek's De canibiis Jnglicis, ii, 222. 

233. 
Gibbons, Bill, his famous bull, ii, 375. 
Gibson, bishop, on wolves, ii, 361. 

Gillespie, Major, on the dogs of Buenos 

Ayres, i, 316, 317. 
Gilpin, Bernard, ii, 168. 
GiLSLAND, service exacted fi'om farmers 

in, ii, 159. 
GiRALDUs de Barri, ii, 18. Anecdotes 

of dogs related by him, 19. On the 

difference between a dog's and a 

wolfs tongue, 20. 
GiDSTiNiANi, Venetian ambassador, on 

Henry VIII's love of hunting, ii, 143. 
Glastonbuet Abbey, fief due to the 

king on the death of an abbot, ii, 37. 

Glengakbv's dog-gifts to Sir Walter 
Scott, i, 20, 21. 

Goats in the arctic regions, i, 224. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, his Elegy on a Mad 
Dog, i, 76. 

GooBLAKE, Thomas, on the breed of 
Gelert, i, &1. Letter from Sir W. 
Scott to him* 83-86. 

GooGE, Bamaby, on the bandog or mas- 
tiff, ii, 340. 

GouGH, Charles, and his faithfxil dog, 
tragic story of, see HelveUyn. 

Gout, an Ksh archbishop's remedy for, 
ii, 219. 

Gkahams, Grahmes, or Grames, bor- 
derers and mosstroopers, ii, 1 60. Their 
pernicious activity, &c : ruse by 
which Jock Grahme saved his brother 
from the gallows, 161. 

Graham, Thomas, killed by a fall fi-om 
his horse, conduct of a strange dog on 
the occasion, i, 105. 



Gratius's ' Cynegeticon,' prose and 
verse from Wase's translation of, ii, 
342-344. 

Greenland superstitions relative to dogs, 
i, 289. 291. 

Grey, Henry de, king Eichard's gift to, 
ii, 21. 

GEBYHOCND.wliy preferred to the spaniel 
by Charles I, i, 10. Cause of its sup- 
posed intellectual inferiority to other 
dogs, 83. Su- W. Scott's opinion, 84. 
Why doomed to an early death, ibid. 
Instance of one hiring a nurse for her 
whelps, 172. The North Afiican 
Sahara breed, their nmiure, value, 
regard paid to them, 305-310. An- 
cient Gaulish breed, 345. The slain 
Welshman and his faithful grey- 
hound, ii, 20. King John's directions ? 
concerning greyhounds and other 
dogs, 25-30. Greyhounds on sepul- 
chral monuments, 53. Heron grey- 
hounds, ibid. Early French eulogium 
on greyhounds, 70. Etymology and 
derivation of the name, 71. Their 
food, its daily cost, &c, temp. Edw. II, 
72. Eroissart at fault, 94. Murders 
detected and avenged by them, 101- 
106. ' Of greyhounds and her nature," 
114-116. Juliana Berners on their 
' propritees,' 136. The Irish grey- 
hound or wolf-dog, 145. 218. Eun- 
ning for wagers temp. Hen. VIII, I88. 
Mischief done by one belonging to 
Anne Boleyn : charge for bread for 
the king's dogs, 189. A 'jaque,' what 
it was, and when worn, 232. Dr. 
Cains ' of the dogge called the gre- 
hound,' 238. Greyhound and mastiff 
in 'Orlando Furioso,' 262. Penalty 
on certain persons for keeping grey- 
hounds, 307. An unlicensed sports- 
man in trouble, 317. See Coursing. 

Guiana, voiceless dogs of, i, 318. 

GupiLERETTis— fox-dogs, ii, 22. 

Gyffori) and Twety on the season for 
fox-himting temp. Edw. H, ii, 44. 
Work written by them, 95. 

Gyll, Ealph, royal lion-keeper, com- 
mand of James I to, ii, 212. 



H. 

Hales, Dr. Stephen, Pope's anathema 
on, i, 12. 



412 



THE DOG. 



HAMILTON. 

Hamilton's lines on a dog, i, 71. 

Hamilton, Sir Williain, i, 315. 

Hampton Court Forest t)xe last forest 
created, ii, 12. 

Hancock, James, why reproached by 
tlie Lord Deputy, ii, 189. 

Hakdtng, John, chronicler, on the 
means taken to capture Bruce, ii, 92. 
His panegyric on Edmund de Lang- 
ley, 96. See 125. 

Habb of Balohristy, Scott's story of the, 
i, 85. 

HABB-HUNTDifG, an old author on, ii, 98. 
Poetical directions for, 137-140. Sir 
Thomas Elyot on the sport, 140. Sir 
Roger de Ooverley's hare-hunting, 
339. See Coursing. Harriers. 

Hakes and rabbits, hybrids produced 
from, i, 335. 

Haefokd, John, mayor of Coventiy, his 
■ misadventure and its consequences, ii, 
205. 

Habington, Sir John, on the wonderful 
doings of his dog Bungey, ii, 255- 
257. Epigrammatic and other verses 
by him on dogs, 258, 259. 260-262. 

Haebiers, ii, 41, 42. 113 note. 124. 129. 
I 284. 289. 313. 

Hakbkon, William, on British dogs, 
222-225. His philippic against pet 
dogs, 228. On Iceland dogs and an 
Icelander's wife, 229, 230. 

Haebisson, lieutenant, anecdote of a 
dog belonging to, i, 136, 137. 

Habts-hobn tree, legend of, i, 205, 206. 

Hasttnges, Eauff, keeper of lions to 
Edw. IV, his wages, ii, 125. 

Hatfield House, bearbaiting at,ii, 192. 
Hawaii, puppies " suckled by human 

mothers in, i, 298. Feasts on dogs'- 

flesh, 299. 

Hawes's picture of Fame, ii, 134. 

Hawking, see Falcons. 

Hayes, Dr, Arctic explorer, his fight 
with the dogs, i, 214-216. An error 
of his, 217. His description of a dog- 
breaifast, 217-219. 

Head, Sir Francis, on Irish dogs, i, 330. 

Hedge-peiests of the Borders, and their 
occupation, ii, 168. 



HIPPOOEATES. 

Helvelltn : tragic story of Gougi the 
lost traveller and his faithful dog, i, 
13. Scott and Wordsworth's poetical 
versions of the incident, 15-19. A 
prosaic dalesman's account, 19, 20. 
Parallel cases, 108-188. 

Heneietta Maeia, queen of Charles I, 
ii, 309. 

Henet I, charters granted or confirmed 
by, i, 373. ii, 18. 

Heney II, charters granted and con- 
firmed by, ii, 17, 18. Characterised 
by Giraldus, 18. Famous dog given 
to him, 19. His defeat in Wales, 20. 

Henry III, i, 373. Event commemo- 
rated in a picture painted for him, ii, 
19. Orders, &c, issued by him rela- 
tive to horses, dogs, and hunting 
matters, 33-39. 

Heney V, statute confirmed by, ii, 9. 
Book written for his instruction, 96. 
Dedication of same, 97. 

Heney VII, dog -protecting charter 
granted by, ii, 10. Why he caused 
certain dogs to be killed, 224. 

Heney VIII, war dogs sent to emperor 
Charles V by, i, 187. Creator of a 
royal forest ii, 12. His fondness for 
hunting and exploits therein, 143, 
144. His regulations, privy purse 
expenses, &o, relative to his dogs, 
&c, 185-189. 

Henby prince of Wales, at lion, dog, 
and bear fights, ii, 213-216. See 255. 
302. 

Heney IV. of France and his pannier 
of dogs, i, 178. 

Henslow, Philip, nonplussed in his 
attempt to seize a dog for the king, 
ii, 202. See AUeyn. 

Hentzneb, Paul, on English amuse- 
ments, ii, 206, 207. 

Hebesbatch's Whole Art of Husbandrv. 
ii, 340. 

Heeettiqe or Heyrettor, dogs so called, 
ii, 35, 56.' Etymology of the naiie, 
35 note. 

Hbeodotus on the dogs of Babylon and 
Egypt, i, 284. 311. 

HiNDOSTAN, see India. 

Hippocuates, a default noted by, ii, 
243. 



HOBBIES. 

Hobbies, Irish, ii, 145. 

Holinshed's Ohrouicles, references to 

or citations from, ii, 222. 230, 231. 

308. 
HoLLAE, etchings of animals by, ii, 352. 

HoOpeb, Mr, on the Tuski and their 
dogs, i, 214. 262. 

Hopkins, captain, anecdote of a dog 
belonging to, i, 134, 135. 

Hopkins, Manley, on Hawaiian customs, 

i, 298. 
HoBNEK, Francis, commendatory opinion 

of, ii, 375. 
HoKSE, tricks of a, i, 189. One taking 

part in a ' triall of fight ' with other 

animals, ii, 213. A savage one baited 

to death, 353, 354. 

Hot Teodd, pursuit by, ii, 158. 

HouSHTON Forest, an earl punished for 
poaching in, ii, 37. 

Houghton, John, F.E.S. in 1694, on 
bull baiting, ii, 356. 

HoTjNDS, early French description of, ii, 
60-69. Of their ' manors and tatchea,' 
100. Of their 'siknesse and cor- 
rupoions,' 106-108. 'Of rennying 
houndes,' 109-114. Of kennels, 
leading out to ' scombr,' &c, 121-124. 
325-329. Hounds of divers kinds 
and colours, 322-324, See Dogs. 
Buckhound. Greyhound. 

HowDAM House, on the Borders, how 
to be fortified, ii, 159. 

HowEL THE Good, laws of, i, 357. ii, 76. 

Home, David, on Eoussean's submission 

to his dog, i, 178. 
Hume, Home, or Howme, Sir Patrick, 

keeper of harriers and hawks to king 

James, his duties and emoluments, 

ii. 284. 289. 291. 
HuNGABiAN mastiffs pitted against a 

lion, ii, 389. 
HuNSDON,' lord, on the ruling passion 

of a rebel earl, ii, 220. 

Huntsmen's privileges among the 
ancient Welsh, i, 359-362. Praise of 
a hunter's life, ii, 97. 

Hutton, Luke, his 'Black Dogge of 
Newgate,' ii, 283. 

Htbebds : see Hare. Lioness. Wolves. 

Hydrophobia, spontaneous, cases of, i, 



196, 197. Places where it is rare or 
unknown, 197. 318. Cases in the 
Arctic circle : popular delusions, 197, 

198. Deaths in a, year in London 
and in England, 199. Preventive 
treatment adopted by Dr. Buisson, 

199, 200. Chief causes of, and errors 
prevalent regarding the disease, 201. 
Superstitious remedies, 202. ' Of the 
siknesse of houndes,' ii, 106-108. A 
' charme of wordes,' 253. 



I. 

Iceland, disease spread by dogs in, i, 
330. Counterblasts of old authors 
against them, ii, 229. 243. See 303. 

Indian dogs in ancient times, i, 284. 
Exploits of their modem successors, 
285-287. Parsee superstitions re- 
garding them, 287. Their treatment 
of English dogs : village or pariah 
dogs, 292. Fate of human corpses 
among them, 313. 

Indian princes, reception of gifts of 
English dogs by, ii, 303-305. 

Infection, a Koreki charm against, 
i, 315. 

Inglbwood Forest, slaughter of bucks 
by Bdw. I in, ii, 40. 

Iebland, damage done by worthless 
dogs in, i, 329. Galway dogs; a 
touching anecdote, 331, 332. Sheep- 
dogs, 332. Bulldogs, 333. Presents 
of Irish dogs, &c. to royal personages, 
ii, 145. 218. Insecurity of person 
and property, 218. A 'Jaque,' 232. 
An omission of Spenser's, 263. Origin, 
notices, &c. of the wolfdog or grey- 
hound of the country, i, 57. 341. ii, 
82. 344. 351, 352. 360, 361. 

Isle oe Dogs, traditional origin of the 
name, ii, 217. 

Italians, animosity of a dog to, i, 193. 



J. 

Jacke, or ' Jaque,' a dog's coat of mail, 
ii, 232. 

James I, Sunday bearbaiting inter- 
dicted by, ii, 198. 208. AUeyn and 
Henslow's petition ; purport of patent 
granted by him to them, 198-201. 



Another petition of AUeyfa's, 203. 
Fights of lions, dogs, beirs, aad 
horses commanded and witnessed by 
him, 209-213. His extreme fondness 
for the chase, 284. 292. His procla- 
mations, orders, &o, concerning dogs, 
payments to huntsmen, masters of 
hounds, &e, 28.5-291. His costly 
hunting estabUshment, tenacity of 
his chase rights, &o, 292. Learning 
the truth from his dog Jowler, 293 . 
Only instance in which he was a hard 
rider, 294. A buck's-blood bath : his 
consideration for his queen, 294, 295. 
A loving letter to Buckingham, with 
a P.S. 295, 296. His boai--hunts, 
297. His use of the term Beagle, 
301. His camels and elephant, and 
their cost, 30'2. His statute for pre- 
serving deer, ha,res, &o, 305. 
James V. of Scotland, ii, 147. Pecu- 
liarly trained bloodhounds required 
by him, 148. His correspondence 
respecting same and like topics, 148- 
155. Executing justice on marauders, 
162. 

Japanese dogs, i, 274. Their reception 
of foreigners, 277. How treated by 
the natives, 278. 280. Lapdogs and 
"fancy" dogs, 279. 281. Supersti- 
tions relative to dogs, 290. See 
Aloook. 

Jehan-guire, the Great Mogul, presents 
of British dogs to, ii, 303. His cruel 
treatment of malefactors, {bid, 

John, king, his dealings with forests 
and forest laws, i, 373. 377. ii, 11. 
Why he liberated the murderer of a 
priest, i, 376. His love for hprses, 
hawks, and hounds, ii, 18. Eeoord 
extracts of licences, grants, mainten- 
ance of dogs, &c, 22-33. 

John of Gaunt, ii, 74. 363. 
John of Lobn's canine accomplice in 
the pursuit of Bruce, ii, 85-89. 

Jones, Mr, lost in Labrador, fidelity of 
his dog, i, 108. 

JowLEK, king James's dog, made to tell 
the truth to his master, ii, 293. 



K. 

Kaempfeb on Japanese reverence for 
dogs,.i, 290. 



leash-hounds. 

Kamtsohatkadales, a legend of the, 
i, 179. 

Kane, Dr, Arctic explorer, on the Es- 
quimaux dog, i, 224. Hairbreadth 
escapes on sledge-journeys, 226-228. 
230, 231. 232-235. On dog-diseases 
engendered by Arctic darkness, 228- 
230. Bear-hunting adventures, 236- 
238. On dog-cannibalism, 240, 241. 
On the likeness between Arctic dogs 
and wolves, 241, 242. Saving a howne 
houche for himself, 243. Last of his 
famine experiences, 244. 

Kangaeoo-hunting dogs, i, 294. 

Kate, or Gains, see Caius. 

Kelso, doings of a bulldog at, ii, 396. 

Kenilwoeth, 'a queast of bearz' at, 
ii, 192-194. 

Kennels: 'How ye Kenel &c shuld 
he makyd,' ii, 121, 122. Markham's 
directions, 325-329. 

Kibble hounds, ii, 141. Bewick's 
description, ibid, note. 

KiLLiGKEW, Thomas, question referred 

to, ii, 350. 
Knappe, or Gnappe Park, Orders for 

hunting in, ii, 29. 30. 32. 
Knight, E.Payne, on the dog of Ulysses, 

i, 7. On animal -killing amusements, , 

ii, 375. 
Knollys on what king James loved 

better than chm'ch, ii, 284. 

Ktpier Hospital, bishop Hugh's dog- 
protecting charter to, ii, 3. 



Labeadok, see Cartwriglit. De Boillieu. 
Ladies' pets, a diatribe against, ii, 228. 
Lame among the Uons, ii, 212. 

Lane, Mr, on the treatment of their 

dogs by the Egyptians, i,' 314. On 

dog-eaters, 315. 
Laneham's account of bear-baiting and 

other sports before Q. Eliz. ii, 192- 

194. 
Langley, Edmund de, see Edmund. 
Lasoelles, Edmund, anecdote of king 

James's dog related by, ii, 292, 293. 
Leash-hounts, ii, 41 note 4. 



INDEX. 



41 5 



Ledyakd, the traveller, on Siberian 
dogs and dog-farriers, and, Eussiau 
jealousy in regard to dogs, i, 270. 
His panegyric upon women, 271. 

Lee, Sir Henry, and his mastiff, i, 1 3. 
175. 

Lbeoe, Lyse, Lisse, probable meaning 
of, ii, 9, 10, notes. 

Legislative penalties on offences 
against persons and property con- 
trasted, i, 56. 

Leioestek, sporting fame of an abbot 
of, ii, 38. 

Leonnois, roy de, see Apollo. 

Leland, John, on Bethkellaith Priory, 
i, 50. 

Lesley, John, bishop of Eoss, on the 
ravages of the borderers, ii, 162. 166. 
On the scent of the bloodhound, 172. 
On the wolfdog, 232. 

Libek Albus, ii, 93. Liber Niger, 125. 

LiDDESDALE, borderers in, ii, 158. 164. 

LiMAEius, meaning of, ii, 33 nole. 

LnHiEES, an old name for bloodhound, 
ii, 33 ■mte. 49 note. 60. 239 note. 249. 
jSee Bloodhotmd. 

LnfOOLN, bull-baiting at, ii, 365. 

Lion-baitings in the Tower, temp. 
James I, ii, 209-213. 214-216. Fight 
of Hon, horse, bear and dogs, 213. 
Fight of lions and dogs at Warwick, 
387-389. 

Lioness and mastiff, instance of hybrids 
from, i, 337. 

' LrvEB du Eoy Modus et de la Eoyne 
Eaoio ' on dogs, their qualities, &c, 
ii, 60, 61. Om dog maladies, 62. 
' Verses on the chase with hounds 
and hawks, 63-66. Why stag-cun- 
ning is beaten by dog-cunning, 66- 
68. A comparison to the disadvan- 
tage of the rich and the clergy, 68, 
69. 

Llewelyn the Gebat, eulogium on, i, 
51 . Story of him and his dog GSlert, 
see Beth Gfilert. 

Lloyd on the Tasmanian dog, i, 197. 

LocHMABBN and the borderers, ii, 171. 

London, hunting-ground of the citizens 
of, ii, 18. Immunity granted to gen- 
tlemanly dogs, 93. 



Louis XIII, foxhuntiog triumphs of, 
•ii, 45. 

Lovelace, lord, Attorney-General Noy's 
answer to a claim of, ii, 12. 

LoviBOND, poet, verse on bull-baiting 
by, ii, 396. 

LuOAN on Egyptian dogs, i, 313, 

Lucy, Eiehard, charter granted by, 
ii, 3. 

LmjLAM's lazy dog, i, 179. 

Lyell, Sir Charles, on early remains 

of the dog, i, 210. 
Lymehound, see Bloodhound. 
Lyndhubst, alleged Eufus relic at, ii, 

13. 

Lyndsay, Sir David, his character as 
poet and courtier, i, 37. His " Com- 
playnt and Confessioun of theKingis 
auld Hound," 38-45. Object of the 
poem, 45. 84. Of " doggis," ii, 71. 

Lynedooh, lord, subsequent career 
and end of a dead soldier's dog 
brought from Talavera by, i, 118. 



M. 

Macaibe — Makarie — the murderer de- 
tected by his victim's dog, ii, 104- 
106. 

M'CLmTOCK, Sir F, on the voracity of 
the Arctic dogs, 264. Service ren- 
dered by ' Harness Jack,' 265. On 
the native liking for dog's flesh, 266, 
267. Fate of a muzzled dog, 267. 
On the sufferings and vagaries of his 
sledge-dogs, 268, 269. 

Mahomet's permission relative to dogs, 
i, 313. 

Maiming, expeditating, or ' lawing ' of 
dogs, laws, exemptions, &c, relating 
to, i, 379-385 ; ii, 1-15. 

Makakie, see Maoaire. 

Maltese dogs, " Sybariticall puppies " 

and their petters satirized by an old 

author, ii,' 228, 229. 

Malveen Church, monumental sculp- 
ture in, ii, 53; 
Malveysin, SirEobert, ii, 5. 
Manny, Sir Walter, ii, 76. 
Manobial services. See Tenures. 



41 6 



THE DOG. 



MANWOOD. 

Manwood, John, on a point adjudged 
under the forest laws, ii, 74. See 
Forests. 

Mapes, Walter, on the forest-greed of 
WiUiam the Conqueror, ii, 16. \ 

Maeoabet, queen of Scots, wrr' .ng for 
dogs that -will ride on horsehaok, ii, 
149. Her correspondent's reply, 
152. 

Maekham, GerYase, ii, 271. On hunt- 
ing-dogs, composition of kennels, 
various lands of hunting, coursing 
with and breeding of greyhounds, 
&o, 322-335. Laws of coursing, 336- 
338. /See 842, 343. 

Maer and Morton, treacherous act of, 
ii, 220. 

Martin's Act against cruel sports, weak 

place in, ii, 368. 
Mart, queen, her pet dogs, ii, 190. 

Mart queen of Scots, her dog found 
upon her corpse, i, 115. Her con- 
duct in her last moments, 116. Her 
Eng^^h prison, ii, 363. 

Masoon, dog-prohibition laid on bishops 
by the Synod of, ii, 36. 

Massinissa, king, the wonderful dogs 
of, i, 186. 

'Master of the Game,' see Edmund. 

Mastijjts, tie-dogs or bandogs, early 
used for baiting, ii, 16. Notices by 
old authors, 120. 340-343. Pitted 
against Uons and other wild animals 
in the Tower, 209-215. 223-227. 
Mastiff and greyhound in Orlando 
Furioso, 262. Definitions of lexi- 
cographers, 321. See Bandog. 

Maxwell, Robert, playing the in- 
former's part, ii( 297-299. 

Mathew on the temper of the bulldog, 
ii, 397. 

Melbocrne, Australia, sensible dog- 
law in, ii, 384. 

ItlELLisH, Mr, price received for a 

famous dog by, ii, 394. 
Methodist dog, a, i, 131. 
Meutb de ohiens, see Moota. 
Milan, barbarous custom of a duke of, 

i, 194. Horses and dogs, ii, 82. 
Minerva Hiada, clever dogs at the 

temple of, i, 185. 



NEW SOUTH WALES. 

Modus et Eacio, see Livre du Eoy 

Modus. 
Monmouth, duke of, alleged mode of 

his discovery, ii, 179. 

Montague, dtike of, dog-shooting act 
of the, ii, 14. 

Montaigne, i, 9. 

Monteith, earls of, their mosstrooping 
descendants, ii, 161. ' 

MooKE, Thomas, on Byron's dog Boat- 
swain, i, 26. 

Moota Canum, Meute de chiens, ex- 
planations of the terms, ii, 25 note. 
41 note. 

More, Sir Antonio, painting by, ii, 

190. 
Morbton, John, earl of, dog-protecting 

charter granted by, ii, 1. 

Morton, eaii of, ii, 161. 
Mosstroopers, see Borderers. 

Murder, outrage, &c, prevented or 
brought to light by dogs, i, 13. 121. 
186. ii, 19. 100-103. 10^106. 217. 
See Anecdotes. 

"Murray, king's coachman, place peti- 
tioned for by, ii, 850. 

Myoillus, a Latin poet, lines on the 
dog, ascribed to, i, 90. 

Mynours, Henry, master of otter- 
hounds, dog-taking licence granted 
to, ii, 290. 



N. 

Napoleon I moralizing on a dog guard- 
ing his dead master, i, 171. 

Neville, Henry de, ii, 25. Hugo, 23. 

26. 27. 34. Eoger, 28. 
New Forest, ii, 34. 

Newfoundland dogs: Byron's 'Boat- 
swain,' i, 25-27. Watching the dead, 
108. A ' Foul Weather ' exploit, 126- 
128. A funeral foUower, 132. A 
bird-fancier, 134. A lady's favourite, 
his fortitude and his eccentricities, 
149-155. Philip Thicknesse's dog, 
156. 

Newmarket, interdiction of Charles II 
relative to, ii, 351. 

New South Wales, dogs of, i, 296. 



INDEX. 



417 



NEWSTEAD. 

Nbwstead Abbey and Lord Byron, i, 

24-26. 
Newton, Adam, on king James's hunt- 
ing, ii, 297. 
New Zealand dogs, i, 298. 
' NiOK OF THE Woods,' i, 23. 
NicoBAB Island dogs and cocoa-nuts, i, 

284. 
NicoLSON, George, on tbe hunting of 

James I, ii, 284. 
NicoLSON and Biun, on the employment 

of dcmgh dogs, ii, 173. 
NiDiSDALE and Anandale marauders, ii, 

162. 
NmEYEH baa-reUefs, i, 284. 
NoBPOiiK, duke of, temp. Q. Bliz, laws 

of coursing established by, ii, 270. 

386-338. Their character, 339. Eeply 

of a later duke to a request for one of 

his rare spaniels, i, 176. 
NoKTHTJMBEKLAUD, earl of, the rebel, 

his ruling passion, ii, 220. 
NoEwiOH, early payments for bears and 

bear-dogs, ii, 16. 
Not, Attorney-General, decisions of on 

hunting claims, ' lawing ' of dogs, &c, 

ii, 12, 13. 



O'Neill, Shane, presents sent to Q. 

EUz. by, ii, 218. 
Opbb, John, painting by, and anecdote 

connected therewith, ii, 392. 
Oppian, dogs described by, ii, 113 note. 
Oeanoe, prince of, saved from capture 

by his dog, i, 121, 122. 
Obion's dog, poetic quotations on, i, 

180, 
O'EoDKKE, Brian, seized as a rebel, ii, 

145. 
Obtelius, Abraham, on English dogs, 

Enghsh ladies, and Irish ' brutes,' ii, 

206. 
OsBOBN, on king James's extreme love 

of the" chase, ii, 184. 
Otters and otter-dogs, Sir E. Coke's 

dictum on the otter, ii, 41. King 

James's otter-hunting orders, 285. 

See i, 338. ii, 28. 52. 76. 284. 348, 

349. 

VOL. II. 



Owen, murdered, heroic conduct of his 
■dog, ii, 19. 

Oxford Scholars, petition to Par- 
liament relative to disorderly conduct 
of, ii, 126-128. 



Padua, barbarous practices of a prince 

of, i, 194. 
Pariah dogs of the East, i, 272-274. 

292. 
Paris Garden, bear-baiting at, ii, 208. 

The Paris Garden bandog, 308. See 

Bear-baiting. 

Park, Mungo, i, 272. 

Parr, Dr, ' a kind of taurine man,' ii, 
362. 

Parsee superstitions relative to doga, i, 
287. Besult of a Parsee riot, 288. 

Partridobs, laws for preservation of, ii, 
307. Eoyal orders, temp. Charles II, 
349. 

Paulus Jovius on the barbarous prac- 
tices of certain i-ulers, i, 194. 

Pease, Mr, M.P. anti-buU-baiting biU 
carried by,.u, 368. 

Peel-housbs on the borders, object of, 
ii, 156. 

Pennant, Thomas, reference to Beth 
G61ert by, i, 50. On the wolf-dog, ii, 
360. 

Pbpys the diarist at a bull-baiting, ii, 
353. Anecdote of a cat-kiUing dog, 
355. 

Perkins's ' Cases of Conscience ' on bear- 
baitings and similar sports, ii, 361, 
362. 

Persian superstition relative to dogs, i, 
290. 

Peettvian superstition relative to dogs, 
i, 29 1 . Habits of the Puna dogs, 320, 
321. Cruel huntings of the natives 
by the Spaniards, 322-326. 

Phiup and Mary and their dogs, painted 
by Sir Antonio More, ii, 190. 

Philips, Ambrose, Swift's lines in ridi- 
cule of a poem of, i, 54, 55. 

Philips, Katherine, poetess, her parent- 
age, &c, i, 56, 57. Praise bestowed 
upon her by eminent contemporaries, 
2 E 



4i8 



THE DOG. 



57. Her poem ob the Irish grey- 
hound, 57, 58. Same modernized, 

58, 59. 

PiOTS and Scots, murderous encounter 
between, relative to a stolen dog, ii, 
230. 

Pigs and truffles, i, 164. Diseases 
spread by pigs, 330. 

Plasob of London, number of dogs 
destroyed during the, ii, 352. 

Plato on dogs and on the oath of 

Socrates, i, 193. 204. 
Plumpton, Sir Robert, curious service 

attached to tenure of land held by, ii, 

129. 
Plutakoh, on the deserted dogs of 

Athens, i, 10, 11. On hydrophobia, 

201. 
Poaoheb's dogs, i, 167. 

Poets and Poems quoted : tee Ariosto. 
Barbour. Blacklook. Blind Harry. 
Browning. Bums. Butler. Byron. 
Campbell. Chaucer. Cowper. Orabbe. 
'Dog's Ambition.' Drayton. 'Foul 
Weather.' Freville. Gay. Gold- 
smith. Harington. Homer. Lovi- 
bond. Lyndsay. PhiUpS, A. Philips, 
K. Pope. Pratt. Prior. Boscom- 
mon. Scott. Shakspere. Skelton. 
Smart. Somerville. Spencer. Spen- 
ser. Swift. Tickell. Woloot. Words- 
worth. 

PoiNTEK and her litter saved from 
starvation by a terrier, i, 123-126. 

PoLAB bears and Esquimaux dogs, i, 
235-238. See Esquimaux dogs. 

Poor-bates, charged with a bull for 
baiting, ii, 365. 

Pope, Alexander, on Ulysses' dog Argus, 
i, 7, 8. On his own dog and dogs in 
general, 9. On man's duty to the 
lower animals, 11. On Dr. Hales's 
anatomization of them, 12. His love 
for his dog "Bounce," ibid,. Gay's 
lines on him and his dog, 13. Saved 
from burglars by his dog: portrait 
of the two, iM(J. His lines on thfe 
Indian and his dog, 14. On reason 
in dogs, iJj'd His epigram on the 
prince's dog, 15. ' Saved candle and 
gaunt mastiff,' ii, 226. 

PoESON, professor, charade by, i, 89. 
Pott, Mr, sent with presents of hounds 



BAYNEZEOED. 

and horses to the French king, ii, 285. 
288. 291. See 287. 302. 311. 312. 
Pbatt, Samuel, poetic tribute to the 
dog by, i, 28-30. 

Pbesentbhent in a dog, an instance of, 
i, 129. 

Peesebvation of life by dogs, i, 96-98. 

120-122. 126-128. 143. 
Peiests interdicted from sporting, i, 335. 
Pbioe, Matthew, lines on the dog by, i, 

79. 

Peoctbb, Mr, saved from drowning by 
his dog Neptune, i, 96, 97. Nep- 
tune's end, 98. 

Pboveebs drawn from or relative to 

dogs, i, 178, 179. ii, 320. 
Ptamphoniens, a dog the king and 

barometer of the, i, 179. 
PuEBTO Erco, sheep-killing and laud- 

crab-catohing dogs of, i, 318-320. 
Puna dogs, i, 320, 321. 

PuBiTANE, a ' damnable opinion ' of a, 

ii, 317. 
Pykebing, Sir William, wager won from 

Henry VIII by, ii, 188. 
PxBENEES, shepherds' dogs in the, i, 

328. 

Pttohlet manor, service attached to 
the tenure of, ii, 43. 



R. 

Babbits (or Coneys) and Hares, hybrids 
produced by, i, 385. Ferreting rabbits, 
ii, 48, 49. Dog specially suited for 
catching them, 240. 

'Baoke,' deaths through drinking of, 
ii, 305. 

Eaindeeb, how taken in Siberia, i, 254. 
Why less used in sledging, 255. How 
hunted by the ancients, ii, 346. Ee- 
marks on the identity of the animal, 
347. 

Baleigh, Sir Walter, improbable story 
of canine infidelity told by, i, 130. 

Ebwdeee, see Baindeer. 

Bavendale, petition of the prior of, ii, 
38. 

Batnezeoeb, Humfrey, king's hunts- 
man,, 186-188. 



INDEX. 



419 



RED. 

Bed deer, see Deer. 

EiOHABD I, Coeur-de-lion, his gift of 

hounds and hawks to Saladin, ii, 21. 
BioHABD n, ii, 93. An error of Prois- 

sart's, 94. 
EiOHABD ni, patent confirmed by, ii, 

125. His hunting establishment, 133. 

KioHAitDSON's portrait of Pope and 

Bounce, i, 13. 
EiOHABDSON, Mr. H. D. on Sir Walter 

Scott's dog Maida» i, 21. On wolf 

and dog, 335. 
EioHMOND, duke of, and James V, letters 

between, ii, 148, 149, 150. 154, 155. 

EoBBERT and murder prevented by a 

dog, i, 13. See Murder. 
EoBiN and Newfoundland dog, i, 184. 

EooHE, Philip, employment and licence 

given to, ii, 145. 
EooHEgTEE, bishops of, ii, 36. One a 

hunter at fourscore, 38. 

EocHESTEE, lord, his vicious horse, ii, 

353. 
EocHPOBD, lord, wager won by, ii, 188. 
EoE, Sir Thomas, dog-gifts taken to, 

and horrible scene witnessed by, in 

the East, ii, 303. 
EoMEEO's attempt on the prince of 

Orange frustrated by a dog, i, 121, 

122. 
EoscoMMOir, Wentworth, earl of, on the 

death of a lady's lapdog, i, 69. 
EosE, William Stewart, on Kufus's 

stirrup, U, 13. On mastiff and deer- 
hound, 262. 
Boss, Donald, his acooimt of the exploits 

of his dog ' Sharpie,' i, 146-149. 
EoTJSSEAu's two governors, i, 178. 
EoTJTLEDGB, Thomas, border proclama- 
tion concerning, ii, 174. 
Eowlby's Witch of Edmonton quoted, 

ii, 178. 283. 
EoxjY, Monsieur, his experiments with 

hares and rabbits, i, 335. 
EusSELL, George, Serjeant of hawks to 

Charles n,.ii, 349. 
EussELL, lady Maiy, bear kept by, ii, 

207. 
EUSSIA2S jealousy relative to dogs, i, 



SCOTLAND. 

270. South Eussian shepherd's dogs. 
327. 
BuTHAL, Thomas, bishop of Durham, 
on the tactics of the borderers at 
Flodden, ii, 166. 

EuTLAND Forest, fines inflicted for 
running dogs in, ii, 49, 50. 

Eymbk's Fcedera, definition of dogs in, 
ii,313. 



Sagacitt in dogs, instances of, i. 136. 
'Sharpie,' messenger and letter car- 
rier, 146-149. Strange dogs passing 
through towns and villages, 165. 
A messenger dog yielding to tempta^ 
tion, 167. Cunning of a poacher's 
dog, 167, 168. A snake-killer, 169. 
jSee Anecdotes. 

Saint Andre, Marshal, and English 
himting, ii, 144. 

Saint Hubert's stole, its effect in cases 
of hydrophobia, i, 202. Hounds from 
St. Hubert's Abbey, ii, 247. 

Satnt Louis' staghouuds, i, 200. 

Saint Mary Eedcliffe chixroh, monu- 
mental effigy in, ii, 53. 

Saladin, courtesy of Cceur-de-Iion to, 

ii, 21. 
Salamis, the "dog's grave" at, i, 10. 

Its origin, 11. 

Salisbust, Eobert Cecil, carl of, king 

James's pet name for, ii, 301. 
Salkeld, Mr, sheriff of Cumberland, 

a mosstrooper's trick upon, ii, 161. 
Salt Meat, its effects upon Esquimaux 

dogs, 241. 264. Salt never used -by 

the North Siberians, 249. 255. 
Saveknak Forest, ii, 6. 34. 
Say, Galfridus de, hunting privilege 

granted to, ii, 23. 
Sayeb, Sir Edmond, Noy's reply to a 

claim of, ii, 12. 
Soavengee-dogs, i, 270. 
Scent in dogs, its power and offices, i, 

174, 175. Dogs devoid of scent, 275. 

Boyle on this faculty, and anecdote in 

verification, ii, 182-184. 
Science, an outrage on, i, 315. 
Scotland, early laws of the chase in, 
2 10 2 



420 



THE DOG. 



ii, 14:7. Correspondence of James y. 
and others, respecting hunting dogs, 
bloodhounds, &c, 148-155. Bavages 
of borderers and mosstroopers, and 
measures taken concerning, and re- 
pressive measures resorted to, 156- 
166. 173-175. 'Of Syudry Soottis 
Doggis,' 170-172. Poetic sketches of 
border hounds, 175, 176. 177-179. 
Murderous affray between Scots and 
Picts relative to a stolen dog, 230, 
231. Scotch terriers, 237 no(e. 

SooTT, Sir Walter, his poem on the Hel- 
vellyn tragedy, i, 15, 16. History of 
his dog 'Maida,' the original of 
'Bevis,' in Woodstock, 20-22. On 
the virtues of the dog, 22. Dog por- 
traitures in his various novels, 23. 
' Lufta,' in the Lady of Lake, 23, 24. 
On 'Boimy Heck,' coursing grey- 
hounds, and a famous hare, 83-86. 
On the providential conduct of lord 
Porbes's dog, 120, 121. Prose and 
verse on the bloodhound, 176-178. 
See ii, 179. 192. 

Seaton Manor, service annexed to the 
tenure of, ii, 42. 

Settee, anecdote of a, i, 100. The best 
setter, ii, 335. 

Shakspeke, a frequenter of the Bear 
Garden, ii, 201. Allusions in his 
plays to bears, dogs, the chase, &c, 
201 mte. 229 note. 243 noU. 266-279. 
283. Probable soxirce of some of his 
allusions, 280. 

Shanttjno terriers, i, 274. 

SHEEp-DESTEOYiNa dogs, ravages of and 
chases after, i, 169-171. Their 
cunning on such occasions, 207. 
Similar devastators in various regions 
abroad, 295, 296. 318. In Ireland, 329. 

Sheep-gsuabdino dogs, see Shepherds' 
dogs. 

Shefmeu) castle and lordship, service 
annexed to the tenure of, ii, 43. 

Shephekds' dogs : anecdote told by Be- 
wick, i, 164, 165. Their power of 
scent, 175. Marvellous doings of a 
fabulous breed in the East, 181. 
Their uses in Russia and the Pyre- 
nees, 327, 328. In Ireland, 332. 
Drayton's verses on a shepherd and 
his dog, ii, 282. 

Shebidan's denunciation of bull-baiting, 
ii, 366. 



SPANIELS. 

Shebwood Forest, expeditation of dogs 
in, ii, 11. Ohase of wolves, 129. 

Sherwood's definition of Alan,-iij 82, 

Shkbwsbukt, earl of, ii, 141. 144. 

SiBBEiAfT dogs. and dog-farriers, i, 270. 
Siberian experiences, see Wrangell. 

Sidney, Sir Philip, on the destruction 
of flocks by wolves, ii, 221. 

Sidney, Sir Eobert, ii, 205. 

Simon, Mr, on diseases propagated by 
dogs, i, 330. 

Skelton, poet and satirist, allusions to 
dogs by, ii, 70. 146. 

Sledge -DOGS and sledge-journeys in the 
Polar regions, i, 227. 280-235. 240, 
241. 245-252. Material of, and best 
season for using, the sledge, 255, 256. 
Capt. M'Clintock's dogs and their 
whims, 268, 269. See, Kane. Wrangell. 

Sleuth, Slough, Slow, or Slughoimds, 
see Bloodhounds. 

Smaet, the poet, on the English bull- 
dog, ii, 396. 

Smith, Dr, » metaphorical baiter, ii, 
208. 

Snake-killing by a terrier, i, 169. 

Socrates, bis reason for swearing by 
the dog, i, 193. 204. 

SoLDiEES, dead, guarded on the battle- 
field by their dogs, i, 117-119. 

Someeset, king John's commands to 
the sheriff of, ii, 28. 

SoMEEYiLLE, William, on Ulysses' dog 
Argus, i, 13. His verse-picture of 
the bloodhound, ii, 175, 176. 

SoNNiNi, on the homeless dogs of Egypt, 
i,4. 

SotJTH American dogs, see Buenos 
Ayres. Peru. Puerto Eioo. 

SotjTHBY, Eobert, his reminiscences of 
Cartwright, the Labrador traveller, 
i, 109-111. On church-going dogs, 
131. Byron's criticism on an incident 
in 'Roderick,' 339. See also i, 135. 
169. 176. 339, 340.; 

SoDTH-SEA dogs, i, 206. 

Spain, bull-baiting in, ii, 895, 396.. 
Fiendish cruelty of the Spaniards to 
the Peruvians, i, 322-326. 

Spaniels : eccentricities of ' Doll,' i, 
139-141. Peculiar breed monopolised 



INDEX. 



421 



\sj a duke of Norfolk, and anecdote 
apropos thereto, 176. Not suffered 
in forests, ii, 15. Description by an 
old author, 119. Cost to queen Mary 
of ' a liUe spanyeU,' 190. ' Spaniell 
whelpes' a remedy for gout, 219. 
Spaniels gentle, or comforters, ' Syba- 
ritioall puppies,' 228. Bosom Mends 
to sick people, 229. Need for them 
in falconry, 245, 246. Poetic allu- 
sions, 263. 273, 274. See 335. 352. 
SPEUHAif, number of royal forests ac- 
cording to, ii, 11. 

Spenoe, Jos. on Pope's dog "Bounce," 

i,12. 
Spencek, Hon. W. E. his ballad of Beth 

Gelert, i, 46-49. 

Spensek's 'Faery Queen,' dog-similes 
from, ii, 263-265. 

'Spobting Magazine,' its value as a 
record of natural history subjects, 
ii, 180. Extracts and references, 338. 
387. 390. 394. 396. 

Stags and Stag-hunting : a famous chase 
temp. Edw. HI, i, 204-206. Early 
French explanation of how stag-cun- 
ning is overcome by dog-cunning, ii, 
66-68. Chaucer's description of a stag- 
hunt, 78. Henry VIII 'kyllyng of 
staggys,' 144. Markham's eulogium 
on the sport, 330. See Deer. 

Stamford bull-baitings, ii, 365. 

Stabvation of a pointer and her litter, 
how prevented by a terrier, i, 123- 
126. 

Stavebton, George, occasion of his per- 
petual bull-baiting bequest, ii, 365. 

Stewakd, or Stuart, Sir William, bear- 
master to James I, ii, 197. 198. 200. 

Stow, John, on bear-gardens and their 
doings, ii, 194, 195. On lion and bear 
and dog fights, temp. James I, ii, 209- 
216. On the name of the Isle of 
Dogs, 217. 

Steapfobd, Thomas earl of, viscount 
Wentworth, on the rarity of dogs in 
Yorkshire, ii, 313. 

Stetpe, John, ii, 217. 

Suffolk, earl of, small respect paid to 
the interposition of, ii, 202. 

Suicide of dogs, 1, 156. A case at Hon- 
fleur, 157. In the Arctic regions, 
230. 



Sihdas on dogs, i, 194. 

SuLLT, upon a dog-loving caprice of 
Henry of Navarre, i, 178. 

Sunday bear and bull baitings, ii, 146. 
195. 197. 208. Occasion of a bear- 
baiter's pleasantry, 147. A Ueyn and 
Henslow's complaint of their prohibi- 
tion, 198, 199. 

Swept's burlesque Hnes on a lady's 
spaniel, i, 54. Their supposed origin,, 
55. His inscription on Mrs. Ding- 
ley's dog's collar, 56. A bloodhound 
simile, ii, 178. 

Swiss dogs in early times, i, 209. 

Stkes's local records, dog anecdote 
from, i, 105. 

Sye Tbyamoube, ancient romance of, i, 
31. Story of the dog who buried his 
mm'dered master and killed the mur- 
derer, 32-37. 



T. 

Talbot, a dog's name, ii, SO. Breed of 
dogs so called, 180. 182. 323. 

Tancabville, count de, question re- 
fered to, ii, 63. 

Tabbas Moss, a refuge for outlaws, ii, 158. 

Taetaes defeated by dog-shaped men, 
i, 181. Tartar dogs, 272, ' Noseless ' 
hunting dogs, 275. Dogs before 
women, 275, 276. 

Tasmanian dogs, i, 297, 

Tavlob, Jeremy, i, 57. 

Tatloe, John, the water-poet, on Cole's 
dog, i, 178. 

ToHUKTGHES, and their dogs, 254. 

Tenuees of land and manors based on 
the keeping and supplying of dogs, 
destruction of wolves and vermin, and 
other Hke services, ii, 17. 38, 39. 
41-43. 129. 

Tbbeiebs : life-saving services of one to 
a pointer and her puppies, i, 123-126. 
A snake-killer, 169. Ancient descrip- 
tion of the breed, ii, 236. Occasion- 
ally fatal end of a Scotch temer's 
labours, 237 note. Mode of training 
them and putting them to their work, 
251, 252. See Eccentricity. 

Thoeesby, Ealph, on an adventure of 
Oliver Cromwell's, ii, 267. 



422 



THE DOG. 



TICKBLL. 

Tickell's lines on the bloodhound, ii, 

178, 179. 
TiME-MEASUBINO dogs, i, 173. 
Tobit's dog, i, 9. ii, 257. 
TowNSENT, Mr, on the dogs of New 

South Wales, i, 296. 
TowNSEKD, Kev. Charles, his " Village 

Dialogue on BuU-baiting," ii, 368- 

373. 
Tkehebne's remarks on expeditation of 

dogs, ii, 14. 
TEurrLE-HDNTiNQ dogs, i, 160. Their 

breed, 161. The process descsribed, 

161-166. 
Trumbull, Sir William, story of a dog 

related by, i, 10. 
TsoHUBi, Von, on the habits of the Puna 

dogs, i, 320, 321. 
TuMBLBE, the, a coney-catching dog, ii, 

240. 
TuEBBBViLLE, ancient writer on dogs, ii, 

98. On the spaniel, 245, 246. His 

' Noble Arte of Venerie ' and Blazon 

of the Huntsman, 246-248. On the 

bloodhound, 249, 250. On fox and 

badger hunting, 251-253. On the 

wolf and on dog-madness, dog-leashes, 

&c, 253, 254. 
TuENSPiT dogs, i, 166. 
TusKi tribes and their dogs, i, 214. 

262. 
TuTBUBY bull-baitings, church services 

before, and oudgelUngs after, ii, 363, 

364. 

TwiiTY, see Gyfford. 
Tynckbb's CTU-, a,, ii, 241. 

TYroNSHAM, Sir Thomas, master of 
buckhounds to James I, ii, 284. His 
duty when the Court went hunting, 
290. 

Tybeell, Sir Timothy, master of buck- 
hounds to Charles I, 309. 811, 312. 



u. 

Ulysses and his dog Argus, i, 5-8. ii, 

257. 
TJpMiNSTEE manor, seiTice annexed to 

the tenure of, ii, 42. 
UsBEK wives and Usbek dogs, i, 276. 



Valence, Sir Aymer de, forest-law-com- 
plaint against, ii, 5. Leading the 
pursuit against Bruce, 85. 

Velteaeia and Veltrars, ii, 18. 27. 
Elucidatory remarks, 27 note. 

Vbnables, Mr, suecessfolly resisting the 
seizure of his dog for the king, ii, 
201, 202. 

Venebie, see TurberviUe. 

Vemoe, doge of, i, 178. 

Vienna, lion and dog fight at, ii, 389. 

Vivisection, a protest against, i, 315. 

Von Tschudi on Puna dogs, i, 320, 321. 

Vulcan's temple and its pious dogs, i, 
186. 

w. 

Waits, Major, snake-killing exploits of 
a dog of, i, 169. 

Wales, proverb based on the story of 
Gglert in, i, 50. Destruction of sheep 
by dogs, 207. Institutes of Howel 
the Good relative to huntsmen, dogs, 
&o, 357-368. Other laws concerning 
animals, abusive wives, &o, 368-371. 
The " kilgh' dourgon," what it was, 
h, 76. Welsh harriers, 113 note. 

Wallace, Sir William, pm-sued by 
bloodhounds, ii, 90, 91. 

Wallee, Edmund, ii, 342. 

Walpole, Horace, on canine virtues, i, 
203. 

Waleus, chase of the, i, 239. Use of its 
skin, 256. 

Waltham Holy Cross and forest, ii, 13. 
23. 189. 

Wae-dogs employed by the ^inlanders, 
i. 183. Case of desertion to the 
enemy, 130. 189, 190. Othei' in- 
stances of the employment of wai'- 
dogs, 186, 187. 

Wabdb, Sir Christopher, master of 
hounds to Richard HI, ii, 71. Hia 
wages, subordinates, life-hold manors, 
&c, 133, 134. 

Wakenne, earl of, hunting privilege 
granted to, ii, 23. 



INDEX. 



423 



WABWIOK. 

Waewiok, dog-rent paid to William I, 
ii, 16. Lion and dog fight there, 
387-389. 395. 

Wakwick, earls of, ii, 5. 191. 

Wase's translation of the ' Cynegeticon ' 
on mastifis, the Irish wolf-dog, hunt- 
ing of the deer, &o, ii, 342-347. 

" Water dogge," the, ii, 355. 

Wateb spaniels, allusions of dramatists 
to, ii, 274, 275. 308. See Spaniels. 

WednesbuHt CooMng, ballad on the, ii, 
375. Church bell ringing for 'Old 
Sal,' 398. 

Weldon manor, tenure of, ii, 43. 

Whaeton, lord, his measures for repress- 
ing the borderers, il, 164, 165. 

White, Eowland, on Queen Elizabeth's 

amusements, ii. 205. 
White maU as distinguished from black 

mail, ii, 165. 
WniTFEELr, Derbyshire, service annexed 

to the tenure of, ii, 39. 
Widow led to her soldier-husband's 

grave by a dog, i, 119. 

WiKES priory, privileges confirmed to, 

ii, 17. 
WxLDPOwii-CATOHiNa dogs, 1, 160. 
Wildman, Col. and Newstead, i, 26. 

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, on Egyptian 
dog-worship, i, 289. 

William the Conqueror's hunting- 
groimd, i, 372. Forest-law penalties, 
373. Denunciation of his forest- 
creating practices, ii, 16. 

William Eufus, alleged hunting relic 
of, ii, 13. 

Williams, Dr, cat-kiUing-and-burying 
dog of, ii, 355. 

Williams, John, king's game preserver, 
his complaint against the Dorchester 
poacher-protectors, ii, 316-318. 

WrLSON, Thomas, works ordered by, for 
the pleasure of James I, ii, 293. 

WnsroHESTBR.bishop of, privileges granted 
to, ii, 3. 

Wdtohesteb, Saier earl o^ hunting ser- 
vice levied by king John on, ii, 22. 

Windmill, erection of, why made penal, 
ii, 13. 

WiNDSOB, privileges granted to the col- 



leges of Eton and St. George at, ii, 8. 
Sample of forest-court proceedings, 
12, 13. 

Wives, abusive, Welsh penalty on, i, 
370. 

WoBUBN Abbey, historical picture at, ii, 

190. 
Wokingham, occasion of a bull-baiting 

bequest to, ii, 365. 

WoLCOT, Dr. John (Peter Pindar), epi- 
taph on the old shepherd's dog, i, 76. 

WoLE-DOQ of Ireland, ii, 361. See 
Ireland. 

WoLSEY, cardinal, ii, 146. 166. 

Wolves, last MUed in the United King- 
dom, i, 206. Marks of similarity be- 
tween them and the arctic dog, 239. 
246. Wolf and dog symbolism, 288. 
Question of their identity, 334r-336. 
341-344. ii. 345. Touching anecdote 
of a tame wolf, 338. His tamability 
further discussed, i, 340. ii, 98. 253. 
Koyal warrants, grants, land tenures, ■ 
&c, touching their destruction, ii. 17. 
40-43. 129, A wolfish comparison, 
68. Irish wolves, 352. See Ireland. 

Women, Ledyard's panegyric upon, i, 
271. 

Wood, John, yeoman of the bears, duties 
of, ii, 297. 349. His fees, 350. 

Wood, Richard or Eobert, king James's 
cormorant keeper, ii, 297. An in- 
former's report of a slander upon him, 
298. His petition when a nonagena- 
rian, 348. 

Woodman, Thomas, serjeant of the bears, 
his emoluments, ii, 350. 

WoBDSWOBTH, William, poem on the 
Helvellyn tragedy by, i, 17-19. Poem 
on a dog who strove to save his fellow 
from drowning, 73, 74. Tribute to 
the same dog's memory, 74, 75. On 
the legend of Harts-hom-tree, 205. 

Worming dogs, cruelty and inutility of, 
i, 201. 

Wbangbll, Polar Sea and North Sibe- 
rian explorer, on the Polar bear, i, 
235. On the breed, sagacity, &c, of 
the sledge-dogs, 246. On fetal mala^ 
dies among them and their distressing 
results, 248. 250-252. Indoor life of 
the natives, 248-250. Privations en- 
dured by them, 253. On the choice 



424 



THE DOG. 



WULPHDNTE. 

of dogs, and other needful prepara- 
tions for long sledge-jomTieys, 256- 
259. Dangers incurred and sagacity 
of the dogs in surmounting them, 
260-262. 

WnLPHiiNTE, Alan de, tenure of land 
held by, ii, 129. 

Wtcherley, WUIiam, i, 8, 9. 

"Wtohewode Forest, huntings in, ii, 35. 

Wtkham, William de, incongruous oflice 
ield by, ii, 75. 



ZOUOH. 

X. 

Xauthippus, the dog of, i, 11. 
Xbnophons, point settled by the, ii, 71. 



YoEK, king John's dog-purveying war- 
rant to the sheriff of, ii, 27. 

z. 

ZotJCH, lord, his keeper shot by an ai'ch- 
bishop, ii, 294. 



THE END. 



U)NDON : PRINTKD Br W. CLOWaS AND SONS. STAMFOEW BTBEET, 
AND OHARreo oaoss.
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Full text of "Researches into the history of the British dog, from ancient laws, charters, and historical records. With original anecdotes, and illustrations of the nature and attributes of the dog. From the poets and prose writers of ancient, medieval, and modern times"

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